Acid no +/When deltaH is ve, backward reaction favoured.

H3PO4 ( Acid) + H2O(base) -> H2PO4-( conjugate base) +H3O+ ( conjugate base) pH = log10[H+] or [H+] = 10pH A similar expression in terms of OH ions can be written:

pOH = log10[OH] It is also found that:

pH + pOH = 14

Problem 09
Enthalpy change H - Measured by the heat exchange with the surroundings under constant pressure. Reflects the breaking and forming of inter- or intra-molecular interactions. Entropy change S - Degree of disorderness
Endothermic Taking in energy Exothermic Give out energy

G = H - TS

Problem 10
High Temperature -G Spontaneous Low Temperature +G Not Spontaneous Zero order: [reactant] no effect on rate 1 order: [reactant] double rate is 2 =2 times faster 2 order: [reactant] double rate is 2 =4 times faster 3 order: [reactant] double rate is 2 =8 times faster
rd 3 nd 2 st 1

Factors affecting rate change Physical states of the reactants Surface area per unit mass of the reactants Concentrations of the reactants

Pressure of reactants (for gaseous system) Temperature Presence of catalysts

Weak acid dissociate partially. Revisable reaction = weak acid P11 Further away from 0 is oxidize. Nearer is reduction Oxidized- lose electrons ( h -> h^+) Reduction- gain electrons (h -> h^-)