12 Ip Java Notes 1

Page 1 of 64 JAVA NETBEANS
subhashv1224@gmail.com
A graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface (i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well). GUIs stand in sharp contrast to command line interfaces (CLIs), which use only text and are accessed solely by a keyboard. The most familiar example of a CLI to many people is MS-DOS. Another example is Linux when it is used in console mode (i.e., the entire screen shows text only).
RAD: It stands for Rapid Application Development. It is a programming system that enables programmers to quickly build working programs. In general RAD system provides a number of graphical tools to help build a GUI that would normally take a large development effort. IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a programming environment integrated into a software application that provides a GUI builder, a text or code editor, a compiler and/or interpreter and a debugger. Visual Studio, Delphi, JBuilder, FrontPage and DreamWeaver, Javas NetBEans are all examples of IDEs. NetBeans IDE offers many features of application development: Drag and drop GUI creation Advanced source code editor Web services Excellent degugging(finding out bugs or errors) Wizards, automatic code generation and management tools. Thus, NetBeans IDE is a free, open source, cross platform IDE with a built-in support for Java Progg Language. Platform word is often used as synonym for Operating System of the computer. It defines a standard around which a system can be developed. Cross-Platform refers to the capability of the s/w or h/w to run identically on different platforms. Features of NetBeans IDE: 1. Title Bar: to display title of the application/project. 2. Menu Bar and Pull Down Menu: to display a list of options for a particular category. 3. Toolbar: contains shortcut for commonly used commands in form of icons. 4. GUI Builder: It is also called as Design Area. This is the area where a user visually constructs a GUI application. It has two View: a. Source View: opens the code editor to add/edit a java code. b. Design View: is the default view where you drag and drop various GUI tools to create an application. 5. The Palette: contains all the graphical components needed to create a GUI. It contains icons for various type of graphical controls available under Java Swing APIs(Application Programming Interface) ex. textbox, buttons, checkboxes, radiobuttons etc. 6. Inspector Window: displays a tree hierarchy of all components contained in the currently opened form. 7. Properties Window: displays editable settings for the currently selected control. 8. Code Editor Window: to open these double click on the control for which you want to write code. Basics of GUI GUI refers to the windows, buttons, dialogs, menus and everything that is visual in a modern application: a. An event refers to the occurrence of an activity. Each time an event occurs, a MESSAGE is sent to the OS. The system processes the message and passes it to other windows. b. A message is the information/request sent to the application Types of Graphical Components 1. Container Controls: are those controls that can hols other controls within it. Ex. frame, panel and pane. 2. Child Controls: these are controls inside a container. Ex textboxes, buttons, checkboxes, textarea etc.
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Basic GUI controls: The palette of graphical controls offered by Java Swing contains the tools that you can use to draw controls on your frame/form. The area on the form where GUI components are placed is called Content Pane. 1. jFrame: it is a top level container control. It contains a title bar, with buttons to resize and close the frame. 2. jLabel: allows un-editable text or icons to be displayed. 3. jTextField: allows user input, can also be used to display text. It can be edited and is also known as edit field. 4. jButton: an actionEvent is generated when a button is pressed. 5. jCheckBox: these are used to allow a user select multiple choices ex. a user can select more than one hobbies out of 5 choices in checkbox. 6. jRadioButtons: these are option buttons which belong to a group and only one option out of a given group can be selected. Ex a user can select only one stream out of three options as science, commerce and arts. 7. jList: is a list of items from which a selection can be made. 8. jComboBox: provides a drop down list from which a selection can be made or new items can be added. It is a combination of a textfield and a list. 9. jPanel: is a supporting container that cannot be displayed on its own but must be added to another container. 10. jTextArea: is a control that can display multiple lines of Text.
Page 3 of 64
subhashv1224@gmail.com Java Programming Language
Java Keywords: are words that convey a a special meaning to the programming language compiler. These are reserved for special purposes and should not be used as a variable name. ex. if, new, try, else etc. (pg 91 XII)
JAVA PROGRAM
CONSTANTS/ LITERALS
VARIABLES
Constants/Literals: These are values that remain fixed in a program and do not change automatically.
CONSTANTS
NUMERIC CONSTANTS Can ONLY be Numbers. They can be REAL NUMBERS i.e. Numbers with decimal points like 10.25, 123.654 etc.. They can also be INTEGER NUMBERS i.e. Numbers without any decimal points like 10, 121,134 etc..
STRING CONSTANTS These are any characters i.e. alphabets, numbers or special characters enclosed in Double Quotes ( ). Ex. 123, Hello, ####, 12 + 10 = Numbers inside quotes are treated as a STRING and NOT as a NUMBER
1. You can perform both arithmetic and logical operations on NUMERIC CONSTANTS. a. 2 + 2 will result in 4 b. 32 > 12 will result in TRUE 2. The values of STRING CONSTANTS are displayed/stored AS IT IS written inside Double Quotes. No mathematical or Logical Operations can be performed on Numbers that are used as a STRING CONSTANT. a. Hello will result in Hello b. 10 + 10 will result in 10+10 c. 1 X 2 = will result in 1X2= Adding two Strings will join or concatenate them i.e. Adding two Numbers will sum them i.e. Any NUMBER added with STRING will result in a STRING i.e. 12 + 13 will result in 12 + 13 will result in 21 + 13 will result in 1213 25 2113
VARIABLES: These are easy to remember NAMES given by the programmer to a memory location and are used ONLY to STORE any one of the following: A CONSTANT or An EXPRESSION or Value of another Variable of same type A VARIABLE can Store ONLY a single value at a time. The values of these variables can change at any point of the program. These are so called because the values of these variables can vary by the programmer anywhere in the program.
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VARIABLES
NUMERIC VARIABLES These are used to STORE A numeric constants or An expression which result in a numeric value or Value of another numeric variable
STRING VARIABLES These are used to STORE A String constant or A String expression which result in a string value or Value of another String variable
In JAVA Programming Language, Numeric Variables/Constants can further be sub-divided into the following types: Byte 1 byte These types o byte differ in the Short 2 byte capacity of o short Integer Types numbers that Int 4 byte they can o int store Long 8 bytes o long Float 8 bytes o float Real Types Double 16 bytes o double In Integer Types, you can ONLY store Integer values i.e. the values without any decimal point. In Real types, you can store values with decimal points and also integer values. Though internally, java will store those integer values with decimal point only. In JAVA Programming language before using a variable (store a value/display its value), you need to define it first. This means that you need to tell the Java Compiler what type of value you will be storing in a variable. 1. To define a variable the syntax is: <data type> <variable name> ;
2. To STORE value in variable the syntax is:
<variable name> = <constant> ;
The constant at RHS is stored in variable at LHS. In Java we have 6 Numeric data types : byte, short, int, long, float and double. There is also a String type (though it is not exactly a data type. We will discuss this later) How to define: MEMORY byte b1; short s1; int n1; long n2; float n3; double n4; String s2; s2 n3 n4 b1 s1 n1 n2
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subhashv1224@gmail.com MEMORY
How to STORE: b1 b1 = 23 ; s1 = 123; n1 = 452 ; n2 = 123456 ; n3 = 12345.765 ; n4 = 657.43876 ; s2 = St. Xaviers School, Jaipur ; YOU CAN DEFINE AND STORE SIMULTANEOUSLY ALSO : byte b1 = 23 ; short s1 = 123; int n1 = 452 ; long n2 = 123456 ; float n3 = 12345.765 ; double n4 = 657.43876 ; String s2 = St. Xaviers School, Jaipur ; Rules for naming variables: 1. They must ALWAYS start with an alphabet or underscore character(_) or a dollar sign($). 2. They can have an alphabets, digits, underscore and dollar($) sign. 3. They must not be a Keyword. 4. They can be of any length. 5. They are case sensitive. 6. They should not contain any space. Examples of valid variable names : _a1 Examples of invalid variables : 1a $12 ab a12 new n1 long qtr_1 abc 12ab 4qtr sales pr .. . In this piece of code you are storing a constant value in these variables. If CONSTANT is numeric, then VARIABLE should also be a numeric. If CONSTANT is a string, then VARIABLE should also be a string. Also, you CANNOT store real numbers in integer type variables 23 n3 12345.765 s2 St. Xaviers School, Jaipur 657.43876 s1 123 n1 452 n2 123456 n4
Assigning values to a variable, just store them in memory. Now if you want to display values of variables, you will be using : System.out.println(<values>) ; command. You can print: String constants that are enclosed in double quotes. Variables. The values stored in these variables are displayed. To display more than one value, you need to use a separator +. Every System.out.println will print on a new line. Example: double n1 = 12 ; double n2 = 123.62 ; double res= n1 * n2 ; System.out.println(First Number = + n1 ); System.out.println(Second Number = + n2 ); System.out.println(Result = + res );
Page 6 of 64 Expressions
Expressions are the basic way to create values. Expressions are created by combining literals (constants), variables, and method calls by using operators. Parentheses can be used to control the order of evaluation. Expressions are evaluated and results a SINGLE value of a specific type. Operators Operators are used to combine literals, variables, methods calls, and other expressions. Operators can be put into several conceptual groups. 1. Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %, ++, --) 2. Comparison Operators (<, <=, ==, >=, >, !=) 3. Boolean operators (&&, ||, !, &, !, ^, |, &) 4. Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>) 5. String concatenation operator (+) 6. Other (instanceof, ?:) 7. Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=,/=)
How to STORE expressions in a variable: byte b1 = 12 ; short s1 = b1 * 10 ; int n1 = b1 + s1 * 2 + 10 ; long n2 = n1 / s1 + 10 * 3 ; float n3 = n2 / 2 ; double n4 = n1 + n2 + n3 /10 ; String s2 = 10 + dulkar ; 16.0 s2 10dulkar b1 12 n3 s1 120
MEMORY n1 262 32 n4 295.6 n2
Operator Precedence Precedence determines order of evaluation Mathematical tradition, which programming languages generally try to match, dictates that some operations are done before others (for example, multiplication and division are done before addition and subtraction). Ex. a+b*c is the same as a+(b*c), not (a+b)*c. Ever operator has a precedence (a number) associated with it. The precedence determines which operations will be performed first. Multiplication has higher precedence than addition, as illustrated in the previous example.. Equal precedence operations generally performed left-to-right In addition to the precedence of each operator, the compiler also knows whether equal-precedence operators should be performed left-to-right (almost all) or right-to-left (basically only assignment). Parentheses can be used to control the order of evaluation If you have any doubt about the order of evaluation, or have a potentially confusing expression, use parentheses. Remember that one of your goals should be to make your programs as readable as possible. Use parentheses when it makes an expression easier to read, not must when they are absolutely required. Few programmers know the precedence of all operators, so it's common for extra parentheses to be used.
Page 7 of 64 Example - Parentheses
When you can work out the precedence, it's often useful to use parentheses to figure out the order of evaluation. For example, let's say you're evaluating the following expression. 1+2-3*4/5 Addition and subtraction are equal in precedence and lower than multiplication and division, which are equal. Form the parenthesized form and work out the values in steps. 1+2-3*4/5 = (1 + 2) - ((3 * 4) / 5) = 3 - (12/5) = 3 - 2 The result of the integer division, 12/5, is 2 . =1 Precedence table This table gives the precedence of all operators. You may not be familiar with all operators, but take the advice on the right side and only learn a few precedences. Operator Precedence . [] (args) post ++ -Remember only && || ?: = += -= etc
! ~ unary + - pre ++ -- unary operators (type) new */% +<< >> >>> */% +comparisons && ||
< <= > >= instanceof = assignments == != & ^ | Use () for all others
1. Arithmetic Operators: a. + b. c. * d. / e. % -> -> -> -> -> 2 +4=6 21 2 = 19 2*3=6 13 / 2 = 6 13 % 2 = 1 13.0 / 2 = 6.5
2. Increment/Decrement Operators: a. Prefix Forms: This form will follow the concept of CHANGE then USE. This means that the value of the variable is incremented or decremented first and then its value is used. i. ++a; ii. a ; b. Postfix Forms: This form will follow the concept of USE then CHANGE. This means that the current value of the variable is used first and then the variable is incremented or decremented. i. a++ ; ii. a-- ;
Page 8 of 64 subhashv1224@gmail.com 3. Relational Operators compares two operands and results in true or false. i. > ii. < iii. >= iv. <= v. != vi. == -> greater than -> less than ->greater or equal ->less or equal ->not equal -> equal -> -> -> -> -> -> 12 > 10 4<3 12>=12 4<=8 6!=6 10==10 true false true true false true
4. Boolean or Conditional operators: These operators also results in either true or false. These are used to compare two different conditions. i. && (AND) ii. || (OR) iii. ! (NOT) iv. ^ AND(&&) C1 T T F F C2 T F T F RESULT T F F F C1 T T F F -> c1 && c2 -> c1 || c2 -> !c1 -> c1 ^ c2 OR(||) C2 T F T F RESULT T T T T C1 T T F F C2 T F T F -> true ONLY if both the conditions are true -> true ONLY if any one condition is true -> true if condition is false and vice versa -> either c1 or c2 is true and NOT both. ^ RESULT F T T F
5. Assignment Operators : these operators are used to assign a value to a variable. a = 10 ; Here, the constant value/expression/variable on the RHS (Right Hand Side) is assigned or get stored in the variable specified on the LHS (Left Hand Side) Normal Assignment a = a + 10 (add 10 to a and store it back in a) a= a 10 (subtract ) a = a * 10 (multiply ) a = a / 10 (divide ) a= a % 10 (remainder ) Shorthand Assignment a +=10 a -=10 a *=10 a /=10 a %=10
Now, well come back to the concept of expressions. We know that an expression is any valid combination of operators, constants and variables that result in a single value. The Expression in java can be: Arithmetic expression: if an expression is formed using arithmetic operators, numeric constants and/or numeric variables, it is an arithmetic expression. This type of expression ALWAYS results in a number (integer or real). Ex. 2 + a * 3 / c where a and c are numeric variables. Relational expression: if an expression has relational and/or boolean operators, it is a relational expression. This type of expression ALWAYS results in a logical value i.e. true or false. Ex. 10 > a where a is a numeric variable. Compound expression: if an expression consists of both arithmetic and relational expression, it is termed as compound expression. This type of expression ALWAYS results in a logical value i.e. true or false. Ex. (10 + a * 3 > 12 / c + 10 ) && ( 15 * d + a != 12 * c )
Page 9 of 64 subhashv1224@gmail.com Among these expressions, arithmetic expressions need some more explanation. Arithmetic expressions: these expressions can either be : Pure Integer expressions where all the operands are integer constants and/or integer variables and it results in an integer value only.
int + short nt * bytei nt / long int
short
long
long
long
Pure Real expressions where all the operands are real constants and/or real type variables and it results in a real value only.
float + double * float nt / double float
double
double
double
double
Mixed expressions where the operands can be real and/or integer constants and/or real and/or integer variables and it results in value of the highest data type used in the expression.
int + long * float nt / double short
float
double
double
double
With arithmetic expressions, we will now study about concept called Type Conversion. This is a process of converting one predefined data type into another data type. Implicit TC or COERCION: This is automatic type conversion where the compiler automatically converts the expression into the data type of the largest operand and thus also known as type promotion. Here, the programmers intervention is not required. All the above examples were of IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION or COERCION.
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Explicit TC or CASTING: This kind of type conversion is user defined that forces an expression to be of specific data type. Syntax to perform CASTING is: (data-type) expression ; where data-type specifies the type in which the expression has to be converted. Ex. (int) 12 32.8 * 4 + 16 / 2.5 ; In the above example, the expression will result -112.799 but the final answer will be converted to int and thus the value will be -112. Note that, CASTING may result in possible loss of data.
You CAN always STORE a smaller data type into a larger data type. Ex. int a = 12 ; double n2 ; n2 = a ;
In this example, you are storing an int value in double data type, which is possible and the int value will be stored as a double value in n2 variable.
But you CANNOT STORE a larger data type into a smaller data type. Ex. int a ; double n2= 121 ; a = n2 ;
This statement will result in an error as you are trying to store larger value into a smaller data type variable.
If you want to perform the above operation, then you can do this by Type Casting it. Ex. int a ; double n2= 121 ; a = (int) n2 ;
This statement will store the value of n2 variable as an int because of the CASTING statement and no error.
CASTING can be performed ONLY on NUMERIC expressions.
JAVA language consists of many classes. A class may contain many methods to perform various operations. To use a method of a class, the syntax is : classname.methodname(parameters) ; classname is the name of the class ex Math to access a classs method, put a . operator. after . operator type the name of the function/method which you want to use. a method may or may not use a parameter which is/are given inside a bracket. o Parameters are of specific type and number ( 1 or more). If parameters are more than 1, then they should be separated by a comma(,). Ex classname.methodname(parameter1,parameter2,..,parameterN) ; o Examples: Math
class
In case no parameter is needed, you have to put a blank bracket.
sqrt
method
( double type constant or variable)

parameter
note that spaces are given just to explain, otherwise no space can be given while using a method of a class. To perform mathematical operations, Java consists of a class named Math which contains many functions. Most commonly used are : Math.sqrt(double) > > Math.sqrt(24); Math.sqrt(n1); // where n1 is a double type variable
Page 11 of 64 Math.pow(double,double) > >
subhashv1224@gmail.com Math.sqrt(24,4); Math.sqrt(n1,n2); // where n1 and n2 are double type variable
There are many more classes and their associated methods which we will study as we proceed. The concept of a CLASS and its INSTANCES/OBJECTS and their METHODS/FUNCTIONS will be covered in more detail in coming sections. Know that there are many methods associated with a class, BUT there are some methods which cannot be accessed by a class directly. In such case you need to create an INSTANCE/OBJECT/VARIABLE of that class to access those methods. In this case the syntax of calling a method will become: instancename.methodname(parameter/s.) ;
How to create instance or object of a class will be a topic to cover in detail.
To perform mathematical expressions, you need to convert those expressions in computer language form. Example:
2ab + ab
2a2 + ba
Equivalent Java Expression for the above: Math.sqrt ( ( 2 * a * b ) + ( a * Math.pow (b , 2 ) ) ) * Math.sqrt ( ( 2 * a * a ) + Math.pow ( b , a ) ) ;
Converting NUMBERS which are STRINGS into PURE NUMBERS:
As discussed earlier, you CANNOT perform mathematical or logical operations on numbers that are enclosed in double quotes or say are STRINGS. Ex. 12.2 + 12 will result in 12.2 12 Here , you should also know that whatever value you type in JAVAs GUI controls like a textbox, are always treated as a String and thus no mathematical operations can be performed on those values. To CONVERT numbers that are STRINGS into PURE NUMBERS, you use various parse methods. To convert STRING number into BYTE : o o o o o o Byte.parseByte(<string constant/variable that contains a NUMBER ONLY>)
To convert STRING number into SHORT : Short.parseShort(<string constant/variable that contains a NUMBER ONLY>)
To convert STRING number into INT : Integer.parseInt(<string constant/variable that contains a NUMBER ONLY>)
To convert STRING number into LONG : Long.parseLong(<string constant/variable that contains a NUMBER ONLY>)
To convert STRING number into FLOAT : Float.parseFloat(<string constant/variable that contains a NUMBER ONLY>)
To convert STRING number into DOUBLE : Double.parseDouble(<string constant/variable that contains a NUMBER ONLY>)
Page 12 of 64 Ex.
Integer.parseInt(23) ; // this will convert string 23 to pure int value; Double.parseDouble(123.65) ; // will convert string 123.65 to pure double value; Long.parseLong(1234a) ; // will result in an error because the string is not a number. Note that while using these parse methods, the STRING should contain ONLY NUMERIC VALUES or they should be a NUMERIC EXPRESSION.
Example: String n1 = 12 ; String n2 = 123.62 ; double a = Double.parseDouble(n1) ; double b = Double.parseDouble(n2) ; double res= n1 * n2 ; System.out.println(First Number = + a ); System.out.println(Second Number = + b ); System.out.println(Result = + res ); System.out.println command is used to print constants or values of a variable on the output screen. To print more than one values using this command, you need to use + as a separator. The separator (+) should not be inside a string, otherwise it will be treated as a string and not a separator. Each System.out.println will print on a new line. Ex System.out.println(Hello + myname + ! How are you ? );
STRING CONSTANT
STRING CONSTANT
STRING VARIABLE
GUI CONTROLS
Now to create first Java Project using NetBeans IDE, follow these steps: 1. Double click on NetBeans IDE icon on the desktop. 2. NetBeans will start loading.
3. In the opening screen, click on File -> New Project. You will see the following screen.
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4. Here, in Categories box, select Java and in Projects Box select Java Application, and then click in Next button. Now, you will see the following screen.
5. Here, in Project Name box give a name to the project of your choice, and make sure to uncheck the Create Main Class checkbox see the following screen. and click on Finish Button. Now you will
6.
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7. Now select the project, right click on it and from the shortcut menu, select New -> JFrame Form as
shown here 8. In the next screen, give a name of the form of you choice as shown here and click Finish button.
9. Now you will see a new Java Form. Remember that you can create any number of forms in the same project.
GRAPHICAL USER PALETTE IT CONTAINS VARIOUS GUI CONTROLS LIKE LABEL, TEXTFIELD, BUTTON ETC. YOU NEED TO JUST SELECT THE CONTROL AND DRAG IT ONTO THE FORM
FORM
This creates a new project and a form in that project. You can see the Palette on the right side of the form. This palette contains various GUI controls. We will be using many of these controls to quickly create a Java application.
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The next step is to add GUI controls on the form. There are many GUI controls available on the Palette of the IDE. Just to start, we will work with limited GUI controls: jTextField jLabel jButton
jTextField control is used to input and display any value by the user. Here, you should note that whatever value you input in a Text Field is ALWAYS considered as a STRING even if it is a NUMBER which you have typed. To add a text field control on the form, click on the control in the palette, hold down the left mouse button and drag and drop it on the form.
Now, place this control at your desired place, by selecting and dragging. When you select the control, it will also display resize handles on that control to increase or decrease its size vertically and/or horizontally
. Increase its size so as to accommodate largest value that you will be typing inside that
control
There are many properties associated with text field control (and other controls too). Most commonly used them are: Text and Name properties. To change its text property: 1. Select the control 2. Right click on it to open shortcut menu and select Edit Text option. 3. Change the text displayed in the text box. If you dont want ant text to be displayed, simply press delete key.
4. 5. control. Here press delete key and clear the displayed text in this
Page 16 of 64 To change its variable name:
1. By default the name of the control will be jTextField1. But you should give some meaningful variable name to it. 2. Select the control, right click, and select Change Variable Name option. 3. It will open a small dialog. Here type a new name and press OK button.
4.
5.
6. There are some commonly used prefixes which you use while naming a GUI control: 1. The text field control should be named with t prefix. 2. The label control should be named with lbl prefix. 3. The command button control should be named with btn prefix. 4. The radio button control should be named with rb prefix. 5. The check box control should be named with cb prefix. 6. The Panel control should be named with pan prefix. 7. All the other rules of naming variable applies to these variable names as well. The next step is to RUN a Project. For that press SHIFT + F6 key.
You can see that, text field is used to GET INPUT from the user at RUN time. In the above example, the user has provided St. Xaviers School as an INPUT to the text Field named txtN1. You can think that internally the assignment has taken place as : txtN1 = St. Xaviers School ;
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Now, we will talk about two most commonly used methods associated with a text field variable: 1. getText() 2. setText(<string constant/variable>);
There will be many methods associated with different GUI control variables. To use a method you should use the following syntax: guicontrolname.methodname(); We will discuss about classes and methods in more detail in coming sections. Till then, you must know that every GUI control belongs to a particular class and a class has got many methods. To access those methods, you need to create an object/variable of that class.
getText() method belongs to a Text Field class. This method is used to GET the value from the Text Field and store it in some memory variable of type String ONLY or print it on the output screen. Remember, the value stored in a Text Field is ALWAYS a STRING and thus you need to store it in a String Variable.
Ex.
String s1= txtN1.getText() ; In the above example, txtN1 is the name of a Text Field. So, whatever value the user
types in txtN1 at run time, will be stored in a memory variable s1 of type String with the above command. You can store the value of a Text Field in a String Variable ONLY. setText(<string constant/string variable> ) method also belongs to a Text Field class. This method is used to DISPLAY/SET a text which should be of String type (constant/variable) in a Text Field. Ex. String s1= Welcome to my Program ; txtN1.setText(s1) ; In the above example, the value of s1 variable which is of String type, will be displayed in a text field with the name txtN1. Thus you can see and note that getText() method of a text field does not take any value in its brackets while in setText() method, you need to provide a single String type value in its bracket. Java uses a peculiar practice to name any method. A method may contain different words in it without any space like setText contains two words set and text or another method named getSelectedValue contains three words get, selected and value . So, the practice is o o o o o First letter of first word is small case ALWAYS. First letter of second or third or fourth word is upper case ALWAYS. Ex. Ex. Ex. getSelectedValue() ; getText (); isSelected() ;
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Now, the question arise that when text fields take all values as strings, how can you perform mathematical or logical operations on the values that a user enters in a text field. Can you recall? Is there any way?????? Think . Fine then, the answer is parse. methods. Remember now. To perform mathematical operations on values you enter in a text field: a. First, store the text field value into a string variable. b. Then, store that string value by converting it in desired NUMBER TYPE using parse methods.
Ex.
String s1 = txtN1.getText() ; double n1=Double.parseDouble(s1) ; OR double n1 = Double.parseDouble(txtN1.getText()) ;
Make sure that the value you enter in the text field is a NUMBER (real or integer) ONLY otherwise the parse. method will result in an error.
So, now you know that: Any numeric value you enter in a text field is always a string type, Numeric value you enter in a text field need to be converted in PURE numeric form by using parse. methods and should be stored in numeric variables. If three text fields are used to input some value, then you will require three memory variables too to store the values of those three text fields. Example:
Design a GUI form as shown above. Add three label controls and change their text property to First Number Second Number Result
And place them as shown above. Add three text field controls and change their variable name property to t1 t2 t3 first text field second text field third text field
And position them as shown above, Add four button controls and change their text property to + * /
And position them as shown above
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Now, double click on the + button in the design view and add the following code in the source view:
double n1=Double.parseDouble(t1.getText()) double n2=Double.parseDouble(t2.getText())
; ;
double r = n1 + n2 t3.setText(r + "")
; ;
Likewise, add the code behind other three buttons to perform subtraction, multiplication and division. Other Data Types
Till now, you have learnt about 6 numeric java data types namely : short byte int long float double
Now, we will study about 2 more data types: char this data type is used to store a single value (number or alphabets or special characters within single quote (). Ex a , 1 , & , ^
etc. Also note that they are NOT String. char ch; ch=A ; ch=ch + 1 ; System.out.println (ch + ) ; // guess the output You can perform some calculations on char type. The ASCII code of the value is stored in char type variable and the code is an integer value. Thus, you can type cast char type to int and vice versa. Ex. char ch=A ; int a = (int) ch ; System.out.println (ch + // Guess the output.. +a);
boolean
this data type is used to store ONLY TWO values, true or false without any quotes (single or double). Ex. boolean yn ; yn = true ;
Thus, Java has 8 inbuilt data types also known as Primitive Data Types namely: short char boolean String (is NOT a data type. Its a Java Class) byte int long float double
Page 20 of 64 Programming Constructs
Every programming language provides statements/commands/constructs to support: Sequence Selection Iteration ( Repetition )
1. Sequence : this means that the statements of the program are being executed sequentially from top to bottom and from left to right.
START
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
STOP
2. Selection: this means that the execution of statement(s) depends on a condition test. If a condition is true a set of statements are executed and if the condition is false another set of statements are executed. Condition is any expression which result in true or false. In hindi you can say,
vxj ,lk g
CONDITION
r ;g dj
TRUE
ugh r og dj
FALSE
START
In the Flow Chart, you can see that, Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 7 and Statement 8 will be executed in the program. And if the condition is TRUE: Statement 3 and Statement 4 will be executed And if the condition is FALSE: Statement 5 and Statement 6 will be executed.
Statement 1
Statement 2
If else block F
Condition ?
T
Statement 3 Statement 5
Statement 4
Statement 6
Statement 7
Statement 8
STOP
Page 21 of 64
3. Iteration: means repetition of a set of statements depending upon a condition test. Till a condition is true, a set of statements are repeated again and again. As soon as the condition becomes false, the repetitions stop. In the Flow Chart, you can see that, Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 5 and Statement 6 will be executed in the program. And till condition is TRUE: Statement 3 and Statement 4 will be executed again and again. F And when the condition becomes FALSE control comes out of the loop and : Statement 5 and Statement 6 will be executed in sequence.
START
Statement 1
Statement 2
Condition ?
Loop body
T
Statement 3
Statement 4
Statement 5
Statement 6
STOP
BLOCKS
A Block is a group of zero or more statements written between an opening curly bracket and closing curly bracket. { int a=10; b= a+ c ; System.out.println(The value of a = + a ); } These 3 statements are part of a block.
Block ends with closing curly bracket Block begins with opening curly bracket
Any variable defined in a BLOCK is visible ONLY in THAT BLOCK and ALL its SUB BLOCKS.
Ex.
{ int a=10; {
MAIN BLOCK
SUB BLOCK
int b = a + 20 ; System.out.println ( a ) ; } // no error
System.out.println ( b ) ; }
// error
Page 22 of 64
subhashv1224@gmail.com JAVA SELECTION STATEMENTS
We have already discussed about selection construct. Now we will study those commands in JAVA that supports this construct. 1. if 2. if else 3. if else if else 4. switch 1. if : In this you specify what has to be done if the condition is TRUE, but you dont specify what has to be done if the condition is FALSE.
if ( condition ) { statements to be executed if the condition is TRUE ; }
In this if statement, if the condition is TRUE, the block after if statement will be executed and if the condition is FALSE, the control is transferred just after the if block
START If the condition is TRUE, then the following statements will be executed: Statement 1; Statement 2 ; Statement 3 ; Statement 4 ; Statement 5 ; Statement 6 ; If the condition is FALSE, then the following statements will be executed: Statement 1; Statement 2 ; Statement 5 ; Statement 6 ;
Statement 1
Statement 2
If - block
Condition ?
T
Statement 3
Statement 4
Statement 5
Statement 6
STOP
Page 23 of 64 subhashv1224@gmail.com 2. if - else : In this you specify what has to be done if the condition is TRUE, and also what has to be done if the condition is FALSE.
vxj
if
,lk g
( condition ) { statements to be executed if the condition is TRUE ;
In this if statement, if the condition is TRUE, the block after if statement will be executed and if the condition is FALSE, the block after else statement will be executed
r ;g dj
} else {
ugh r ;g dj
}
statements to be executed if the condition is FALSE ;
START
In the Flow Chart, you can see that,

Statement 1
Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement 7 and Statement 8 will be executed in the program. And if the condition is TRUE: Statement 3 and Statement 4 will be executed And if the condition is FALSE: Statement 5 and Statement 6 will be executed.
Statement 2
If else block F
Condition ?
T
Statement 3
F
Statement 5
Statement 4
Statement 6
Statement 7
Statement 8
STOP
Page 24 of 64
3. if - else if - else : This is used when you have to check for more than one condition and you know that out of those many conditions ONLY one can be TRUE.
if ( condition 1 ) { statements to be executed if the condition is TRUE ; } else if ( condition 2 ){ statements to be executed if the condition 2 is TRUE ; } else if ( condition 3 ){ statements to be executed if the condition 3 is TRUE ; } else if ( condition n ){ statements to be executed if the condition n is TRUE ; } else { statements to be executed if all the above conditions are FALSE ; } Note the following code. Both are same.:
In this if statement, if the condition is TRUE, the block after if statement will be executed and if the condition is FALSE, following else if condition is checked and so on.. Note that, the following else-if statement is checked ONLY IF the above if or else- if condition is FALSE.
Without Blocks If(condition1) Statement 1; else if(condition 2) Statement 2; else if(condition 3) Statement 3; else Statement 4 ; } else If(condition1) {
With Blocks
Statement 1; } else if(condition 2) { Statement 2; } else if(condition 3) { Statement 3;
Statement 4 ;
If the number of statement to be executed on the condition being true or false is a SINGLE statement, then you can avoid the opening and closing blocks. But in case of MULTIPLE statements, they need to be enclosed between opening and closing blocks as shown in the following example, If(condition1) Statement 1; Statement 2 ; else if(condition2) Statement 3; Statement 4 ; The correct code is on the right side. The code to the left will result in an error as you are executing 2 statements without giving blocks. } else if(condition2) { Statement 3; Statement 4 ; } Statement 1; Statement 2 ; If(condition1) {
Page 25 of 64
Suppose, you need to find grade of a student which is based on the following criteria: Total > 90 80 89 70 79 60 69 50 59 40 49 <40 Grade A+ A B C D E FAIL
Without else if
With else if
int tot = Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); String gr= ; if ( tot >=90 ) { gr = A+ ; } if ( tot >=80 && tot < 90 ) { gr = A ; } if ( tot >=70 && tot <80 ) { gr = B ; } if ( tot >=60 && tot < 70 ) { gr = C ; } if ( tot >=50 && tot < 60 ) { gr = D ; } if ( tot >=40 && tot < 50 ) { gr = E ; } if ( tot < 40 ) { gr = FAIL ; }
int tot = Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); String gr= ; if ( tot >=90 ) { gr = A+ ; } else if ( tot >=80 ) { gr = A ; } else if ( tot >=70 ) { gr = B ; } else if ( tot >=60 ) { gr = C ; } else if ( tot >=50 ) { gr = D ; } else if ( tot >=40 ) { gr = E ; } else { gr = FAIL ; }
Can you point out the difference between the above two piece of code ??? All the above were different variants of if statements. You must note the following point with this regard: With if, you have to specify the course of action if the condition is true. With if, statement, else is optional. i.e. You may avoid the course of action if the condition is false. The number of ifs can be more than the number of elses in a program. This situation is known as dangling else problem where the problem of associating an else with which if may arise. But in any case, number of else cant be more than the ifs.
Page 26 of 64 4. switch :
this is also another conditional statement. Following are its features :
a. switch check ONLY EQUALITY conditions i.e. no range checking possible. b. It can check only Integer Constants and Character Constants. c. It can check ONLY a single variables value of integer type or character type. Example : int a = Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()) ; String msg = ; switch ( a ) { case 1 : msg = MON ; break ; case 2 : msg = TUE ; break ; case 3 : msg = WED ; break ; case 4 : msg = THU ; break ; case 5 : msg = FRI ; break ; case 6 : msg = SAT ; break ; case 7 : msg = SUN ; break ; default : msg = Wrong Number ; }
switch(variable/expression) { case <constant1> : statement1 ; break; case <constant2> : statement2; break; case <constant3> : statemet3 ; break ; case <constantN> : statement4; break; default : } Variable must be of integer or char type AND expression should result an integer value or char value.. No two case statements can be same. break statement is needed to avoid an error or say a concept namely FALL THROUGH associated with switch statement. If NO case matches, the compiler will execute default statement. Whenever you want to check a single variable with statemetDefault ;
ONLY equality conditions, go for switch instead of if else.
The fall of control to the following cases of the matching case statement is called FALL THROUGH. To avoid this, we use break at the end of every case statement. The default statement is optional and if it is missing, no action takes place if all matches fail.
Page 27 of 64 Fall Through may sometimes work for your benefit in some cases: Example : String s1 = t1.getText(); char v = s1.charAt(0) ; String msg = ;
switch(v) { case A : case a : case E : case e : case I : case i : case O : case o : case U : case u : msg=Its a Vowel ; break; default : msg = Not a Vowel ; } If the above program is written with if statement then the code will look like the following: if(v==A || v==a|| v==E || v==e|| v==I || v==i|| v==O || v==o|| v==U || v==u) { msg= its a Vowel ; } else { msg = Not a Vowel ; } Now try to convert the following piece of if statement into its equivalent switch statement : This piece of switch; statement is actually performing OR ( || ) operation. If the case matches A then the control will fall through all other cases in the absence of break statement. The following equivalent if statement will explain this.
int n1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); String msg=; if(n1==1 || n1==2 || n1==3 ) { msg= RED ; } else if (n1==4) { msg = GREEN ; } else if(n1==5 || n1==6) { msg=BLUE ; } else { msg = Enter a value between 1 and 6); }
Page 28 of 64
Examples: Assuming that you have already created required GUI form and controls. 1. Find maximum of two numbers. Also Check for their equality. String msg=; int n1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n2=Integer.parseInt(t2.getText()); if (n1>n2) msg=First Number is greater; else if (n2>n1) msg=Second Number is greater; else msg=Both are equal ; t3.setText(msg); 2. Find minimum of two numbers. ( Do it yourself) 3. Find maximum of four numbers. int max=0; int n1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n2=Integer.parseInt(t2.getText()); int n3=Integer.parseInt(t3.getText()); int n4=Integer.parseInt(t4.getText()); No BLOCKS given because, the number of statements to be executed is ONLY a SINGLE statement.
max=n1 ; if (n2 > max ) max = n2 ; if (n3 > max ) max = n3 ; if (n4 > max ) max = n4 ; t5.setText (The maximum number is = + max ); 4. Find minimum of five numbers. (Do it yourself) 5. Input age and print a message if he/she is eligible to vote or not. String msg=; int age=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); if ( age >= 18) msg= Eligible to vote ; else msg = Not eligible to vote. ;
t2.setText(msg) ; 6. Input a number and check if it is an even or an odd number. String msg=; int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); if ( n % 2 == 0) msg= An Even Number ; else msg = An Odd Number. ; t2.setText(msg) ;
Page 29 of 64
7. Input a number and check if it is a negative, positive or a zero. String msg=; int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); if ( n > 0) msg= A Positive Number ; else if (n < 0) msg = A Negative Number. ; else msg = The Number is Zero ;
t2.setText(msg) ; 8. Find maximum and second maximum out of 4 numbers. int max=0; int max2=0 ; int n1=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n2=Integer.parseInt(t2.getText()); int n3=Integer.parseInt(t3.getText()); int n4=Integer.parseInt(t4.getText());
max=n1 ; max2=0 ; if (n2 > max ) { max2= max ; max= n2 ; } else if ( n2 > max2 ) { max2= n2 ; }
if (n3 > max ) { max2= max ; max= n3 ; } else if ( n3 > max2 ) { max2= n3 ; }
if (n4 > max ) { max2= max ; max= n4 ; } else if ( n4 > max2 ) { max2= n4 ; } t5.setText (The maximum number is = + max ); t6.setText (The second maximum number is = + max2 ); (Write an EXECUTION TRACE for program Number 8 )
Page 30 of 64 ITERATION OR LOOP STATEMENTS 1. for .. loop 2. while .. loop 3. do while . Loop.
Loop statements allow a set of statements to be performed repeatedly until a condition is TRUE. Every loop is controlled by a Loop Control Variable which will keep track of the number of times the loop has been executed. Every Loop has got 4 elements as shown in the following flowchart:
START
Statement 1
INTIALISE LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE
Loop back to check condition
Condition ?
II
Loop terminated if condition becomes false
T
LOOP BODY
III
UPDATE LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE
IV
Statement 5
Statement 6
STOP
I.
Initialise Loop Control Variable: Before entering a loop, its control variable must be initialized. The initialization expression gives the loop control variable its first or starting value. The initialization expression is executed ONLY ONCE at the start of the loop.
II.
Test Condition: is a condition which if true enters into the loop and executes the loop body. And if the condition is false, the loop is terminated and control is transferred to the first statement just after the loop.
III.
Loop Body: these are the statements that are executed repeatedly as long as the Test Condition is true.
IV.
Update Loop Control Variable: This expression will change the value of loop control variable. This expression is executed after the loop body statements have been executed.
Page 31 of 64 I.
for . Loop: in this type of loop, all its loop control elements are gathered in one place at the top of the loop. Syntax: 1 2 for( initialization ; test condition If TRUE 3 .. loop body ; } If 5 1. Initialization of Loop Control Variable takes place 2. Condition is tested. IF TRUE goto STEP 3 and IF FALSE goto STEP 5 3. Execute LOOP BODY. 4. Update the Loop Control Variable and Again goto STEP 2 5. Move to the first statement just after the end of the loop block. Example : Suppose you are asked to print Hello five times on the screen. You can do it by : System.out.println(Hello) ; write this command 4 more times.. FALSE come out of the Loop 4 update ) {
But now, if you are asked to do the same hundred times, the above code may be tedious. But with a loop command, it will be easy. So, now to print Hello five times using for loop: int n ; // my loop control variable
for ( n=1 ; n<=5 ; n++ ) { System.out.println(Hello) ; } System.out.println(Bye); In the above example, various elements of loop are : 1. Initialization: 2. Test Condition: 3. Loop Body: 4. Update Expression: n=1; this is a loop control variable n<=5; System.out.println(Hello); n++;
Execution Trace of the above Loop:

Statements n= 1 n<=5 System.out.println (Hello) n++ n<=5 System.out.println (Hello) n++ n<=5 System.out.println (Hello) n++ n<=5 System.out.println (Hello) n++ n<=5 System.out.println (Hello) n++ n<=5 System.out.println(Bye) Variable n Store 1 in Variable n: 1 True so enter the loop Print Hello on the output Add 1 to n : 2 True so enter the loop Print Hello on the output Add 1 to n : 3 True so enter the loop Print Hello on the output Add 1 to n : 4 True so enter the loop Print Hello on the output Add 1 to n : 5 True so enter the loop Print Hello on the output Add 1 to n : 6 False so terminate the loop Print Bye on the output Output
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
Bye
Page 32 of 64 JUMP Statements
These statements un-conditionally transfer program control within a program. Java has 3 statements that perform an un-conditional branch: break continue return a. break : this statement skips the rest of the loop and jumps over to the statement following the loop. A break statement terminates the smallest enclosing for loop, while loop, do-while loop or switch statement. Ex: for (n = 1 ; n<=10 ; n ++ ) { System.out.println (Hello); break; } System.out.println( Bye); The above loop will print Hello ONLY once. The reason is that the break statement will transfer the control directly to the statement just following the loop. In a way, this statement terminates the loop unconditionally. b. continue : this statement skips the rest of the loop statements and transfer the control to the LOOP HEAD and NOT out of the loop. for (n = 1 ; n<=10 ; n ++ ) { continue ; System.out.println(Hello); } System.out.println( Bye); The above loop will NOT print HELLO EVEN ONCE. The reason is that the continue statement will transfer the control back to the loop head. In a way, this statement can result in UN-ENDING LOOPS.
Note that break statement can come ONLY inside any LOOP command or switch statement AND not anywhere else in the program. Similarly, continue statement can come ONLY inside any LOOP command AND not anywhere else in the program. c. return : this statement terminates a program abruptly. Whenever this statement is encountered, the control is transferred out of the program and all the following statements remain un-executed. This statement is mainly used inside a method/function( topic to be covered ), to return a particular value. This statement can appear anywhere in the program and NOT necessarily inside a loop as in case of break and continue statements. The only thing is that all the statements following return statement will not be executed.
Make sure that you DO NOT change the LOOP CONTROL variable inside the loop body because it could result in some kind of unusual loop behaviour. The things may not work as intended.
Page 33 of 64 Examples: 1. Print First Ten natural numbers along with Hello. int n ; for (n=1 ; n<=10 ; n++ ) { System.out.println( Hello + n) ; } 2. Print First ten natural numbers in reverse. int n ; for (n=10 ; n>=1 ; n-- ) { System.out.println( n ) ; } 3. Print first ten even numbers. int n ; for (n=2 ; n<=20 ; n+=2 ) { System.out.println( n ) ; } 4. Print first ten even numbers in reverse. int n ; for (n=20 ; n>=2 ; n-=2 ) { System.out.println( n ) ; } 5. Print first ten odd numbers. int n ; for (n=1 ; n<=20 ; n+=2 ) { System.out.println( n ) ; } 6. Print first ten odd numbers in reverse. int n ; for (n=19 ; n>=1 ; n-=2 ) { System.out.println( n ) ; } 7. Print Sum of first 10 numbers. int n ; int sum=0; for (n=1 ; n<=10 ; n++ ) { sum=sum + n ; } System.out.println (The Sum is = + sum ) ;
8. Print Sum of even and odd numbers out of first 20 natural numbers. int n ; int sumeven=0; int sumodd=0; for (n=1 ; n<=20 ; n++ ) { if ( n%2==0) { sumeven=sumeven + n ; } else{ sumodd=sumodd + n ; } } System.out.println (The Even Sum is = + sumeven ) ; System.out.println (The Odd Sum is = + sumodd ) ;
Page 34 of 64 9. Print table of n number upto n x 10 .
int num = Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n ; for (n=1 ; n<=10 ; n++ ) { System.out.println( num + x + n + = + num * n ) ; } 10. Print factorial of n number. int num=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n ; int fact=1; for (n=1 ; n<=num ; n++ ) { fact=fact*n; } System.out.println( Factorial = + fact ) ; 11. Check weather a given number is a Prime number or not. int num=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n ; boolean prime=true ;; for (n=2 ; n<=num/2 ; n++ ) { if (num % 2 ==0) { prime=false; break ; } } if(prime==true) System.out.println( The Number is Prime ) ; else System.out.println( The Number is Not Prime ) ; 12. Print sum and average of first n Numbers. int num=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int sum=0; int avg=0; for(int n=1 ; n<=num ; n++) sum=sum + n ; avg=sum/num; System.out.println(Sum = + sum) ; System.out.println(Average = + avg) ; 13. Print sum and average of first n Numbers which are divisible by 3. (Do it yourself) 14. Print the following series : 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34. (Such a series is known as a FIBONACCI SERIES where every new number is sum of previous two numbers. int num=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int n1=1; int n2=1; System.out.print(n1 + + n2); for(int n=3 ; n<=num ; n++) { n3 = n1 + n2 ; System.out.print( + n3 ); n1 = n2 ; n2 = n3 ; }
Page 35 of 64 subhashv1224@gmail.com 15. Print all the ARMSTRONG NUMBERS. Armstrong Numbers are those numbers whose sum of cube of individual digits is the number itself: 153 ( 1 + 125 + 27 = 153 ) int n,newn,n1,n2,n3; int sumcube=0; for(n=100 ; n<=999 ; n++){ newn=n; n1=newn%10; We will STORE value of n to newn in order to newn=newn/10; NOT to change the value of n because n is n2=newn%10; acting like a LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE . newn=newn/10; n3=newn%10; sumcube=(n1*n1*n1) + (n2*n2*n2) + (n3*n3*n3) ; if( n==sumcube) System.out.println(Its an ARMSTRONG number.); else System.out.println(Its NOT an ARMSTRONG number.); }
II.
while loop:
this loop has also the same 4 elements as in case of for loop. The ONLY difference is the syntax.
1 Initilization ; 2 while ( test condition ) { Move back to the TOP of the LOOP to check the 3 condition loop body ; 4 update expression ; }
If FALSE exit the LOOP 5 statement n ;
If TRUE enter the LOOP
1. Initialize LOOP CONTROL variable. 2. Check the CONDITION. If TRUE enter the LOOP. If FALSE go to STEP 5. 3. Execute LOOP BODY. 4. UPDATE the LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE and JUMP back to STEP 2 5. Execute the statement JUST after the LOOP.
for loop Print First Ten natural numbers along with Hello. int n ; 1 4 2 for (n=1 ; n<=10 ; n++ ) { 3 System.out.println( Hello + n) ; } 5 System.out.println(Bye); }
while loop Print First Ten natural numbers along with Hello. int n; 1 n=1;
2 while (n<=10) {
3 System.out.println(Hello + n ) ; 4 n++ ;
5 System.out.println(Bye);
Page 36 of 64 Thus, we can see that in the while loop : In while header ONLY the test expression appears.
Initialization expression takes place before the start of the while loop The update expression has to appear inside the while loop. AND in for loop all these 3 parts appears inside the for loop header.
ENTRY CONTROLLED LOOP : In such kind of loops, the condition is evaluated first and if that condition is true the loop body gets executed. Thus, the condition is tested at the top and then only the loop body gets executed. Such loops are also called as TOP TESTED LOOPS. It is possible that such loops may not execute even ONCE if the condition is false in the very beginning. The two loops for loop and while loop which we had discussed were ENTRY CONTROLLED LOOPS
Examples:
1. Create a GUI to input a number and count the number of digits it contains. int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int c=0; while (n>0) { c++ ; n=n/10 ; } t2.setText(Total digits: + c ); 2. Create a GUI to input a number and find the sum of its digits. int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int sum=0; while (n>0) { int digit= n % 10 ; sum=sum + digit ; n=n/10 ; } t2.setText(Sum of digits: + sum ); 3. Create a GUI to input a number and count how many of those digits are even and odd. int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int counteven=0, countodd=0; while (n>0) { int digit= n % 10 ; if (digit % 2 ==0) counteven++ ; else countodd++ ; n=n/10 ; } t2.setText(Count of Even Nos: + counteven ); t3.setText(Count of Odd Nos: + countodd ) ;
Page 37 of 64
4. Create a GUI to input a number and print sum of all the even and odd digits. int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int sumteven=0, sumodd=0; while (n>0) { int digit= n % 10 ; if (digit % 2 ==0) sumeven=sumeven + digit ; else sumodd=sumodd + digit ; n=n/10 ; } t2.setText(Sum of Even Nos: + sumeven ); t3.setText(Sum of Odd Nos: + sumodd ) ; 5. Create a GUI to input a number and print sum of square of its individual digits. int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int sum=0; while (n>0) { int digit= n % 10 ; sum=sum + (digit * digit) ; n=n/10 ; } t2.setText(Sum of square of digits: + sum );
6. Create a GUI to input a number and reverse it. int n=Integer.parseInt(t1.getText()); int newnum=0; while (n>0) { int digit= n % 10 ; newnum=(newnum * 10) + digit ; n=n/10 ; } t2.setText(Reverse is: + newnum );
Do all the programs of for loop WITH while loop. Both for loop and while loop were ENTRY CONTROLLED LOOPS as the conditions were tested first before actually executing the loop. Such loops may not run even ONCE if the condition is found to be false at the entry level only.
Page 38 of 64 subhashv1224@gmail.com Now, if we want to run a loop at least ONCE even if the condition is false well opt for EXIT CONTROLLED LOOP. Following is an example of such loop: III. do - while loop: this loop has also the same 4 elements as in case of for and while loop. The ONLY difference is the syntax. 1 Initilization ;
do
Move back to the TOP of the LOOP if the condition is TRUE
{ 2 loop body ; 3 update expression ;

Note semi-colon ( ; ) here.
} while (test condition) ; 4

Go to First statement after the LOOP if the condition is FALSE
5 statement n ;
1. Initialize LOOP CONTROL variable. 2. Execute LOOP BODY. 3. UPDATE the LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE and JUMP back to STEP 2 4. Check the CONDITION. If TRUE enter the LOOP. If FALSE go to STEP 5. 5. Execute the statement JUST after the LOOP. In the above loop, the control will enter the loop at least once because the condition is being tested at the end of the loop. Such loop is also known as Bottom Tested Loop.
METHODS/FUNCTIONS It is a sequence of some declaration statements and executable statements. The reasons for creating methods are: To allow us to cope with complex problems: a complex and big task can be broken into smaller and more manageable task by creating methods. This technique is known as divide and conquer. To hide low level details that otherwise can confuse users: at the user level we need not to concern ourselves with how the methods task is performed. We just call it to get a specific task done. Ex . Math.sqrt(56) ; To reuse portions of code: once a task is packaged in a method, that method is available to be accessed or called or invoked, from anywhere in a program. It can be called more than once in a program. This concept is called as Write Once, Use Many Method/Function Definition: in java, method (or function) must be defined before it is used anywhere in the program. The syntax to define a method is: (access-specifier) (modifier) (static) return_type method_name (parameter list) { ---- body of the method ---} We had earlier used JAVAs in built method of class Math: Math.pow(x,y), Math.sqrt(x), Math.round(x). Here, the methods are pow(x,y), sqrt(x), round(x) of class Math. Thus, to use a method, the syntax is:
classname.methodname(list of parameters) ;
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access- specifier: can be either public or protected or private. These keywords are used to determine the type of access to the method. Its optional. modifier: can be final, native, synchronized, transient, volatile. It too is optional. static: this keyword makes a method a class method and thus it can be called even by a class. In the absence of this keyword, a class cannot directly call a method instead an object has to be created which in turn calls a method. return_type: specifies the type of value that a method will return to its calling program and the return type can be: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, String, array or an object. If a function is not going to return any value than its return type should be void and that method should not contain any return statement. It is necessary to provide a return type. method_name: it should be a name that should follow the following rules: should be meaningful and it should begin with a lowercase alphabet ONLY. There shouldnt be any space or any other special character in the name. Underscore character is allowed.
parameter list: this is a comma separated list of variables that a method will be receiving and these parameters are referred as arguments or formal parameters.
FORMAL PARAMETER
Ex.
long sqr (long a ) { long res = a * a ; return res ; } the return_type is the name of the method is
Method Definition
long sqr long a
the parameter list is a single variable of type the formal parameter is

FORMAL PARAMETERS
Ex.
long sumsqr (long a, long b ) { long res =( a * a ) + ( b * b ) ; return res ; } the return_type is the name of the method is
Method Definition
long sumsqr long a and b
the parameter list are two variables of type the formal parameter are
Ex.
void threesymbols (String a ) { System.out.println ( a + a + a ); } the return_type is the name of the method is the parameter list is a single variable of type the formal parameter is
Method Definition
void threesymbols String a
it does not and should not have return statement as its return type is void
Method Prototype is the first line of the method definition that tells the program about the type of value returned by the method and the number and type of its parameters/arguments. Method Signature refers to the number and type of arguments it will receive.
Page 40 of 64
Now, in JAVA Methods always exist in a class. Thus a method had to be defined in a class in order to access it. To create your first CLASS do the following:
You will see a dialog box and give the name of the class as MyClass. Now you will see coding window as shown below: public class MyClass {
All the methods should be defined between these blocks of this class named MyClass
Note that a class window will not contain the GUI palette. So, now we will write those methods that we have written earlier between these blocks of the class namely MyClass public class MyClass { static long sqr (long a ) { long res = a * a ; return res ; }
First Method
long sumsqr (long a, long b ) { long res =( a * a ) + ( b * b ) ; return res ; }

Third Method Second Method
void threesymbols (String a ) { System.out.println ( a + a + a ); } // class ends here }
Thus, the above class MyClass contains three non-static methods . The next step will be to call the method whenever they are required. To create an object/instance of a class, new keyword is used. Now, to call the method in a GUI form: For Methods that are non static, you have to first create an object of a class: o MyClass m1= new MyClass () ; The above statement will create an object m1 of class MyClass with the help of the keyword new. Now, the object can call the method as follows: o m1.threesymbols( # ) ; // Method call o long r = m1.sumsqr( x , y) ; // since this method is returning a value of type long we are storing the returned value in a variable of the same type i.e. long.
But a static method can be called directly by a class and as such no need to create an object of a class. In the above class sqr method is a static method: o long r = MyClass.sqr ( 12 ) ; The above statement will call sqr method with the class name rather than with the object.
Page 41 of 64 1 METHOD
CALLED
subhashv1224@gmail.com 2 METHOD RETURNING

A VALUE
long r = m1 . sumsqr ( x , y) ; // A METHOD CALL STATEMENT

OBJECT NAME METHOD NAME ACTUAL PARAMETERS
The above statement will call the sumsqr method and will pass the value of x and y variables to it. value of x will be copied to a and value of y will be copied to b and after that there is no connection between these variables whatsoever. This is CALL BY VALUE
Method Definition
long sumsqr (long a, long b ) { long res =( a * a ) + ( b * b ) ; return res ; }
note that in : long sumsqr (long a, long b ) // a and b are termed as FORMAL PARAMETERS The return res statement will copy the answer to calling statement and then its up to the calling statement to how to use the returned value. It can either print the value or store the value in a compatible variable. o In our case the returned value gets stored in a variable named r of long data-type. Thus, variables that appear in the method definition are termed as FORMAL PARAMETERS and variables that appear in the method call statement are termed as ACTUAL PARAMETERS. Moreover, the technique in which actual parameters pass the value to the formal parameters of the method is termed as CALL BY VALUE and in this, changes made by formal parameters in the method is not reflected back in actual parameters. class MyMath { static int fact(int n){ int f=1; for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) f=f*i; return f; }
1. Method to find factorial of a number
static int findmax(int a,int b, int c){ int max; max=a; if(b> max) max=b; if(c> max) max=c; return max; } 2. Method to find maximum of three numbers
static int countdigits(long n){ int c=0; while(n>0){ c=c+1; n=n/10; } return c; } 3. Method to find count of digits in a number
Page 42 of 64
static long reversedigits(long n){ int c=0; long temp=0; 4. Method to reverse a number while(n>0){ temp=(temp*10)+(n%10); n=n/10; } return temp; } static long adddigits(long n){ long sum=0; while(n>0){ sum=sum+(n%10); n=n/10; } return sum; } static long cubedigit(long n){ return n * n * n ; } static long sumofcube(long n){ long sum=0; while(n>0){ long i=n%10; sum=sum+cubedigit(i); n/=10; } return sum; } 7. Method to find sum of cube of individual digits of a number 5. Method to find sum of individual digits of a number
6. Method to find cube of a number
private static boolean isprime(long n){ boolean tf=true; for(long i=2;i<=n/2;i++){ if(n%i==0){ tf=false; break; } } return tf; } 8. Method to check whether a given number is a prime number or not
static boolean iseven(int n){ if(n%2==0) return true; 9. Method to check whether a given number is an even number or else odd return false; } static String sign(long n){ if(n<0) return "Negative"; else if (n>0) return "Positive"; else return "Zero"; }
10. Method to check whether a given number is +ive, -ive or zero
static int findmin(int a,int b, int c){ int min; min=a; if(b< min) min=b; if(c> min) min=c; return min; } 11. Method to find minimum of three numbers
Page 43 of 64 static int secondMax(int n1, int n2, int n3, int n4) { int max1=n1; int max2=0;
12. Method to find 2nd maximum of four numbers
// coding for max and second max if(n2>max1) { max2=max1; max1=n2; } else if(n2>max2) { max2=n2; } if(n3>max1) { max2=max1; max1=n3; } else if(n3>max2) { max2=n3; } if(n4>max1) { max2=max1; max1=n4; } else if(n4>max2) { max2=n4; } return max2 ; } private static int sumPrime(long n){ long sum=0; boolean p=true; for( long k=1 ; k<=n ; k++) { p=true ; for(long i=2 ; i<=k/2 ; i++) { if( k % i == 0){ p=false; break; } // end if } // end inner for if(p==true) sum=sum + k ; } // end outer for return sum; } private static long totalEvens( long n) { long n=Long.parseLong(t1.getText()); long counteven=0; long temp=n; 14. Method to find total even digits in a number while(temp>0){ long dig=temp%10; if(dig%2==0)counteven++; temp=temp/10; } return counteven ; } private static int maxDigit (long n) { long n=Long.parseLong(t1.getText()); long max=0; 16. Method to find max digit in a number while(n>0){ long dig=n%10; if(dig>max) max=dig; n=n/10; } return max ; // 17. Just change the condition to find min digit
13. Method to find sum of first n prime numbers
// 15. just change the condition to find total odd digits
} // end MyMath class

NOW CREATE A JFRAME FORM AND CALL THE ABOVE CREATED METHODS. AN EXAMPLE IS GIVEN HERE:
String s=t1.getText(); long n=Long.parseLong(s); n=MyMath.reversedigits(n); t2.setText("Reverse is : " + n); // METHOD CALL
PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES ARE ALWAYS CALLED BY VALUE (byte, int, long, float, double, char, boolean, String ) USER DEFINED DATA TYPES ARE ALWAYS CALLED BY REFERENCE (objects of user defined class)
Page 44 of 64 CLASSES AND OBJECTS
Class : this is a template from which you can create objects. The definition of class includes the formal specifications for the class and any data and method in it. Object: this is an instance of a class much as a variable is an instance of a data type. We can think of a class as the type of an object. Every object has got (a) state/characteristics (Data Members) and (b) behaviour (methods/functions) Data members: those variables that are part of a class. We use them to store the data the object uses. Objects supports both instance variables whose values are specific to the object and class/static variables whose values are shared among the objects of a specified class. Methods/Functions: this is a function built into a class or object. We have instance and class methods. We can use instance methods with objects and class /static methods just by referring to the class name, no object is required. Class declaration and definition syntax: [access] class class_name [extends ] [implements] { // class definition [access] [static] type variable1; [access] [static] type variable2; . [access] [static] type variableN; [access] [static] return-type method1([parameter-list]) (method definition) .. } [access] [static] return-type method2([parameter-list]) { (method definition) .. } [access] [static] return-type methodN([parameter-list] { (method definition) .. } } // end class definition The keyword static turns variable into a class variable and a method into a class method. The access term specifies the accessibility of the class or a class method or a class variable to the rest of the program and it can be public, private or protected. Instance and Class variables: instance variables are specific to the objects. If you have 2 objects(i.e. two instances of a class), the instance variables in each object are independent of the instance variables in other object On the other hand, class variables of both the objects will refer to the same data and therefore will hold the same value. Ex. Create a class named A public class A { int x,y; // instance variables static int z; // static variable void add1(){ x++; y++; z++; {
static void add10(){ z+=10; // not allowed x+=10; // not allowed y+=10;
void print1(){ System.out.println("x= "+ x + " y = " + y + " z= " + z); static void print2(){ System.out.println(" z= " + z); } // end class A
Page 45 of 64
Now create a jFrame form and add a button in the form. Add the following code behind the button. private void jButton1ActionPerformed(java.awt.event.ActionEvent evt) { A n1=new A(); A n2=new A(); n1.x=10; n1.y=20 ; n1.z=30 ; System.out.println("After initialising n1 object :"); System.out.print("n1.print1() : "); n1.print1(); System.out.print("n2.print1() : "); n2.print1(); n2.x=100; n2.y=200 ; n2.z=300 ; System.out.println("After initialising n2 object :"); System.out.print("n1.print1() : "); n1.print1(); System.out.print("n2.print1() : "); n2.print1();
System.out.println("After calling instance method add1() by object n1"); n1.add1(); System.out.print("Values of object n1 : " ); n1.print1(); System.out.print("Values of object n2 : " ); n2.print1(); System.out.println("After calling instance method add1() by object n2"); n2.add1(); System.out.print("Values of object n1 : " ); System.out.print("Values of object n2 : " ); n1.print1(); n2.print1();
System.out.println("After calling static method add10() by class A"); A.add10(); System.out.print("Values of object n1 : " ); System.out.print("Values of object n2 : " ); } Internally what happens is that : Object n1 x add1() print1() y Static Values z add10() print2() add1() print1() Object n2 x y n1.print1(); n2.print1();
In the above example, instance variables x and y are different for both the objects. Thus changes made to x and y by the object n1 is not reflected in object n2. In the above example, the class /static variable z is same for both the objects or say both the objects share the same class variable z. thus changes made to z by object n1 is reflected in object n2. In the above example, there are 2 instance methods add1() and print1(). These methods can ONLY be called by the instance/objects of a class. Such methods CANNOT be called by a class directly. Moreover, instance methods CAN ALSO work with static variables of a class. Ex. n1.add1(); //valid as object can access instance method A.add1() ; // invalid as a class cannot directly access instance method In the above example, there are 2 static methods: add10() and print2(). These methods can be called by the instance/objects of a class AND CAN ALSO be called by a class directly. Moreover, static methods CAN ONLY work with static variables of a class and NOT instance variables. Ex. A.add10() ; // valid as class accessing class method n1.add10() ; //valid as object can access class method
Page 46 of 64 CONSTRUCTORS
These are special methods which have the same name as that of a class and its basic use is to initialize or provide a starting value to the objects of a class. Thus, a constructor: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. It is a METHOD with the same name as that of a class. It does NOT have a return type, not even void. Is called automatically when an object is created. It can be parameterized or non-parameterized. There can be any number of constructors but with different signatures. No need to call it explicitly as other methods.
Three instance variables of the class namely, roll, name and marks. Note that if you initialize a variable at class level than this value will be treated as a default value for that variable. A constructor with zero parameters. This will initialize an objects all the three variables with the default value provided here. A constructor with one parameter. This will only initialize the roll variable of the class with the user supplied value. The other two variable will have null and 0.0 A constructor with two parameters. This will initialize the roll and name variables of the class with the user supplied value. The other variable marks will have 0.0
class Student { int roll; String name; float marks; public Student() { roll=1; name=Ajay; marks=45; } public Student(int r); roll=r; } public Student(int r, String n) { roll=r; name=n; }
public Student(int r, String n, float m){ roll=r; name=n; marks=m; } public void printdata(){ System.out.println(Roll No.= + roll); System.out.println(Name = + name); System.out.println(Marks = + marks); } } Now creating objects of the class: Student s1=new Student(); Student s2=new Student(2); Student s3=new Student(3,"Amit"); Student s4=new Student(4,"Bishnu",50); System.out.println("Object s1:") ; System.out.println("\nObject s2:") ; System.out.println("\nObject s3:") ; System.out.println("\nObject s4:") ; Internally the following happened:
Object: s1 Object: s2
A constructor with three parameters. This will initialize the roll , name and marks variables of the class with the user supplied value.
// calling no parameter constructor // calling 1-parameter constructor // calling 2-parameter constructor //calling 3-parameter constructor
s1.printdata(); s2.printdata(); s3.printdata(); s4.printdata();
Object: s3
Object: s4
roll 1 name Ajay marks 45.0
roll 2 name null marks 0.0
roll 3 name Amit marks 0.0
roll 4 name Bishnu marks 50.0
Page 47 of 64 DATABASE CONNECTIVITY
Database Connectivity helps a Front-End application like JAVA to connect to the database like MySQL. JDBC(Java DataBase Connectivty) is a framework that helps you send and execute SQL statements from within Java application code. What does JDBC do? 1. Establish a connection with the database. 2. Send SQL statements to the database server. 3. Process the resultset obtained. What are different classes used for database connectivity? There are 4 main classes in the JDBC API that are generally used for database connectivity. 1. DriverManager Class: loads the JDBC driver needed to access a particular data source, locates and logs on to the database and return a Connection object. 2. Connection class: manages the communications between a Java client application and a specific database e.g. MySQL database. 3. Statement Class: contains SQL strings that are submitted to the DBMS. An SQL SELECT Statement returns a ResultSet object that contains the data retrieved as the result of SQL statement. 4. ResultSet Class: provides pre-defined methods to access, analyze and convert data values returned by an executed SQL SELECT statement. Steps for creating Database Connectivity Application: 1. Import the Packages: it is required for database programming.
import java.sql.*;
Also, add MySQL JDBC Driver to your project. 2. Register the JDBC Driver: this will iniatialise a driver, so you can open a communication channel with the database from the Java Application. A class named Class offers a method called forName() that registers the driver with the DriverManager.
Class.forName(java.sql.Driver);
OR
Class.forName(com.mysql.jdbc.Driver);
3. Open a connection: this requires using the DriverMananger.getConnection() method to create a connection object which represents a physical connection with the database. A Connection represented through a connection object is the session between the application program and the database. To do any operation on the database, one must have a connection object. To connect to a database, you need to know databases complete URL, the userid and its password.
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc:mysql://localhost/mydatabase,root,1234);
4. Execute query: in this step, you need to first create an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL statement to the database using createStatement() method of connection type object.
Statement s=con.createStatement();
Next you need to execute the SQL statement using executeQuery() method. The method returns a resultSet which is an object of ResultSet type and contains the resultant dataset.
ResultSet rs=s.executeQuery(SELECT * FROM students WHERE std=12 ORDER BY roll);
A resultset refers to a logical set of records that are fetched from the database by executing a query. Note that if the SQL statement is an Update, Insert or Delete statement, then you can execute SQL query using executeUpdate() method.
ResultSet rs=s.executeUpdate(DELETE FROM students WHERE std=12);
Page 48 of 64
5. Extract data from the resultset: ResultSet object provides methods for obtaining column/field data for a row: rs.getString(regno); // where regno is a field of students table. getxxxx() methods provides the means for retrieving field values from the current row. ResultSet Cursor: when the resultset object is first created the cursor is positioned before the first row. Various Navigational methods of ResutSet object Method name rs.first() rs.next() rs.previous() rs.last() rs.relative(int r) Description Moves the cursor to the first row Moves the cursor to the next row in the recordset Moves the cursor to the previous record in a recordset Moves the cursor to the last row in the recordset Moves the cursor relative to its current position. Ex if the cursor is at row/record 3, then rs.relative(4) will place the cursor at the 7th record in the resultset Positions the cursor on the rth row of the resultset. Ex. rs.absolute(4) will place the cursor at the 4th record of the resultset Retrieves the current row number the cursor is pointing at.
rs.absolute(int r) rs.getRow()
We can sum up five basic steps to connect to the database as follows: 1. Importing Packages: import java.sql.*; 2. Declare the following Global variables: Connection conn=null; Statement s; ResultSet rs; 3. Registering the JDBC Driver: Class.forName(com.sql.jdbc.Driver).newInstance(); 4. Opening the Connection. To use DriverManager class you can do as follows: String url=jdbc:mysql://localhost/mydatabase; String user=root; String pass=1234;
conn=DriverManager.getConnection(url,user,pass); 5. Executing the SQL statements. s=conn.createStatement(); rs=s.executeQuery(SELECT * FROM students WHERE std=12); How to retrieve a data based on user specified value: tClass Enter Section tSection
Enter Class
rs=s.executeQuery(Select * From students Where std= + tClass.getText() + and section= + tSection.getText() );
Note that there should be a space between ....std= &
and section=
Page 49 of 64 INHERITANCE
Inheritance is the capability of one class to derive properties from another class. Thus, the class inheritance lets you derive new classes called derived classes from old ones with the derived class inheriting the properties and methods of the old class known as base class. Need: 1. Reusability: it allows addition of new features to an existing class without modifying it. One can derive a new class(subclass or derived class) from an existing one and new features to it. 2. Transitivity: this means, if a class B inherits properties of another class A, then all the subclasses of B will automatically inherit the properties of A. A B
C Types of Inheritance: 1. Single Inheritance: when a class is derived from one base class ONLY. A B 2. Multiple Inheritance: when a class is derived from more than one base class. A B
C 3. Hierarchical Inheritance: when more than one class is derived from ONE base class. A
4. Multi-Level Inheritance: when a subclass is derived from a class that itself is derived from another class. A B
C 5. Hybrid Inheritance: B C D
Page 50 of 64 Syntax: class <derived-class> extends <base-class>{ -----; } Example: class One { private int a ; char b; protected double z; One(){ System.out.println(Constructor of class One); } } class Two extends One{ int x,y; Two(){ System.out.println(Constructor of class Two); } } //new members of subclass
Here the class Two is a sub-class or a derived class of the class One which is the base or superclass. Note that while extending classes instance variables and methods of super-class also become part of the new subclass. Now the question arise, can a sub-class can access all the members of its super-class? the answer depends on the various access-specifiers used for the members of a super-class. Access Specifiers/Access Control of Inherited Members Although a sub-class inherits all the members of its super-class, yet it can access only those variables or methods for which it has access permissions. In other words, the access of inherited members depends upon their access modifiers i.e. whether they are private or public or protected. Modifiers private public protected default private protected Modifier Specification Members are accessible only inside their own class where they have been originally declared and nowhere else. Members are accessible in all the classes whether a sub-class or class in the same package or class in another class along-with their own class Members are accessible inside their own class as well as in all sub-classes of their class, regardless of whether sub-classes exist in the same package or any other package. These are those members that are declared without any access modifiers i.e. only with a data type. These members are accessible only inside those classes that are in the same package. These members are accessible only from sub-classes whether in the same package or any other package Inside own class Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Inside sub-classes In the same In other package packages Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Inside non-sub-classes In the same In other package packages Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No no
public protected default private protected private
Things you should know about the Inheritance in JAVA: Java allows ONLY single Inheritance and Hierarchical and Multi-Level Inheritance which means that a class has at most one immediate super-class. Every class in Java has one and only one immediate/direct super-class, but might have several subclasses. The inheritance relationship is transitive. Therefore, every class inherits variables and methods from all classes which are higher in the class hierarchy (direct or indirect super-class)
Page 51 of 64
subhashv1224@gmail.com Overriding methods and Hiding Member Variables:
Sometimes, a sub-class uses the same name for variables and methods as in the super-class. This leads to the following behaviour: Methods are OVERRIDEN Variables are HIDDEN class A{ void print1(){ System.out.println(The class A); } } class B extends A { void print1(){ System.out.println(The class B); } } Coding behind a BUTTON: B objB1=new B(); objB1.print1(); In the above example, the print1 method of class B will be executed and Not that of the class A. You can say print1() method of class A will be overridden by the print1() method of class B. Similarly, variables of super-class are said to be HIDDEN, if the variable with the same name and type exist in the sub-class or derived class. Thus, a method in a sub-class hides or overshadows a method inherited from the super-class if both methods have the same signature i.e. same name, number and type of arguments, and the same return type. This property is known as Overriding the inherited methods. You can still refer to the method of the super-class by using the keyword super i.e. super.overridenMethod() refers to the method as it is defined in the super-class. Similarly, you can refer to the super-classes hidden variable by : super.hiddenVariable
class A{ void print1(){ System.out.println(The class A); } } class B extends A { void print1(){ System.out.println(The class B); } void print2(){ super.print1(); } Coding behind a BUTTON: B objB1=new B(); objB1.print1(); // print1 of class B will be called objB1.print2(); // print2 of class B will be called which in turn will call print1 of class A NOTE that an object of a sub-class cannot directly access an Overridden method of super-class. it can do so by calling a method of the sub-class which in turn can call the Overridden method of the superclass with the keyword super. The keyword final: Using final keyword with a variable makes it a constant and they cannot be changed in the class and sub-classes. Using final keyword with methods will not allow them to be overridden by sub-classes methods. Using final keyword with a class will not allow it to be extended or say inherited.
Page 52 of 64 Example to depict the concepts of: Overridden Methods Hidden Variables Accessing Overridden Methods Accessing Hidden Variables class superClass { String id=id of super-class; void print() { System.out.println(print method of the super-class); } } class subClass extends superClass { String id=id of sub-class;
//overriding super-classes variable id
void print() { // overriding super-classes method print() System.out.println(print method of the sub-class); } void print2(){ System.out.println(id); print() ; System.out.println(); System.out.println(super.id); // accessing the hidden variable of the superclass super.print(); // accessing overridden method of the superclass } } The OUTPUT of the method print2() will be: id of sub-class print method of the sub-class id of super-class print method of the super-class Method Overloading/Function Overloading A function name having several definitions in the same scope that are differentiated by the number and type of arguments is said to be an overloaded functions or methods. The key to Method Overloading is a methods argument list which is also known as the function signature. It is the signature and not the function type that enables function overloading. A functions argument list is known as a functions signature. Functions with the same name and signature but different return types are not allowed in Java. But you can have functions with the same name and different return types ONLY IF their signature is different. o Same name, different return types and different signatures int sqr(int n) { return n * n ; float sqr(float n) { return n * n ; o
Same name, same return type and different signatures void sqr(int n) { System.out.println( n * n ) ; } void sqr(float n) { System.out.println( n * n ) ; }
Same name, same signature but different return type are NOT ALLOWED but if the signatures of two functions differ in either the number or type of their arguments, the two methods are considered to be OVERLOADED
Page 53 of 64
ABSTRACT CLASSES An ABSTRACT class is the one that simply represents a concept and whose objects cant be created. Such a class is created through the keyword abstract. An ABSTRACT class needs to be extended or inherited because such a class cannot create an object of its type.
Example: public abstract class Shape { String name; double area ; public void display(){ } class Circle extends Shape { ........... } class Rectangle extends Shape { ........ } ABSTRACT METHODS AMs are methods with no method statements. Sub-classes must provide the method statements for the inherited abstract methods. To define a method as abstract, we need to use the keyword abstract with the method and its declaration with a semi-colon. The abstract methods of super-class would require overriding in each sub-class. public abstract class Shape { String name; double area ; public abstract void display() ; } class Circle extends Shape{ double radius; double calcArea() { return 3.154 * radius * radius ; } public void display() { //overriding abstract method display() // an abstract method }
System.out.println(Radius= + radius); System.out.println(Area= + area) ; } } A sub-class cannot override methods that are declared final in the super-class. A sub-class must override methods that are declared abstract in the super-class or the sub-class itself must be abstract. INHERITANCE AND CONSTRUCTORS Constructor Functions, even though, they are member methods of the class, are not inherited by the sub-class. We can explicitly call the constructor of the super-class using the keyword super. Ex. to call the constructor of the super-class A in sub-class B: super() ;
Such an explicit call of the constructor of a super-class must be the first statement in the sub-class constructor.
Page 54 of 64 HTML
1. A web browser is a WWW client that navigates through the WWW and displays web pages. 2. Web Servers are computers on which web documents reside. They provide 4 major function: Serving web pages Running gateway programs Controlling access to the server Monitoring and logging server access o Example, apache web server, MS internet Information Server(IIS), netscape navigator server 3. A location on a web server is called a web site 4. Each web site has got a unique address called URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 5. A set of rules on which the internet structure of WWW is built is called HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 6. A files internet address or URL is determined by: o The type of server or protocol like http. o The name of the server or domain name, like yahoo.com o The location of the file on the server, like http://yahoo.com/index.htm HTML: it is a page-layout and hyperlink specification markup language. It is NOT a programming language. HTML is made up of elements or tags and its attributes which work together. A TAG is a coded HTML command that indicates that how a part of a web page should be displayed. An ATTRIBUTE is a special word used with a tag to specify additional information to the tag. TML tags are contained within angle brackets (<>). These tags or elements are NOT CASE SENSITIVE. The basic structure of writing HTML file is as follows: <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> MY FIRST WEB PAGE </TITLE> </ HEAD> <BODY> ACTUAL CONTENT TO BE DISPLAYED ON THE WEB PAGE THE VARIOUS HTML TAGS ARE DEFINED HERE </ BODY> </ HTML> <HTML> tag identifies the document as HTML document. <HEAD> tag contains information about the document title, scripts used, style definitions and document descriptions. <TITLE> tag contains the documents title. It is included with the <HEAD> tag. <BODY> tag encloses all tags and their attributes and the information to be displayed in the web page.
HTML documents can be written in notepad or any text editor and has to be saved with an extension .htm or .html. Container elements or tags require pair tags i.e. starting as well as ending tag. Empty tags require just a starting tag only ex. <br>, <hr> etc.
Page 55 of 64 The syntax to write a tag:
<TAGNAME ... ATTRIBUTE=VALUE... ATTRUBUTE=VALUE... ATTRIBUTE=VALUE..> </ TAGNAME> Every HTML element consists of a tag-name followed by an optional list of attributes and their values and all placed between opening and closing angle brackets. Tag attribute come after tag-name each separated by one or more space. A tag attributes value, if any, is given after an equal to (=) sign. Note that, if value of an attribute is a single word then no need to put a double quote around that value otherwise you have to put a double quote. HTML TAGS/ELEMENTS 1) <HTML> 2) <BODY> a. ATTRIBUTES: i. BACKGROUND=imagefile.jpg ii. BGCOLOR=color-code OR color-name iii. TEXT=text-color iv. ALINK=active-link color v. VLINK=visited-link color vi. TOPMARGIN=value in pixels vii. LEFTMARGIN=value in pixels 3) <H1> TO <H6> a. ATTRIBUTES: i. ALIGN=center/right/left <H1> TO <H6> tags are differentiated from each other through these factors: typeface, pointsize and space above and below them. 4) <BR> - this will move the following text to the next immediate line without any space. 5) <P> - this will move the following text to the next line leaving one blank line in between. a. ATTRIBUTES: i. ALIGN=center/right/left 6) <CENTER> - this will centralize a segment of text. 7) <BASEFONT> a. ATTRIBUTES: i. SIZE= 1 TO 7 or relative +1 + 2 .... ii. FACE= any font name iii. COLOR= color code or color name 8) <FONT> a. ATTRIBUTES: i. SIZE= 1 TO 7 or relative +1 + 2 .... ii. FACE= any font name iii. COLOR= color code or color name Note that BASEFONT is used to set default settings for a text. This is because it affects all the text that follows it until a new tag affecting that is encountered. While FONT tag affects a text up-to its closing tag ONLY.
Page 56 of 64
9) <HR> produces a horizontal line spread across the width of the browser window. a. ATTRIBUTES: i. SIZE= 3(default) 72 pixels This attribute specifies the thickness. ii. WIDTH= percentage of the window covered by ruler iii. COLOR= name or color code iv. NOSHADE to display rule in flat 2D. The default is 3D 10) <B> Bold Text </B> 11) <I> Italic Text </I> 12) <U> Underlined Text </U> 13) <TT> Typewriter text </TT> 14) <SUB> Subscript Text </SUB> 15) <SUP> Superscript Text </SUP> Nesting Tags: <CENTER> <B> <U> A NESTED TEXT </U> </B> </CENTER> In such case, the innermost tag must be closed first and then the outer one.
LISTS: These are values arranged in some specific order. There can be three types of Lists: Ordered (OL) Un-Ordered (UL) Definition (DL)
16) <OL> ..... <LI> :this is a numbered or ordered list. The default list is 1,2,3 ..... the <LI> tag specifies the List Item to be displayed a. ATTRIBUTES: i. START= a number. This attribute will change the start value of the list. ii. TYPE=can be: A / a / I / i /1 17) <UL> ...... <LI>: this is an un-ordered or bulleted list. The default list is a solid circle (disc) ..... the <LI> tag specifies the List Item to be displayed a. ATTRIBUTES: i. TYPE=can be: DISC (solid circle) / CIRCLE ( hollow circle) / SQUARE (solid square) 18) <DL>...... <DT> ..... <DD>: a definition list (<DL>) consist of alternating a definition term(<DT>) and a definition description(<DD>) a. ATTRIBUTES: i. COMPACT with this attribute, <DD> appears on the same line with <DT> Example: <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>My first page</TITLE><BR> </HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR= yellow TEXT=blue > <H1> <CENTER> Heading H1</CENTER> </H1> <H2> Heading H2 </H2> <B> Bold Element </B> Normal <BR> <U> Underine Element </U> <BR> <I> Italic Element </I> <BR><SMALL>small Element</SMALL> <BR> 2 <FONT FACE=broadway COLOR=maroon SIZE=21>X</FONT>avier's <HR SIZE=12 NOSHADE COLOR =green> <BR><TT> This is a typewrite Text </TT> <BR> H <SUP>2</SUP>SO<SUB>4</SUB> <BR> < >
Page 57 of 64 <OL TYPE=A START= 5> <LI> HARDWARE <LI> SOFTWARE <OL> <LI> OS <LI> SYSTEM S/W </OL> <LI> FIRMWARE <LI> MALWARE </OL> <UL TYPE=disc> <LI> HARDWARE <LI> SOFTWARE <OL> <LI> OS <LI> SYSTEM S/W </OL> <LI> FIRMWARE <LI> MALWARE </UL> <DL> <DT> HTML <DD> HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE </DL> <DL COMPACT> <DT> XML <DD>EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE </DL> </body> </html>
Table Heading Columns(TH)
Table Rows(TR)
Table Data for each column(TD)
Page 58 of 64
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> TABLES </TITLE> </HEAD>
<BODY> <H1> HTML 2ND ASSIGNMENT : TABLES 1</H1>
<TABLE BORDER=2> <THEAD> <TR> </THEAD> <TD> THIS IS A TABLE HEADER
<TBODY> <CAPTION> THIS IS A TABLE CAPTION </CAPTION> <TH> ROLL <TH> NAME <TH> PHONE
<TR> <TR> <TR> <TR> </TBODY>
<TD> 1 <TD> 2 <TD> 3 <TD> 4
<TD width=170> AMIT SHARMA <TD> SUBHASH V <TD> ASHOK SINGH <TD> NIKHIL
<TD>9213214455 <TD>8764150339 <TD>9828119759 <TD> 9828211044
<TFOOT> <TR> <TD> THIS IS A TABLE FOOTER </TFOOT> </TABLE>
<CENTER> <U>USING FONT ELEMENT </U></CENTER> <P>
<FONT FACE=IMPACT SIZE="6" COLOR=MAROON> I </FONT> NDIA IS MY COUNTRY <P>
THE GRASS IS <FONT FACE=BROADWAY SIZE="7" COLOR=GREEN> GREEN </FONT>
AND SKY IS <FONT FACE=BROADWAY SIZE="7" COLOR=BLUE> BLUE </FONT>
</BODY> </HTML>
19) <TABLE> : as seen in the above example of a table, a table is a grid of columns and rows. It has got many sub-elements as described below: a. <CAPTION>: this sub-element is used to give a caption or title to the table. b. <TH>: this sub-element is used to define the tables column headings. The data provided within this element appears bold and centralized automatically. c. <TR>: this sub-element is used to start a new row for the table. Every <TR> starts a new row in the table. d. <TD>: this sub-element specifies the value that will appear for a particular column. Every <TD> will display the value under a new column. e. <THEAD>: this sub-element is used to define a set of header rows. i. There can be ONLY 1 <THEAD> in the table. ii. Rows specified in <THEAD> will be repeated at the top of every page if the table spans more than one page.
Page 59 of 64 f.
<TBODY>: this sub-element contains the rows to be displayed in the table.
g. <TFOOT>: this sib-element is used to define a set of footer rows. i. There can ONLY 1 <TFOOT> in the table. ii. It must precede the <TBODY> (if any) element. iii. Rows specified in <TFOOT> will be repeated at the bottom of every page if table spans more than one page. Various attributes of the <Table> tag and its sub-elements: <TABLE> o o o BORDER = n [ 0 is no border, 1 / 2 / 3 / . SPECIFIES THE THICKNESS] BORDERCOLOR=color-name or color-code FRAME=above/below/border/box/hsides/lhs/rhs/void/vsides allows you to choose which portion of the border will be displayed. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o above: displays top edge only below: displays bottom edge only border: displays all 4 sides(default) box: displays all 4 sides like border hsides: displays top and bottom edge only lhs: displays left edge only rhs: displays right edge only void: displays no border vsides: displays left and right edges - deals with inside border.
RULES=all/cols/groups/none/rows all: displays all border cols: displays border within cells
groups: displays border between all cell groups none: hides all interior borders. Rows: displays border between rows only
CELLSPACING =in pixels this is the amount of space between cells. CELLPADDING = in pixels - this is the amount of space between cell border and cell content. ALIGN=left/right/center BACKGROUND= the image file address BGCOLOR= color code or color name HEIGHT= in %age or pixels WIDTH=in %age or pixels SUMMARY=
<TD> Tag: its attributes will apply ONLY for a particular cell and its content. ALIGN=left/right/center - controls the horizontal alignment of the cell content. - specifies the width of the cell
WIDTH= pixels or percentage
BACKGROUND= image file that will be set ONLY for a particular cell. BGCOLOR= color that will be set ONLY for a particular cell. ROWSPAN= the amount of row that a cell content will cover or span. COLSPAN= the amount of column that a cell content will cover or span VALIGN= top/middle/bottom data can be vertically aligned. - in cells that have span of more than one rows,
Page 60 of 64
<TR> tag and <TH> : its attributes are applied to the all the cells of a particular row. o o o o o ALIGN= left/center/right WIDTH= in pixels or percentage BACKGROUND= image file for that particular row BGCOLOR=color code or color name for that particular row VALIGN=top/middle/bottom
Table Example 2: <html> <head> <title> My Page</title> </head> <body> <table border=3 cellspacing=16 cellpadding=20 bgcolor=grey> <caption>ABC Co.Sales </Caption> <tr bgcolor=blue> <th>zone <th>qtr1 <tr> <td bgcolor=red> Delhi <td> 12133 <tr> <td>Mumbai <td>1530 <tr> <td> jaipur <td> 10 <tr> <td>jodhpur <td>1530 <tr> <td colspan =2 align=center> Bikaner <tr > <td rowspan=2 bgcolor=blue>Delhi <td> UP <tr> <td> Sikkim
<th>qtr2 <td> <td>1800 <td>12 <td>1800 <td>1400 <td>MP <td> HP
</table> <a href="C:\Users\subhashv\Music\hindi songs\mysong1.mp3">Play</a> </body> </html> 20) <FORM> tag:

HTML Forms Forms are a vital tool for the webmaster to receive information from the web surfer, such as: their name, email address, credit card, etc. A form will take input from the viewer and depending on your needs, you may store that data into a file, place an order, gather user statistics, register the person to your web forum, or maybe subscribe them to your weekly newsletter. Text Fields
<input> has a few attributes that you should be aware of.

type - Determines what kind of input field it will be. Possible values are: password: to create a password box text: to create text-field radio: to create radio button checkbox: to create check-box name - Assigns a name to the given field so that you may reference it later. size - Sets the horizontal width of the field. The unit of measurement is in blank spaces. maxlength - Dictates the maximum number of characters that can be entered. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> Name: <input type="text" size="10" maxlength="40" name="name"> <br /> Password: <input type="password" size="10" maxlength="10" name="password"> </form>
Input Forms: Name: Password:
Page 61 of 64
Do not use the password feature for security purposes. The data in the password field is not encrypted and is not secure in any way. HTML Form Email Now we will add the submit functionality to your form. Generally, the button should be the last item of your form and have its name attribute set to "Send" or "Submit". Name defines what the label of the button will be. Here is a list of important attributes of the submit: In addition to adding the submit button, we must also add a destination for this information and specify how we want it to travel to that place. Adding the following attributes to your <form> will do just this. method - We will only be using the post functionality of method, which sends the data without displaying any of the information to the visitor. action - Specifies the URL to send the data to. We will be sending our information to a fake email address. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> Name: <input type="text" size="10" maxlength="40" name="name"> <br /> Password: <input type="password" size="10" maxlength="10" name="password"><br /> <input type="submit" value="Send"> </form>
Email Forms: Name: Password:

Send
Simply change the email address to your own and you will have set up your first functional form! HTML Radio Buttons Radio buttons are a popular form of interaction. You may have seen them on quizzes, questionnaires, and other web sites that give the user a multiple choice question. Below are a couple attributes you should know that relate to the radio button. value - specifies what will be sent if the user chooses this radio button. Only one value will be sent for a given group of radio buttons (see name for more information). name - defines which set of radio buttons that it is a part of. Below we have 2 groups: shade and size. To group a set of radio buttons, their name attribute should have the same name. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> What kind of shirt are you wearing? <br /> Shade: <input type="radio" name="shade" value="dark">Dark <input type="radio" name="shade" value="light">Light <br /> Size: <input type="radio" name="size" value="small">Small <input type="radio" name="size" value="medium">Medium <input type="radio" name="size" value="large">Large <br /> <input type="submit" value="Email Myself"> </form>
Radios: What kind of shirt are you wearing? Shade: Size: Dark Small Light Medium Large
Email Myself
If you change the email address to your own and "Email Myself" then you should get an email with "shade=(choice) size=(choice)".
Page 62 of 64
HTML Check Boxes Check boxes allow for multiple items to be selected for a certain group of choices. The check box's name and value attributes behave the same as a radio button. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> Select your favorite cartoon characters. <input type="checkbox" name="toon" value="Goofy">Goofy <input type="checkbox" name="toon" value="Donald">Donald <input type="checkbox" name="toon" value="Bugs">Bugs Bunny <input type="checkbox" name="toon" value="Scoob">Scooby Doo <input type="submit" value="Email Myself"> </form>
Check Boxes: Select the 2 greatest toons. Goofy Donald Bugs Bunny Scooby Doo
Email Myself
HTML Drop Down Lists Drop down menus are created with the <select> and <option> tags. <select> is the list itself and each <option> is an available choice for the user. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> College Degree? <select name="degree"> <option>Choose One</option> <option>Some High School</option> <option>High School Degree</option> <option>Some College</option> <option>Bachelor's Degree</option> <option>Doctorate</option> <input type="submit" value="Email Yourself"> </select> </form>
Drop Down Lists: Education?

Choose One
Email Yourself
HTML Selection Forms Yet another type of form, a highlighted selection list. This form will post what the user highlights. Basically just another type of way to get input from the user. The size attribute selects how many options will be shown at once before needing to scroll, and the selected option tells the browser which choice to select by default. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> Musical Taste <select multiple name="music" size="4"> <option value="emo" selected>Emo</option> <option value="metal/rock" >Metal/Rock</option> <option value="hiphop" >Hip Hop</option> <option value="ska" >Ska</option> <option value="jazz" >Jazz</option>
Page 63 of 64
<option value="country" >Country</option> <option value="classical" >Classical</option> <option value="alternative" >Alternative</option> <option value="oldies" >Oldies</option> <option value="techno" >Techno</option> </select> <input type="submit" value="Email Yourself"> </form>
Selection Forms: Musical Taste

Emo Metal/Rock Hip Hop Ska
Email Yourself
HTML Text Areas Text areas serve as an input field for viewers to place their own comments onto. Forums and the like use text areas to post what you type onto their site using scripts. For this form, the text area is used as a way to write comments to somebody. Rows and columns need to be specified as attributes to the <textarea> tag. Rows are roughly 12pixels high, the same as in word programs and the value of the columns reflects how many characters wide the text area will be. i.e. The example below shows a text area 5 rows tall and 20 characters wide. Another attribute to be aware of is the wrap. Wrap has 3 values. wrap= "off" "virtual" "physical" Virtual means that the viewer will see the words wrapping as they type their comments, but when the page is submitted to you, the web host, the document sent will not have wrapping words. Physical means that the text will appear both to you, the web host, and the viewer including any page breaks and additional spaces that may be inputed. The words come as they are. Off of course, turns off word wrapping within the text area. One ongoing line. HTML Code: <form method="post" action="mailto:youremail@email.com"> <textarea rows="5" cols="20" wrap="physical" name="comments"> Enter Comments Here </textarea> <input type="submit" value="Email Yourself"> </form>
Text Area:
Enter Comments Here
Email Yourself
Also note that any text placed between the opening and closing textarea tags will show up inside the text area when the browser views it.
Page 64 of 64
<html> <head> <title> </title> </head> <body bgcolor=yellow> <FORM METHOD=GET> Enter Name <input type=text name=uname> <br> <hr size=3> Enter Password <input type=password name=pwd> <br> Stream <input type=radio name=str value=sc> Science <input type=radio name=str value=comm> Commerce <input type=radio name=str value=ar> Arts <br><br> Hobbies : <input type=checkbox name=hobbies value=cr>Cricket <input type=checkbox name=hobbies value=foot>FootBall <input type=checkbox name=hobbies value=volley>VolleyBall <br><br> City : <select name=city> <option> Jaipur <option>Ajmer <Option> Kota </select> <br><br> City : <select name=city size=5> <option> Jaipur <option>Ajmer <Option> Kota </select> Your Comments : <textarea cols=40 row=5 name=suggest> </textarea> <br> <input type=reset value=Clear> <br><br> <input type=submit value="Proceed">
</body> </html>

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Page 1 of 64 JAVA NETBEANS

subhashv1224@gmail.com Java Programming Language

2. To STORE value in variable the syntax is:

<variable name> = <constant> ;

MEMORY n1 262 32 n4 295.6 n2

Page 7 of 64 Example - Parentheses

CASTING can be performed ONLY on NUMERIC expressions.

In case no parameter is needed, you have to put a blank bracket.

( double type constant or variable)

Page 11 of 64 Math.pow(double,double) > >

subhashv1224@gmail.com Math.sqrt(24,4); Math.sqrt(n1,n2); // where n1 and n2 are double type variable

How to create instance or object of a class will be a topic to cover in detail.

Converting NUMBERS which are STRINGS into PURE NUMBERS:

Page 16 of 64 To change its variable name:

String s1 = txtN1.getText() ; double n1=Double.parseDouble(s1) ; OR double n1 = Double.parseDouble(txtN1.getText()) ;

And position them as shown above

double n1=Double.parseDouble(t1.getText()) double n2=Double.parseDouble(t2.getText())

double r = n1 + n2 t3.setText(r + "")

Page 20 of 64 Programming Constructs

int b = a + 20 ; System.out.println ( a ) ; } // no error

subhashv1224@gmail.com JAVA SELECTION STATEMENTS

if ( condition ) { statements to be executed if the condition is TRUE ; }

statements to be executed if the condition is FALSE ;

In the Flow Chart, you can see that,

Statement 1; } else if(condition 2) { Statement 2; } else if(condition 3) { Statement 3;

this is also another conditional statement. Following are its features :

ONLY equality conditions, go for switch instead of if else.

INTIALISE LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE

Loop back to check condition

Loop terminated if condition becomes false

UPDATE LOOP CONTROL VARIABLE

Execution Trace of the above Loop:

Page 32 of 64 JUMP Statements

Page 34 of 64 9. Print table of n number upto n x 10 .

If TRUE enter the LOOP

{ 2 loop body ; 3 update expression ;

} while (test condition) ; 4

long sqr long a

the parameter list is a single variable of type the formal parameter is

long sumsqr long a and b

void threesymbols String a

long sumsqr (long a, long b ) { long res =( a * a ) + ( b * b ) ; return res ; }

void threesymbols (String a ) { System.out.println ( a + a + a ); } // class ends here }

subhashv1224@gmail.com 2 METHOD RETURNING

long r = m1 . sumsqr ( x , y) ; // A METHOD CALL STATEMENT

long sumsqr (long a, long b ) { long res =( a * a ) + ( b * b ) ; return res ; }

1. Method to find factorial of a number

6. Method to find cube of a number

10. Method to check whether a given number is +ive, -ive or zero

12. Method to find 2nd maximum of four numbers

13. Method to find sum of first n prime numbers

// 15. just change the condition to find total odd digits

} // end MyMath class

Page 44 of 64 CLASSES AND OBJECTS

s1.printdata(); s2.printdata(); s3.printdata(); s4.printdata();

roll 1 name Ajay marks 45.0

roll 2 name null marks 0.0

roll 3 name Amit marks 0.0

roll 4 name Bishnu marks 50.0

Page 47 of 64 DATABASE CONNECTIVITY

rs=s.executeQuery(Select * From students Where std= + tClass.getText() + and section= + tSection.getText() );

Note that there should be a space between ....std= &

public protected default private protected private

subhashv1224@gmail.com Overriding methods and Hiding Member Variables:

<th>qtr2 <td> <td>1800 <td>12 <td>1800 <td>1400 <td>MP <td> HP