Thermodynamic Process & Cycle

P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi

A Means to Enhance the Quality of Energy

Change of State
Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we say that a change in state has occurred.

Change of State
Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we say that a change in state has occurred. Change of state due to an infinitesimal deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium can be precisely identified.

Process
The path of succession of states through which the system passes is called the process. Quasi-equilibrium process is a collection of changes, in which the deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal. All the states the system passes through during a quasi-equilibrium process may be considered equilibrium states.

Change of State in A Control Volume

Change of State in A Control Volume

Thermodynamic Process
During a quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process, the system remains practically in equilibrium at all times. Quasi-equilibrium work-producing devices deliver the maximum work. In some processes any one thermodynamic property may be held constant. Process Property isobaric pressure isothermal temperature isochoric volume Adiabatic No Heat Transfer

Representation of Thermodynamic Processes

Representation of Thermodynamic Processes

Thermodynamic Cycle
A process (series of connected processes) with identical end states. When a system in a given initial state goes through a number of different changes of state or processes and finally returns to its initial state, the system has undergone a cycle. At the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning.

The existence of Nature is due to cyclic events. Various Cycles of Nature

Water Cycles Energy Cycles Life Cycles of Animals Life Cycles of Plants Seasonal Cycles Planetary Cycles Rock Cycles Geo-Physical Cycles Chemical Cycles Disease Cycles

Water Cycle

Energy Cycle

Life Cycle

Seasonal Cycles

Rock Cycle

Carbon Cycle

Engineering Cycles
Carnot Cycle Lenoir Cycle Otto Cycle Sterling Cycle Atkinson Cycle Diesel Cycle Brayton cycle Rankine Cycle Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle