PowerCad Manual

Version 2010
June 2010

Rev. 5.15

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PowerCad-5 User Guide 2

The software program described by this user guide and the contents of the user guide itself are subject to change without
notice. The described software program is licensed material and may be copied only in accordance with the terms of the
license agreement. Copies made otherwise are illegal. Copies of this publication, in whole or in part, by any means, are
also prohibited and illegal without express written consent of PowerCad Software Pty. Ltd.

Autodesk and AutoCAD are registered trademarks of Autodesk, Inc.
Acrobat

Reader copyright
1984-2010 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. Adobe and Acrobat are
trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

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Contents

Chapter 1 Installation Page 5
Before you install
Installation on a Stand-alone Computer
AutoCAD

Configuration
Register and Authorization
Hardware Lock
System Requirements

Chapter 2 General Information Page 16
Overview
Features
Support
Moving Around
Local Mode/Model Mode

Chapter 3 Project Page 25
Project Details
Project Options - Supply
Project Options -Standards

Chapter 4 Cables/Conduits Page32
Cables - Main Work Screen
Cable Selection
Conduits Work Screen
Conduits Selection

Chapter 5 Loads Page 45
Connected Loads
Maximum Demand Screen
Maximum Demand Calculation
Loads-Adding Harmonic Data
Electricity Distributor Metering
Upstream Diversity

Chapter 6 Distribution Page 57
Single Line Diagram
Supply
Transformer
Distribution Network
Summaries
Final Sub-circuits

Chapter 7 Protection Page 65
Power Factor correction
Earth Fault-Loop impedance
Co-ordination
Summary

Chapter 8 Harmonics Page 73
Loads Library
Harmonics
Harmonic Analyser

Chapter 9 Cost Estimate Page 88
General
Trade Prices
Discount

Chapter 10 AutoCAD

Interface

Page 92

General Concept
Modelling-Data input
Drawing Naming Convention
Distribution System-Defining in AutoCAD

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Chapter 11 Reports Page 99
Report Menu
Report preview
Report - Final Sub-Circuit

Appendices A1 PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

Drawing Blocks

Page 105

Switchboards
Luminaries
Socket-Outlets
Motors
Appliances

Appendices A2 Standards

Page 112
Transients
Surge Protection
Electrical Noise
Flicker
Harmonics
Radio Frequency
Electrical Grounding
Powering
Safety
Telecommunications Power Quality
Utility Interface
Power Quality Monitoring
Power Quality Problem Susceptibility

Appendices A3 Glossary Page 116
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In this Chapter

- Before you install
- Installation on a stand-alone computer
- AutoCAD

Configuration
- Registration and Authorization
- Hardware Lock
- System requirements

INSTALLATION
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Installation

This section includes information for installing PowerCad-5 on a stand-alone computer. For multi-license
network version of PowerCad-5 refer documentation shipped with the Network Manager.

Before you install

1. (For Win XP SP3, Vista SP1, Win 7) ensure write permission is available to the following locations:
- Target Folder for PowerCad-5.
- System Registry
- Windows System Folder.
- AutoCAD

Support Folder. (Optional)

2. Ensure AutoCAD

2005 or higher is installed. (Optional)
3. Re-boot the computer.
4. Close all running applications.
5. Disable virus-checking software. (Refer Virus Software Documentation for Instructions).

Installation on a Stand-alone Computer

1. Insert the PowerCad-5 CD into the CD Rom Drive.

- Auto play feature will automatically invoke the setup program.
- If autoplay is turned off, then manually run setup.exe. From the Start Menu, choose run, enter
the CD-Rom Drive letter and Setup:
Example, enter D:\setup.

2. On the opening screen review the PowerCad Software License Agreement, you must accept this
agreement to complete the installation. To accept, choose Yes to proceed with the installation.

3. On the product Authorization screen, enter the Serial Number and CD Key located on the sticker on
the back of the PowerCad-5 CD-Rom packaging. Choose next to proceed.

4. On the Destination Folder page, do one of the following:

- Choose Next to accept the default destination folder.
- Choose Browse to specify a different drive and folder where you wish PowerCad-5 installed.
Choose any drive, folder that is on your stand-alone computer hard drive(s).

5. Licensee Details Screen.
Enter the Licensee information.
Note: This information will be printed on all reports generated by PowerCad-5.
Choose Next.

6. On the SetUp Complete screen do one of the following:

- Choose Finish to complete PowerCad-5 installation.
- Tick the check box to install Adobe Acrobat Reader 9.3
Note: Adobe Acrobat Reader 9.3 is required to view the PowerCad-5 User Guide.
- Tick the check box to launch PowerCad-5.

Note: Before launching PowerCad-5 ensures the software hard lock is connected to your computer.

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AutoCAD

Configuration (optional)
During the installation PowerCad-5 installs the following lines to the AutoCAD

acad2011.lsp file:

;;------- PowerCad-5 LISP ROUTINES VER 5.0.73.1 June 2010 ------------------------
(load "C:/PowerCad-5/PowerCad-5")(PCAD-LOADARXMODULE)
;;--------------- PowerCad-5 LISP ROUTINES END ------------------------------------

Note: The default route directory for the PowerCad-5 folder is C:/. At installation this can be changed, and
the alternate path will be reflected in the acad2011.lsp file.

For earlier versions of AutoCAD

the following respective auto lisp files will be changed:

AutoCAD

2005 acad2005.lsp file
AutoCAD

AutoCAD

AutoCAD

AutoCAD

AutoCAD


PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

Menu Groups
PowerCad-5 is shipped with the following AutoCAD

Menu Groups:

For AutoCAD

2005
- PCAD-5_Cables_2005.mnc
- PCAD-5_Distribution_2005.mnc
- PCAD-5_Loads_2005.mnc
- PCAD-5_Edit_2005.mnc
- PCAD-5_2005.mnc

To load a .mnc menu file use the Menu command under Tools, Customize. See (Fig.2)

For AutoCAD

2006 to AutoCAD

2009
- PCAD-5_Cables_2009.CUI
- PCAD-5_Distribution_2009.CUI
- PCAD-5_Loads_2009.CUI
- PCAD-5_Edit_2009.CUI
- PCAD-5_2009.CUI

To load a partial CUI use the CUILOAD command

For AutoCAD

2010 & AutoCAD

2011
- PCAD-5_Cables_2011.CUIx
- PCAD-5_Distribution_2011.CUIx
- PCAD-5_Loads_2011.CUIx
- PCAD-5_Edit_2011.CUIx
- PCAD-5_2011.CUIx

To load a partial CUIx use the CUILOAD command

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Set AutoCAD

Interface Options
The AutoCAD

Search Paths for PowerCad-5 menus, libaries and ARX routine items must be set.
The Search Paths are set in the AutoCAD

Options dialog box.

To set options: (See Fig. 1)

1. At the AutoCAD

command line type Options then Enter
2. In the Options dialog box, choose the Files tab.
3. Expand the Support File Path
4. Click the Add button to insert a new path
5. Click the Browse button to find the C:/PowerCad-5 path.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 to define the following paths:
- C:/PowerCad-5/Bin_Lib
- C:/PowerCad-5/Menu_Lib
- C:/PowerCad-5/Cad_Lib

Fig. 1

PowerCad-5
Support Paths
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PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

2005 Menu Groups

PowerCad-5 is shipped with five compiled AutoCAD

Menu Groups:
- PCAD_ Distribution_2005.mnc
- PCAD_Loads_2005.mnc
- PCAD_ Cables _2005.mnc
- PCAD_Edit_2005.mnc
- PCAD _2005.mnc

Menu Group PCAD_ Distribution _2005.mnc contains the PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

switchboard electrical
block library and sub main cable length ARX routine menus.

Menu Group PCAD_Loads_2005.mnc contains the PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

loads electrical block library
menus.

Menu Group PCAD_Cables_2005.mnc contains the PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

final sub circuit cable length
ARX routine menus.

Menu Group PCAD_Edit_2005.mnc contains the PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

ARX routine routines for editing
the PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

electrical blocks.

Menu Group PCAD _2005.mnc contains the PowerCad-5 AutoCAD

ARX routine routines menus for
launching and updating PowerCad-5.

Adding the AutoCAD

2005 PowerCad-5 Menu Groups to the AutoCAD

Menu Bar:

Step 1
Start the AutoCAD

2005 application. Open the AutoCAD

Menu Customization dialog box. See (Fig.2)
Load the PCAD-5_2005.mnc menu Group.

PowerCad-5 Menu Groups are located in the PowerCad-5 Menu_Lib folder: See (Fig.6)

Fig.2

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PowerCad-5 menu
Groups listed.
Step 2
Repeat step 1 to load PCAD_ Distribution_2005.mnc, PCAD_Edit_2005.mnc, PCAD_Loads_2005.mnc and
the PCAD_Cables_2005.mnc menu Groups.

This completes the PowerCad-5 Menu Group listing. (See Fig. 3)

Fig.3

Step 3
Load the PowerCad-5 Menu items onto the AutoCAD

Menu Bar.
(See Fig. 4)

Fig. 4

AutoCAD

2005 Menu Bar with PowerCad-5 menu items
(See Fig. 5)

Fig.5
Menu Bar list
PowerCad-5
Menus
AutoCAD

Menu Bar
PowerCad-5
Menus items
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AutoCAD

2011 Menu Bar with PowerCad-5 menu items
(See Fig. 6)

Fig. 6

PowerCad-5 Directory structure

Fig. 7
AutoCAD

Menu Bar
PowerCad-5
Menus items
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Register and Authorize PowerCad-5

The first time you start PowerCad-5 the Registration and Authorization Screen is displayed.

PowerCad-5 displays the Registration and Authorization Screen for 18 activations of the application, or for
15 calendar days to allow time for you to receive your Registration Code.

You can register or authorize PowerCad-5 in one of the following ways: (see Fig.8)

Fax
Email
Post/Mail.

Fig. 8

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Registration by Fax
Print a fax sheet to transmit to PowerCad Software Pty. Ltd., which contains your licensee details.
(see Fig.9)

To print the fax sheet Click on the Print Fax button.

Registration by Email
Click on Register by Email tab. Save your licensee details to a file. (see Fig.9)

To save your licensee details to a file Click on the Save File button.

Registration by Post/Mail
Print a fax sheet, which contains your licensee details to post/mail to PowerCad Software Pty. Ltd.
(Fig.9)

Fig.9

Software Hard lock

PowerCad-5 software is supplied with an electronic hardware lock configured for a USB port.
(see Fig.10)

Fig.10
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System Requirements

Before you begin installing PowerCad-5 on a stand-alone computer, make sure that the computer meets
the following minimum recommended requirements:

Hardware/
Software
Requirements

Comments

Operating System

Windows
XP SP3
Windows
VISTA SP1
Windows
Win 7 Recommended

Processor Pentium 2.0GHz
Intel
i7 2.5MHz or higher Recommended

RAM 2GB Minimum
4GB Recommended

Video
1024x764SVGA with 64 thousand colour Recommended

Hard Disk
Folder: 250Mb Minimum
300Mb Recommended

Pointing Device Mouse, trackball or other device

CD-Rom Any speed For installation only

Web Browser Microsoft
Internet 8.0 or later

AutoCAD

AutoCAD

2005
AutoCAD

2009
AutoCAD

2010
AutoCAD

2011 Recommended

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In this Chapter

- Overview
- Features
- Support
- Moving Around
- Local Mode/Model Mode

GENERAL INFORMATION
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Overview
PowerCad-5 the leading electrical engineering design software solution for Consulting Engineers,
featuring circuit breaker selection, time-current curves, single line diagram modules and harmonic
modelling.

Features
PowerCad-5 features:

Maximum Demand to AS/NZS 3000:2007. Cable Sizing to AS/NZS 3008.1.
Fault-loop Impedance to AS/NZS 3000:2007. Conduit Sizing.
Cable Voltage Drop Calculations. Short Circuit calculations.
Harmonic Analysis. Power Factor Correction.
Single Line Diagram Export to AutoCad. Network Resonance.
Circuit Breaker Selection. Time/Current Co-ordination Curves.
Automatic Final Subcircuit Cable Sizing. Substation Sizing.
Reports with Print Preview. Direct Online Support.
Internet Support.

Support
PowerCad-5 has the following support features:

- Getting Started - step by step description on how to use the major features.
- User Guide in electronic format. (requires Adobe reader ver. 9.xx )
- On line help
- Internet down load revisions from the PowerCad web site. (Free for first six
months from date of purchase. Maintenance contract required there after.)
- About - version of software and contact details for PowerCad Software Pty.,Ltd.
- Context Sensitive On Line Help indexes to relevant section of on line help
- On Screen Fly Over descriptive text boxes

To access the Help menu click on the Help in the main application menu. (See Fig.1)

Fig. 1
Click to display the
PowerCad-5 On
line help

PowerCad-5
Internet dialog box

PowerCad-5
Getting Started
document
PowerCad-5 User
Guide document

PowerCad-5 Help
menu
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Getting Started
The PowerCad-5 Getting Started screen is displayed as default on opening the PowerCad-5
application. (See Fig.2)

This is a step by step description on how to use the major features of the program and generally
navigate around PowerCad-5.

Fig. 2

User Guide
The PowerCad-5 User Guide is supplied in electronic form as an Adobe .PDF file.

To read the PowerCad-5 User Guide click on Help in the main application menu (Fig.1) to display the
Help drop down menu, then click on User Guide .
( Fig. 3)

Fig. 4

Fig. 3
Click on item to
display
User Guide
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On Line Help
PowerCad-5 has extensive On Line Help. From the Help menu (Fig.1) click on Contents to display the
help topics. Hi-light the topic, then click display to view the topic.
( Fig.4)

Fig.4

Internet Support
This dialog allows you to obtain updates and other information from the World Wide Web.
(Fig.5)

Shortcut: To quickly open this window click on in the Toolbar.

Main Menu Command: Help | Internet Support.

Fig. 5

Pressing one of the large buttons on the right side of the dialog opens your web browser and points it to
World Wide Web page associated with the button.
Click on item to
display
Topic
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Check for Updates - Press this button to check for update packages from the PowerCad Web Site. All
packages that are available for down load are listed in the table.

Down Load - Press this button after checking the check box next to each update package you want to
down load. This button is disabled if no packages are selected. Depending on the total size of all the
packages to down load, this operation may take some time to complete. The status bar at the bottom of
the dialog keeps you informed on the progress of the down load.

Note: When this operation finishes successfully it will be necessary to reboot the computer to complete
the installation of all the packages.

View Latest Version Revision History - Press this button to retrieve from the PowerCad Web Site the
latest version revision history information for the application. You can use this information to help you
decide which update packages you need to down load.

Close - Press this button to close the dialog.

About
To display the version of PowerCad-5 click on the Help icon and click on the About to display
PowerCad Software Pty. Ltd. contact details and the installed version of
PowerCad-5. (Fig.6)

Fig. 6
Click on Help icon
to display available
support options
installed version of
PowerCad-5

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Context Sensitive On Line Help
The PowerCad-5 provides context sensitive help.

Click on the context sensitive icon (Fig.7) to turn the cursor into an indexing device for the
PowerCad-5 online help, and then Click on the screen area for which help is required.

Fig. 7

On Screen Fly Overs
The PowerCad-5 has extensive on screen Fly Over descriptive text boxes. (Fig.8)

To view the Fly Over descriptive text box hold the cursor over the respective item.

Fig. 8

Place cursor over
item to display
Flyover
description
Flyover
description

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Moving Around

PowerCad-5 displays the switchboards forming the distribution system in an Explorer type tree
display.

This display, on specific screens is fixed and is used to focus on respective switchboards for inputs and
to display outputs pertaining to the respective switchboard.

Fig. 9

A Floating Tree screen is also available which defaults to stay on top. This has limited input
functions such as add/edit/delete/rename switchboards. The floating tree screen is extremely useful
to quickly navigate around the distribution network

Fig. 10
Distribution
network Explorer
type tree display
Explorer
type Floating
tree display

Explorer
type Floating
tree icon

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Local Mode/Model Mode

PowerCad-5 has two modes of operation "Local Mode" and "Model Mode".

The user may toggle between the two modes by clicking on the
button located on the tool bar along the right-hand side of the main
application window. See (Fig. 11)

Fig. 11

PowerCad-5 "Local Mode" acts as a Smart calculator enabling quick
calculations to be performed for single circuits/cables which are not
associated with the main LV distribution Model: See (Fig. 11)

Cable Screen - (Opens as default) allows single cable selections.
Data Screen - Displays the single cable selection cable data.
Conduits Screen - If the single cable is in conduit, the conduit size is automatically sized.
P.F Correction Screen Power Factor correction calculator.
Time/Current Screen - Displays the cable protective device time/current curve.
Fault Loop Impedance Screen - Displays the single circuit fault-loop impendence based on 80%
80% of the voltage being available for the circuit during the fault.
Equivalent Circuit Screen - Displays the equivalent circuit for the fault-loop impedance
calculation.

Click to toggle
between Local
Mode and
Model Mode
Local Mode
Active

Screens
Active in Local
Mode
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In this Chapter

- Project details
- Project Options- supply
- Project Options- standards

Project/Properties
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Project Details
To display the Project Details screen Click on the Project Tab.

By default the screen opens at the Project Details screen. (Fig.1)

Project
Enter the project details, (i.e. project title, address, phone numbers, etc.) The project title, street and
suburb are printed out on the PowerCad-5 reports.

Fig. 1

Client
Enter the Client details, (i.e. Company name, address, phone numbers, etc.)

Company
Enter the Company details, ie. Company name, address, phone numbers, etc

Comments
Enter the comments. Comments are not printed out but are stored in the project file. To include the
comments on reports check the tick box. (Fig. 1)

project Options
screen
Click tab to open
the Project screen

check the tick box
to include
comments

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Project Options-Supply
To open the Project Options screen Click on the Project Options icon. By default the screen opens at
the Supply Tab. (Fig. 3)

Country
Select the country where the project is located.
PowerCad-5 automatically sets and displays the nominal
Supply voltage and frequency for the locality selected.

Voltage
If the locality has multiple voltages, from the drop down list select the actual voltage, then tick the check
box set this voltage as the default voltage.

Fig. 3

Nominal
supply
frequency
Default
tick box
Nominal
supply
voltage
Country

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Project Options-Standards
To display the Project Options Standards screen Click on the Standards Tab. (Fig. 4)

The Standards screen sets the standards adopted, or part thereof a standard used.

PowerCad-5 adopts design data, design criteria, calculation methods, application rules etc. from
standards applicable to the country set under the Supply Tab. In the case particular standards for the
respective country do not cover the area of interest or PowerCad-5 at present has not incorporated the
standard, an Australian standard is adopted. PowerCad-5 is continually being updated and the user
should regularly check the PowerCad Web site for revisions (refer support available under chapter 2).

Note: This screen is not a standards compliance statement.

Standards are subject to periodic review and local ordinance rules and regulations often over rule the
standards. It is the users responsibility to check the output from PowerCad-5 to ensure their design is in
compliance.

Fig. 4

Design Standard
Based on the country selected for the Project location (see Supply screen) PowerCad-5 automatically
sets and displays the Electrical wiring installation standards totally or part thereof adopted. (Fig. 4)
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Cables Standard
sets and displays the cable standards totally or part thereof adopted. (Fig. 4)

Maximum Demand Method
sets and displays the standards adopted for the Maximum Demand calculations. ie the Diversity applied
to the connected load. (Fig. 5)

Fig. 5

Calculation Mode
For 3 phase installations PowerCad-5 offers either a balanced load or an unbalanced load calculation.

For a balanced load calculation PowerCad-5 sums the loads for all phases then divides the total by three
resulting in a Amps/phase load.

For an unbalanced load calculation PowerCad-5 sums the loads in each phase then selects the larges
value of the 3 phases resulting in an Amps/phase load for the highest loaded phase.

For most projects always set the calculation mode to Unbalanced. (Fig. 5)

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In this Chapter

- Main Work Screen
- Cable selection
- Cable data
- Conduits
- Cable thermal stress and Joule
Integral of a Short-Circuit

CABLES/CONDUITS
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Parrallel
cable check
box
Select
new
Active size
Lock Active
size check
box
The Neutral
conductor is
automatically
resized
Active
conductor is
automatically
sized
Cables - Main Work Screen
PowerCad-5 by default automatically opens at Distribution Tab in Model Mode with the cable screen
displayed. (Fig. 1) Refer chapter 2 for information on Model Mode.

This screen is the main work screen for cable selections.

Fig. 1
Active Conductor
PowerCad-5 automatically sizes the active conductor(s). (see Fig. 2)

To display the Active conductor size list click on the Active Tab.

PowerCad-5 automatically defaults to the Active Tab.

The Active size automatically selected by PowerCad-5 can be over ridden by clicking on the new size
(e.g. 25mm
2
then checking the Locked check box). (Fig. 3)

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Active,
Neutral and
Earth list Tabs
Conductor
size list
Earth can be
switch off for
Mains cables
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Neutral Conductor
PowerCad-5 automatically sizes the neutral conductor. (Fig. 4)

To display the Neutral conductor size list click on the Neutral Tab.

For single core cables the Neutral Conductor can be set as a full size neutral conductor by ticking the Full
Size check box. (Fig. 4)

For single core cables the Neutral size is automatically selected by PowerCad-5 and can be over ridden
by clicking on the new size (e.g. 25mm
2
) then checking the Locked check box. (Fig. 5)

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Earth Conductor
PowerCad-5 automatically sizes the earth conductor. (Fig. 6)

To display the Earth conductor size list click on the Earth Tab.

Similar to the Active and Neutral conductors, the Earth conductor size can be manually changed and the
new size locked (Fig. 7), or can be switched off for mains cables with the MEN point at the main electrical
switchboard (Fig. 8).

Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8

Full Size
Neutral
check box
Lock
Neutral size
check box
Select
new
Active size
Neutral
conductor
automatically
sized
Earth
conductor
auto sized
Earth
manually
sized and
locked
Earth
switched
off
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Cable size
list box
Optimum
Cable size
Cable current
Capacity

Cable Voltage
Drop

Cable Fault
capacity

Optimum Cable Size

As each input is changed the optimum cable size is
automatically displayed in the Cables list box located
at the top right of the screen. (Fig. 9)

The optimum cable size is indicated by a black
right arrow on the left side of the Cables list box.

The optimum cable size is based on the
governing criteria of either:

Current carrying capacity.
Voltage drop.
Fault carrying capacity.

The optimum cable is the first cable size shown in black
in the Cables list box. Cables that are less than the
optimum size are displayed in red in the list box and do
not meet one or more of the selection criteria.

Fig. 9

Cable Rating

As each input is changed or a cable size is highlighted in Cable size list box PowerCad-5 dynamically
displays the cable current rating, voltage drop and cable fault capacity.
(Fig. 10)

Fig. 10

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Checking an Alternative or Existing Cable Size

To check an existing cable size or an alternative size to the optimum cable for the same input conditions,
cable type, configuration, insulation and conductor material, click the mouse pointer on the desired cable
size listed in the Cables list box. The program will dynamically display the following:

Current capacity
Voltage drop
Fault carrying capacity
Maximum cable length.

Fig. 11

Error Messages

PowerCad-5 has extensive error checking. The cross on the error Message ICON
located on the left hand side of all screens turns red on detection of on error.

Click on the error message ICON to view the errors displayed in Fig. 11

Fig. 12
Parallel Cables

By default the parallel cable choices available in the Cables list box are limited. To increase the number
of parallel cables available for a particular cable size, click the mouse pointer on the desired cable size
listed in the Cables list box, and then check the Parallel Cables check box located above the list box. To
revert back to the default cable sizes uncheck the Parallel Cables check box.

Locking an Existing Cable Size

To prevent the program from always selecting the optimum cable size click the mouse pointer on the
desired cable size listed in the Cables list box, and then lock it by checking the Locked check box located
above the list box. To revert back to optimum cable selection uncheck the check box.

High-light a
smaller cable
than the
optimum cable
Message
ICON cross
turns red
Warning
current capacity
is too low
Error Message
listing and error
description
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Cable Selection

Step 1. Select 1 or 3 installation. Enter the type of cable from the drop
down Cable Code menu.
i.e. Flat 2-core cable (see Fig. 12).

Cable Code - is a number (1-6) which references the category or type of cable, (ie. Cable Code
5 refers to 3 or 4 core 0.6/1kV orange circular PVC/PVC cable).

Fig. 12
Step 2. Enter the cable configuration from the drop down Configuration menu.
ie. UNENCLOSED, SPACED FROM SURFACE (Fig. 13).

Configuration - is a number (1-14), which references the cable configuration. (ie.
Configuration 10 refers to a cable or cables buried direct in ground). Not all cable configuration
types are available for all categories of cables. PowerCad-5 only displays the configuration
types available for the cable code selected.

Fig. 13

Select cable
CONFIGURATION

Select CABLE
CODE

Select Single or
Three Phase
installation

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Step 3. Enter the cable insulation from the drop down Insulation menu.
i.e. V75 (input see Fig. 14).

Insulation - Select the cable insulation, for the particular cable. Not all insulation types are
available for all categories of cables. PowerCad-5 only displays the insulation types available for
the cable code selected.

Fig. 14

Step 4. Enter the cable conductor material from the drop down material menu.
i.e. copper (input see Fig. 15).

Conductor Material - not all material types are available for all categories of cables.
PowerCad-5 only displays the material types available for the cable code and cable insulation
type selected.

Fig. 15
Select cable
Load and load
power factor
Select cable
Conductor
MATERIAL
Select cable
Sheath
MATERIAL
Select cable
INSULATION
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Step 5. Enter the cable sheath material from the drop down Sheath material menu.
i.e. PVC (input see Fig. 15).

Sheath the mechanical protective covering over the conductor insulation.

Step 6. Enter the cable Load Maximum Demand:
(input see Fig. 15)

Load Max. Demand - Enter the calculated load to be carried by the cable in ampere p into this
input box.

Load Power Factor - Enter the calculated load power factor into this input box. Appliances
other than incandescent lighting and resistive electric heaters, may have capacitive or inductive
current that change the power factor (ie. compact fluorescent lighting, electric motors, H.I.D.
lighting, electric welding equipment may reduce the load power factor.
Refer to the standard for the minimum allowable power factor.

Note: The MD can be copied the load from the "Maximum Demand Screen" by clicking the Copy
Load from MD Input Screen button.

Step 7. Enter the: (Fig. 16)
Cable Length (m):
Derating Factor:
Max.Voltage Drop (%):

Fig. 16

Cable Length - Enter the cable length.
The cable length is the distance measured along the cable between the points of connection at
each end of the respective cable.

Derating Factor - Enter the cable-derating factor.
The cable Derating Factor is dependent on the cable installation method and the number and
proximity of other power cables.

Typical cable derating factors can be found in:

Australian Standard AS3008
British Standard BS7671
Singapore Standard CP5

Max. Voltage Drop - Enter the maximum voltage drop.
This is the maximum acceptable voltage drop over the cable length, as a percentage of the
nominal supply voltage.
Input cable
total route
length

Input cable
maximum
voltage drop

Input cable
derating
factor
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Step 8. Enter the cable:
Air Ambient (c
o
):
Short Circuit Time (sec):
Max. Fault Level (kA):

Fig. 17

Ambient Temperature - Enter the design ambient temperature.
This is the ambient temperature of the air surrounding the cable.
PowerCad-5 automatically changes the default setting of this temperature when either an underground
or aboveground cable installation is specified.

The user can also change the ambient temperature criteria.

PowerCad-5 automatically sets the temperature for both soil and ambient air based on the country
setting in the Projects Options Screen (refer chapter 3).

Short Circuit Time - Enter the duration (expressed in seconds) of the short circuit current.
This is the interrupt time of the protective device.
The Short Circuit Time is a function of the cable protection device or the time for the network protection
device(s) to clear the fault.
i.e. the duration of the prospective fault on the cable.

Max. Fault Level - Enter the maximum fault into this input box.
This is the perspective fault level upstream of the cable at the protective device. PowerCad-5 calculates
the perspective fault carried by the cable based on the cable impedance and the upstream prospective
fault.

Input cable
ambient air
temperature
Input duration
of short
circuit

Input Fault level
at cable
Protective
Device
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Conduit Work Screen
To open the Conduit selection screen (see Fig. 18), click on the Cable/Conduits Tab then click on the
Conduit Icon.

PowerCad-5 automatically takes the cable information from the Cable Selection screen.
The cable size etc. can be edited from the Conduit selection screen.

Fig. 18

Conduit Sizing - Definition and Methodology
PowerCad-5 adopts the following definitions and methodology in sizing conduits:
A circuit comprises:
1 Active, Neutral and Earth conductor.
3 Actives (L1,L2,& L30), Neutral and Earth conductor.
Cable size:
For Single core cables the largest conductor (Active, Neutral or Earth) size is
taken as the cable size to select the conduit, and this size is applied for all
circuits

E.g.: a 120mm
2
single core double insulated cable with a
50mm
2
Neutral and a 35 mm
2
Earth conductor is run
with 3 other circuits.

The Cable size and number of conductors used by PowerCad-5 to size
the conduit is therefore15 x120mm
2
cables requiring 150mm diameter conduit.
Input
number of
circuits

Conduit
nominal
size
Cable
Active
conductor
size
Cable type
and method of
installation
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Conduit Selection

Step 1. Open the Cable selection screen and Select the cable.
(Fig. 19)

Fig. 19

Note: PowerCad-5 will only display conduit sizes for cables configured as an in conduit installation. ie:
Configuration codes 5, 6, 12,13, & 14 etc for installed in conduit installations

Step 2. Open the Conduit selection screen. (Fig. 20) Click on the Conduit screen Icon
to open the Conduit sizing work screen.

- Input the number of cable circuits in the conduit.
- Select the Conduit Type.

Note:
In the cable screen input the required de-rating factor read from AS/NZS3008.

Fig. 20
Cable
installed in
conduit
Cable
size
Conduit
Screen
Icon
Enter
number of
circuits
Select the
Type of
Conduit
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Cable thermal stress and Joule Integral of a Short-Circuit

PowerCad-5 version 5.0.72.0 utilizes the following method is to calculate the ability of the cable to with
stand the prospective short-circuit current:

1.0 The K constant for the conductor is based on the calculated operating temperature of the
conductor when carrying the calculated load MD and the final temperature of the conductor based on the
maximum permissible operating temperature limit for the respective insulating material. Note: pre version
5.0.45 the initial operating temperature was taken as the maximum permissible operating temperature of
the conductor for the respective insulating material.

2.0 The cable maximum thermal stress is calculated based on the calculated K value as per 1.0 above
and the conductor cross sectional area.

3.0 The Joule integral is calculated based on the re-calculated prospective short-circuit current for the
cable assuming the fault occurred at the load end of the cable and the clearance time (duration) of the
short circuit. The short-circuit clearance time is a user input with the default value set to 30msec.

4.0 The correction factors for the energy dissipated by the decaying D.C. and A.C. components of the
short-circuit current have each been set to unity assuming the short-circuit has a far-from generator
short-circuit characteristic.

Future versions of the software will use the Let-through energy curves for cables protected by current-
limiting fuses or current-limiting circuit breakers to determine the Joule integral but will default back to the
method outlined in 1.0 to 4.0 above except the prospective short-circuit current for the cable will be based
on the short-circuit current assuming the fault occurred near to the start of the cable run.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- Connected Loads
- Maximum Demand Screen
- Maximum Demand Calculation
- Loads-Adding Harmonic Data
- Electricity Distributor Metering
- Upstream Diversity

Loads
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Connected Loads
PowerCad-5 requires the electrical installation connected Loads categorized into various load groups.
These load groups are defined by the particular wiring rules standards nominated in the Project Options
Standards screen. (see Chapter 3.0)

For Australian Standard AS/NZS 3000 there are two Loads categories:
Single and Multiple Domestic Electrical Installations.
Non-Domestic Electrical Installations.

For British Standard BS 7671, Singapore Standard CP5 and IEE Wiring Regulations Sixteenth
Edition the Loads categories and diversity listings have been removed from the standards. If these
standards are selected under the Project Options Standards screen PowerCad-5 reverts to IEE
Wiring Regulations Fourteenth Edition.

Maximum Demand Screen
The PowerCad-5 Maximum Demand Input screen is the work screen for:

- Inputting connected loads.
- Displaying the Calculated Maximum Demand

PowerCad-5 dynamically calculates the Maximum Demand as each
load item is added.

Fig. 1
Load Add,
Edit and
Delete
buttons
Maximum
Demand

Load
Group
Load
item
Load item
Identification

Type of
installation

Loads Tab

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Type of
Electrical
Installation
Maximum Demand Calculation
Maximum demand is the maximum current, which the consumer mains or submain conductors can carry
for a sustained period without overheating. PowerCad-5 calculates this maximum current based on the
diversity of the connected loads.

PowerCad-5 performs commercial, institutional and residential maximum demand calculations to the
standard as selected in the Project Options-Standards screen.

Step 1. Open the Maximum Demand screen: (Fig. 2)
- Select type of electrical installation (e.g. Non-Domestic Commercial)

PowerCad-5 automatically displays the load group list to suit the type of electrical installation.

Fig. 2

Step 2. Add the connected loads. (Fig. 3) For each load item:
- Select the respective load group. eg LOAD GROUP D:
- Double click on the load item to open the load input
dialog box (e.g. Single Phase Appliances)

Example: add a 30kW Variable Speed Drive
PowerCad-5 automatically calculates the maximum demand for the added load item.

Fig. 3
Double click
on Load
Group Item
LOAD
GROUP D

Load item
input
dialog box
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Load Group Flyover
For an explanation of the respective load group, hold the cursor over the load group item to display load
group description.

Add Load Item Dialog Box - Load Group D
For the example, a 30kW VSD, choose the 25 to 75kW Power Range, and then select the appropriate
product from the product list.

Step 3. Open the Print Preview to view the Maximum Demand Summary: (Fig. 6)
- Click on the Print Icon to open PowerCad-5 Reports.
(Fig. 4)
- Click on the Preview button to open the print preview screen.
( Fig. 5)

Fig. 4

Print
Icon
Load power
factors

True RMS
current in
Amps
Select
Power
Range
Select
Required
Product
from List
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Total
Max
Demand
Connected
Loads
Summary
Load
Group

Reports Menu Maximum Demand Connected Loads
PowerCad-5 automatically ticks the appropriate report check box.
Click on the Preview button to view the Maximum Demand and connected loads list.

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Print
Preview
button
Report
check
box
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Electricity Distributor Metering
For Domestic installations PowerCad-5 requires the Electricity Distributor Metering (EDM) to be defined.
The type of Meter tariff defined ie. Living Units, or Communal metering. PowerCad-5 sets the type of
maximum demand calculation based on the type of Metering defined. The AS/NZS3000:2000 load group
input list displayed is also based on the type of Metering defined.

For Non-Domestic electrical installations defining the Electricity Distributor Metering (EDM) is optional. If
the Electricity Distributor Metering (EDM) is defined, PowerCad-5 automatically determines the method
of Metering:
- Direct, or
- CT Metering.
The threshold between Direct and CT metering defaults to 100Amperes/phase.

Defining the Electricity Distributor Metering (EDM)
To define a Electricity Distributor Metering (EDM) right click on the Main Electrical Switch Board (MSB)
and click on the Edit.. command to display the Edit Switch Board dialog screen. (See Fig.7 & Fig. 8)

Fig.7

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

For Domestic Electrical Installations:
see Fig. 8

Fig.8

Turn
Metering
On
Use the radio Buttons to lock the type of
Metering and de-activate the Auto Select.
Select
Meter
Load type
CT Metering
Threshold
setting
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

For Non-Domestic Electrical Installations:
see Fig. 9

Fig.9

Fig.10
M indicates
Metering has
been defined on
MSB
CT Metering
Threshold
setting
Turn
Metering
On
Use the radio Buttons to lock the type of
Metering and de-activate the Auto Select.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Single Line Diagram- Electricity Distributor Meter (EDM)

PowerCad-5 displays the Direct Metering on the Single Line Diagram. (See Fig.11)

Fig.11

Indicates Direct
Metering
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


PowerCad-5 displays the CT Metering on the Single Line Diagram. (See Fig.12)

Fig.12

Indicates
CT Metering

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Upstream diversity

PowerCad-5 Upstream Diversity setting for a switch board is used to control the proportion of the
maximum demand calculated at the switch board that is propagated upstream of the switch board.

Setting the upstream diversity to 0.92 for MSB-01, results in only 92% of the calculated maximum
demand at MSB-01 being propagated upstream to LV-SB-01. (See Fig.13)

Fig.13

By default the Upstream Diversity setting is not applied to the spare capacity specified for a switch
board. To apply the Upstream Diversity to the spare capacity check the Apply Diversity to Spare
Capacity & Planning Load check box in the Edit Switch Board dialog. (See Fig.14)

Fig.14

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- Single Line Diagram
- Supply
- Transformer
- Distribution Network
- Summaries
- Final Sub-circuits

Distribution
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Supply Icon
Single Line Diagram
The single line diagram screen provides two functions: See (Fig. 1)

- Displays the single line diagram of the distribution network model.
- Allows dynamic distribution network and loads modeling from a single screen.

Fig. 1

Supply
The distribution supply voltage is set in the Project Options Dialog box. The Project Options Dialog box
can accessed from either the Project/Properties Tab, or directly from the Supply Icon under the
Distribution Tab. See (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Transformer
With Auto MD set to active PowerCad-5 automatically calculates the maximum demand through out the
distribution network and sizes the supply transformer. See (Fig. 3).

When the Auto MD set to off click on the MD run icon to force PowerCad-5 to calculate the maximum
demand through out the distribution network and sizes the supply transformer.

Fig. 3

PowerCad-5 automatically estimates the transformer impedance (expressed as a % per unit value).

Manual Transformer Selection
Click on the User Input Data transformer selection radio button to over-ride the both the transformer size
and impedance values selected.

Fig. 4

Example manually set the supply transformer to 1500kVA. PowerCad-5 still automatically estimates the
transformer impedance. The transformer impedance can also be over-ridden by keying in the new
impedance value. See (Fig. 4).
Transformer
Rating Input
box

Transformer
Impedance
Input box

Transformer
Selection
setting

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Distribution network model
The distribution network model can be created or added to from any screen displaying the explorer
tree, including the floating explorer tree (Fig. 5), or from the Single Line Diagram screen, See (Fig.1).

Note: Only Transformers and Switchboards can be added to the distribution network model from the
explorer tree. To add loads, these must be added from the maximum demand input screen located
under the Loads Tab (see chapter 5).

Fig. 5

PowerCad-5 automatically draws a single line diagram (SLD) of the distribution network.
See (Fig.6).

To display the floating single line diagram, click on the SLD icon.

Fig. 6
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Single Line Diagram Export to AutoCAD

PowerCad-5 automatically launches the AutoCAD
application, starts a new drawing then draws the

Single Line Diagram of the selected switchboard. (Fig. 7)

Fig. 7

Fig. 8
Export to AutoCAD

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


PowerCad-5 can draw the Single Line Diagram of the selected switchboard or automatically launche the
AutoCAD
application and draw all the SLD for all switchboards forming the LV distribution network.
See (Fig. 9)

Select the current Switchboard or All Switchboards

Fig. 9
Summaries
The Summaries screen displays the following summaries for each switchboard throught out the LV
distribution network. (See Fig.10)
Fault Level,
Voltage Drop,
Current Capacity,
Circuit Protection,
Earth Fault-Loop Impedance,
Cable Data,
Maximum Demand,
Cable Pricing,
Conduits,
Switchboards,
Swb Pricing.

Fig.10

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Fault Levels
PowerCad-5 calculates the prospective fault level through out the distribution network and checks the
fault rating of the respective mains and submains cable to carry the prospective fault

Volt Drop
PowerCad-5 calculates the volt drop through out the distribution network.

Current Capacity
PowerCad-5 sizes the mains, sub-mains and final sub-circuit cables through out the distribution
network. The cable capacity for the mains and submains cables are displayed under the Current
Capacity Tab.

Circuit Protection
PowerCad-5 circuit protective device sizes and specification for the mains cable, and each sub-mains
cable through out the distribution network are displayed under the Circuit Protective Tab.

Final Sub-Circuits
The Final sub-Circuit screen displays each final sub-circuit under the respective switchboard.
As the focus is placed on each final sub-circuit the respective final sub-circuit protective device
time/current curve is displayed. The upstream protective device time/current curve can be switched on to
display the co-ordination. (See Fig.11)

The final sub-circuit properties can be edited from this screen.

Fig.11

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- Power Factor correction
- Earth Fault-Loop impedance
- Co-ordination
- Summary

Protection
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Power Factor Correction
PowerCad-5 displays the displacement power factor of the LV network at each switchboard. The
corresponding harmonic spectrum is also displayed along with the resonant frequency. (See Fig.1)

Note: PowerCad-5 approximates the resonant frequency based on the ratio of the capacitor reactance
to the LV distribution system short-circuit reactance. The parallel resonance condition is displayed on the
harmonic spectrum diagram as both resonant frequency and the corresponding harmonic order. This
approximation is usually sufficient to evaluate whether or not there will be a significant harmonic
resonance problem. It is apparent that if the resonant frequency lines up with a harmonic current
produced by the load that is a significant percentage of the overall system demand current then the
harmonic mitigation should be considered.
Step 5 Step 3

Step 4 Step 2

Fig.1

Step 1
Step 1 Click on the respective switchboard to focus.

Step 2 Turn the shunt Capacitor Bank On

Step 3 Key in the required Power Factor.

Step 4 Select the Capacitor Rated Voltage.

Step 5 Select the number Capacitor load switching steps.

Step 6 Add capacitor size for each step Repeat until required PF is achieved.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Earth Fault-Loop Impedance
The Fault-loop impedance calculated by PowerCad-5 should not be confused with prospective the short
circuit current.

Fault-loop current is that which occurs due to a short circuit to earth.

The fault loop impedance for an MEN system therefore includes the active conductor impedances from
the source to the location of the short circuit fault, the protective earthing conductor impedances to the
MEN link, the neutral conductor impedances to the sources and the sources impedance.

The aim of considering the fault loop current is to establish the maximum value of fault loop impedance
that will permit the automatic disconnection of the protective device, within the required duration, in the
event of a short circuit to earth.

Clause 1.7.4.3.3 (AS/NZS3000:2000) requires automatic disconnection of the supply in the event of a
fault of negligible impedance occurring between an active conductor and exposed conductive part, or a
protective earthing conductor.

This condition is satisfied by

Z
s
x I
a
< U
o

where

Z
s
The impedance of the fault loop comprising the source, the active conductor up to the
point of the fault and the return conductor between the point of the fault and the source.

I
a
The current causing the automatic operation of the disconnecting protective device
within the disconnection times required by Clause 1.7.4.3.4.

U
o
The nominal a.c. r.m.s. voltage to earth (230V)

The maximum disconnection times are given in Clause 1.7.4.3.4, and must not exceed:

a) 0.4 s for final subcircuits that supply socket-outlets (< 63a) or hand-held Class 1 equipment, or
portable equipment for manual movement during use.

b) 5 s for other circuits including submains and final subcircuits supply fixed or stationary equipment.

PowerCad-5 automatically sets the maximum disconnection times based on Clause 1.7.3.4.
(See Fig.2)

Fig.2

Mean tripping
current I
a

Disconnect
time 0.4s
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


PowerCad-5 automatically calculates the Earth Fault-Loop Impedance through out the LV distribution
network at each switchboard and for each final sub-circuit. PowerCad-5 automatically sets the
disconnection times for each protective device based on the respective connected load. Disconnection
times based on AS/NZS3000:2000. (See Fig.3)

Note: PowerCad-5 calculates each phase and protective earth impedances ( R
sc
, X
sc
) based on the
respective conductor temperature due to the protective device tripping current and the demand current.

Fig.3

PowerCad-5 summarizes all Fault-Loop Impedances through out the LV distribution network via the
following Tabs:
External Tab,
Internal/Active Conductors Tab,
Internal/Protective Earthing Conductors Tab,
System Tab.

By default PowerCad-5 displays the External Tab.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Protective Device Tripping Current
PowerCad-5 displays the mean tripping current I
a
of the protective device plus the maximum fault
current I
f
=U
0
/Z
s
on the protective device

time/current

curve. The disconnect time of the protective device
is automatically set. (See Fig.4)

Fig.4

To print or print preview the protective device

time/current

curve click on the Report button
and select Print or Preview.

I
f
=U
0
/Z
s

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Motor Final
Sub-Circuit

Co-ordination
PowerCad-5 displays the time/current curves for three consecutive protective devices, down stream,
upstream and next upstream. The next upstream protective device display can be toggled on/off. (See
Fig.5)

Fig.5

To display other final sub-circuit protective devices, click on the respective circuit to focus and display
the time/current curve. (See Fig.6)

Fig.6

Lighting
Final Sub-
Circuit
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

To display time/current curves for all protective devices, click on the Curves icon. (See Fig.7)

Fig.7
Summary
PowerCad-5 displays a summary of the protective devices. The protective device summary screen lists
each final sub-circuit protective device grouped by the respective load group. The switchboard outgoing
sub-mains are listed separately (See Fig.8)

Fig.8
The minimum number of spare poles can be changed from the default settings. PowerCad-5 adds the
specified spare poles to the number of active poles then selects the next closest chassis size. ie 19
active poles, 6 spare poles, selected chassis is a 30 pole chassis
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- Loads Library
- Harmonics
- Harmonic Analyser

Harmonics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Harmonic Loads

General
PowerCad-5 loads can be based on the fundamental (50Hz) RMS current value of the load or the true
RMS value of the periodic current over the harmonic spectrum of the load. PowerCad-5 can handle up a
Harmonic load spectrum up to the 51
st
order.

The loads can be a combination of harmonic and non harmonic loads. Non-harmonic loads are treated
as harmonic loads with only the 1
st
order (50Hz) specified. Each harmonic order is treated as a vector
based on the load current amplitude at the respective order and the corresponding harmonic angle.

Combination of harmonic loads and large numbers of non harmonic loads will result in lower calculated
THD% values.
i.e. If a large number of socket outlets are added without specifying the actual loads connected to the
socket outlets (e.g computers, monitors etc.) then the calculated THD% value will be lower than
expected.

Similarly if the respective load diversities set in PowerCad-5 do not match the actual load diversities,
then the predicted THD% will reflect this difference. PowerCad-5 applies the diversity to both the
fundamental current and the load harmonic current.

Adding Harmonic Loads
To add a load with Harmonics data open the respective load input dialog box. (See Fig.1)

Fig.1

Each PowerCad-5 load input dialog box contains a Edit Harmonics Data button:

Click on the Edit Harmonics Data button to display the Edit Harmonic Data screen. (See Fig.2)

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

The Edit Harmonic Data screen allows the user to input Harmonic data for the load from the following
sources:
- Keyed in by hand.
- Paste from a document. e.g MS Excel spread sheet.
- User Harmonic data library.
- Harmonic Power Quality Analyser.

Fig.2

Keyed in by hand:
1. Enter the Fundamental current:

2. Enter the load Displacement Power Factor:

3. Check the Lead or Lag radio button:

4. Set the Harmonic Order range. i.e 1 to the 51
st
(# Orders)

5. Check the Current radio button or the Distortion% radio button to set
the method of input for the load current.

6. Enter the load current values in for each Harmonic order.
7. Enter the Harmonic angle for order.

8. Save the data for future use.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Paste from a document:
1. Steps 1-5 as per Key in by Hand.
2. Open the source document.
3. Format the current for each Harmonic order into a single column in the source document.
4. Copy the column of data to the clipboard.
5. Alt-Tab to return to PowerCad-5 Edit Harmonics Data screen.
6. Place the cursor over the first entry box in the current data input column then right-click to
display Paste column. Lift-Click on the Paste Column to paste the data. (See Fig.3)
7. Repeat steps 2 & 5 for the Harmonic angle.

8. Save the data for future use. (See Fig.4)

Fig.3

Fig.4

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

User Harmonic data library:
1. Click on the Load button (See Fig.5) to display the Load Harmonics Data screen.

2. Select the Harmonic data file. i.e. AC unit 42Amps.HAR (See Fig.6)

Click on the Open button to load the selected Harmonic data file into the

PowerCad-5 Edit Harmonics Data screen.

3. Click on the OK button to close the Edit Harmonics screen and transfer the load

into the Load input screen. (See Fig.7)

Fig.5

Fig.6
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

The completed Load Input screen now displays the True RMS current of the load and the True
Power Factor. Other detail can be added such as the ID of the load, associated costs and a
description of the load. (See Fig.7)

The load diversity is set on the Load Input screen.

PowerCad-5 defaults to AS/NZS 3000 table C2 values for Commercial installations.

Fig.7

The Edit Harmonics Data screen displays the Harmonic Wave Form and Harmonic Spectrum of the
harmonic load. (See Fig.8)

Fig.8

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Harmonic Power Quality Analyser:

1. Click on the Import button (See Fig.9) to display the Select Harmonic Anlyser
Manufacturer screen.

Fig.9

Fig.10
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

User Loads Harmonic Data Library

The PowerCad-5 loads library screen allows the input of Harmonic data for the load in question. (See
Fig.11)

The Harmonic data for the respective load item is saved as a .HAR file for future use.
PowerCad-5 allows up to the 51
st
order. The data can added as % Current Distortion plus the
corresponding Harmonic angle or as actual current plus the corresponding Harmonic angle. Harmonic
data can be pasted from the clip board, column at a time. ie the current for all harmonic orders including
the fundamental up to the 51
st
order, then add the corresponding Harmonic angle column of data from
the clip board.

Save Harmonic Select Max. Harmonic Order
Data Fig.11

Add Current data Input Displacement
via clipboard Power Factor

Add Harmonic Angle
data via clipboard

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Harmonic screen

Fig.12
Harmonic
Order
Harmonic
Angle
DB-02
submain
cable size
Distribution
switchboard
DB-02

What if?
Temporarily
add loads.
Conductor
Loss. With
and without
harmonics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Compliance

Standards/Code of Practice
PowerCad-5 checks compliance through out the distribution network with the following standards and
codes of practice:
IEE Std 519
Hong Kong Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Electrical Installations.

The compliance checks cover Power Distribution - Conductor Loss and Maximum Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD). (See Fig.13)

Fig.13

Power Distribution - Conductor Loss: To enable Compliance check select Code of Practice.

Maximum Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): To enable Compliance check select required code of
practice or Standard.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________

Displays

Floating Harmonic Screen
The Floating Harmonics screen allows the Harmonic Spectrum, Harmonic Wave Form, Harmonic Values
and Compliance details to viewed through out the distribution network.

The Floating Harmonics screen displays detail for the current switch board in focus. (See Fig.14 & 15)

Fig.14

Fig.15

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

Voltage THD%

PowerCad-5 calculates the Voltage THD% based on the following assumptions:
1. The cable A.C resistance is constant for all orders of harmonic frequency
2. The cable reactances are directly proportional to the order of the harmonic frequency.

(See Fig.16)

Z
c
(nw0 ) = R
ac
+ jnX
n : order of the harmonic
X : reactance at 50 Hz.

Fig.16
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__________________________________________________________________________________________

Definitions

Harmonic Angle: Is the phase voltage angle (for the respective harmonic order) less the phase current
angle (for the respective harmonic order).

True RMS current: The RMS (root-mean-square) value of any periodic current is equal to the value of
the direct current which, flowing through a resistance, produces the same heating effect in the resistance
as the periodic current does.

=
=
N
i
Ii Irms
1
2

True Power factor: Active Power (P) divided by Apparent Power (S).
The true power factor includes the effects of harmonics. Harmonic currents cause true power factor to
be lower than displacement power factor (DPF).

( )
=
=
N
i
Cos
Ii
I
PF
1
2
1
1

THD(ref. fundamental): Is the ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic content to the RMS value of the
fundamental quantity expressed as a percentage of the fundamental.

THD(ref. RMS): Is the ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic content to the RMS value of the
fundamental quantity expressed as a percentage of the RMS value.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- General
- Trade Prices
- Discounts

Cost Estimate
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Price List
Issue Date
General
This module is currently under development.

The screens that are active are Beta screens for trial purposes and comment.

Trade Prices
The trade prices for cables and conduits, for sites with a current maintenance agreement
can be automatically updated from the PowerCad-5 web site See (Fig.2)

Discount percentages can be set for cables and conduits. See (Fig.1)

Fig.1

Fig.2
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__________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- Naming Convention - AutoCAD

Electrical Drawing
- Multiple AutoCAD
Electrical
Layout Drawings
- AutoCAD

Drawing Blocks
- AutoCAD

Drawing Layers
Distribution System - Defining in AutoCAD

- Distribution System - Defining in
AutoCAD

- Site Main Electrical Switchboard
(MSB)
- Running PowerCad-5 from
AutoCAD

AutoCAD

Interface
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Naming Convention - AutoCAD
Electrical Drawing
Before using PowerCad-5, an understanding of the naming convention used by PowerCad-5 is
required.

There are three types of files used by PowerCad-5:

- PowerCad-5 project file generated by PowerCad-5 file extension .QPJ
- PowerCad-5 data text file generated by AutoCAD

file extension .TXT
- AutoCAD

drawing file generated by AutoCAD

file extension .DWG

For the respective project each file must have the same name.

Naming Convention:
- Project files: pppp.QPJ
- Data text files ppppEnn[r].TXT
- Drawing files ppppEnn[r].DWG

Where pppp is the project number (00001 9999),
nn is the drawing sheet number (01 99), PowerCad-5 can analyse up to 99 drawings and r is the
sheet revision letter (A Z). The maximum number of revisions per drawing is 26.

If a revision letter is present in the drawing (.DWG) or the data text (.TXT) file name, and a file with the
same name without a revision exists, PowerCad-5 will only analyse data from the revised data file.

Note: E is required as part of the naming convention to indicate the drawing content is Electrical.

The project file generated by PowerCad-5 (pppp.QPJ ) stores the project details and settings and the
final Distribution Network design.

The data text file generated by AutoCAD

(ppppEnn[r].txt ) stores the project electrical details (ie
switchboards and load items) contained in each Electrical drawing file (ppppEnn[r].DWG) .

Example:
Project No. 9485
Sheet No. E1
Rev. A

Associated Files:
Drawing file 9485E1A.DWG
Data text file 9485E1A.TXT
Project file 9485.QPJ

Fig.1

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__________________________________________________________________________________________


Multiple AutoCAD
Electrical Layout Drawings

PowerCad-5 can read data from multiple electrical layout drawings forming the project drawing set.

Drawing file names must be consistent and the file names must conform to the PowerCad-5 naming
conversion.

1. Switchboards, motors and FIP must have unique names.
2. Switchboards, motors and FIP can only appear in one drawing. Adding a switchboard,
motor or FIP with the same name (ID) in multiple drawings will generate an error in
PowerCad-5.
3. If PowerCad-5 drawing blocks are inserted in paper space, only a single paper space
layout can be used. For multiple paper space layouts, PowerCad-5 will only read the
electrical loads data from the current paper space layout plus model space. Data in all
other paper space layouts will be ignored.

AutoCAD

Drawing Blocks
PowerCad-5 drawing blocks inserted into the AutoCAD

electrical layout drawing forms the distribution
network configuration and electrical loads database for the project.

Types of Blocks
PowerCad-5 has three basic types of functional drawing blocks.
1. Switchboards
The switchboard blocks define the distribution system network configuration.
There are two types of switchboard blocks:
Main Switchboard (i.e. MSB)
Sub Switchboards/distribution boards (i.e. DB-01)

2. Electric Loads Blocks
The Electrical Loads Blocks define the electrical loads connected to the respective
switchboards. (i.e. light fittings, motors etc.)

3. Non Loads Blocks
These blocks are for bill of materials and cost estimates. (i.e. light switches, smoke
detectors, data points etc.)

Note: The bill of materials and cost estimate module in PowerCad-5 is a beta module
and is included for comments and suggestions for future development.

AutoCAD

Drawing Layers
PowerCad-5 requires the following layers to be created prior to inserting the PowerCad-5 loads blocks
into the AutoCAD
layout drawing.

PCAD_Light
PCAD_Power
PCAD_Smoke
PCAD_Switch
PCAD_Coms

Distribution System - Defining in AutoCAD

The minimum distribution network model for PowerCad-5 to calculate must include the Main Electrical
Switchboard with the source set to Null. PowerCad-5 checks for the existence of the Main Electrical
Switchboard, and if not found terminates building the distribution network model then reports and error.
See (Fig.2)

Future: The term NULL will be replaced with the following source inputs:
- TRANS - H.V./L.V. Supply Transformer
- GEN - L.V. Supply Generator

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

MAIN
SWITCHBOARD
DISTRIBUTION
BOARD

Fig.2

Site Main Electrical Switchboard (MSB)
PowerCad-5 automatically attaches an L.V supply transformer to the Site main electrical switchboard.
Only the Site main electrical switchboard drawing block is required to be defined in the project electrical
layout drawing(s).

Inserting the MSB
From the PowerCad-Lib dropdown menu select SWITCHBOARDS/MAIN SWITCH BOARDS
then insert the Main Electrical Switchboard into the AutoCAD

electrical drawing. See (Fig.3)

Fig.3

Running PowerCad-5 from AutoCAD

To open the PowerCad-5 application from within AutoCAD

click on PowerCad in the AutoCAD

menu
bar and select RUN PowerCad-5
See (Fig.4)

Both the PowerCad-5 and AutoCAD
applications can remain active. Use the task bar to switch

between the two applications.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Save PowerCad-5
Data text file

Open PowerCad-5
application
Creating Data Files
Electrical Data from the project drawing(s) must be transferred into PowerCad-5 Data text files
ppppEnn[r].TXT. The PowerCad-5 Data text files are generated by:

1.0 From the drop down menu select RUN PowerCad-5 to open the PowerCad-5 application
from within AutoCAD
. The Electrical Data from the current AutoCAD
project drawing is
automatically saved to a data file with the same project drawing name. E.g. 9745E2a.TXT See
(Fig.4)

2.0 Or from the drop down menu select Save Data File to saved to a data file with the same
project drawing name. E.g. 9745E2a.TXT See (Fig.4)

Fig.4

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


AutoCAD
Drawing Electrical Data Conversion

Run PowerCad-5 from within the AutoCAD
application (refer Fig.4). Open the ACAD Convert screen.

Check that all AutoCAD
electrical project drawings are listed. PowerCad-5 builds the drawing list based
on the project number. e.g. 9745 and the electrical discipline identifier E . (See Fig.5)

Fig.5

Data text files
PowerCad-5 builds the Data text files list based on the project drawing number. e.g. 97451A.TXT (Seer
Fig.6)

Fig.6

Convert AutoCAD

Loads data into
PowerCad-5 data base
AutoCAD

project
drawing list

Project
number
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__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Chapter

- Report menu
- Print Preview
- Report - Final Sub-Circuit

REPORTS
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Report Menu
Multiple reports. PowerCad-5 has an extensive report menu. Click on the print icon to display the PowerCad-
5 report menu. The report menu defaults to the reports associated with the current screen. The default reports
can be unselected or additional reports added by checking the respective check box. (Fig.1)

Fig.1

Report Preview
PowerCad-5 Print preview controls:
First page
Previous page
Next page
Last page

Zoom to page width

Zoom 100%

Zoom to fit page
Fig.2

Click on
Preview button
to preview
report
Click on Print icon
to display print
menu
Check box to
select additional
reports

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


PowerCad-5 Print Preview Screen:

PowerCad-5 report

PowerCad-5 report page number

Fig.3

Report Final Sub-Circuit
To print a final sub-circuit cable report:

Step 1 Click on to pen the Final sub-circuit Browser screen. See (Fig.4)

Fig.4

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

Step 1 (Alternative) From the Single line Diagram floating screen, or the main Single line Diagram screen
double click on the respective final sub-circuit to display final sub-circuit properties screen. See (Fig.5)

Fig.5

Step 2 Double click on the final sub-circuit load item to display
the final sub-circuit properties screen. See (Fig.6)

Step 3
Fig.6 Step 4

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Step 3 Click on the Cable Selection Tag to display the cable properties screen.

Step 4 Click on the Report button, then click on
Print to print report, or Preview to display
the print preview screen.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Appendix

- AutoCAD
Attributed Block Examples

- Switchboard
- Luminaire
- Socket-Outlet
- Motor

Appendices
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Switchboards
Site Main Switchboard MSB
Block Name PCMSB-27.dwg
Orientation 270
o

OPTIONS:
High Rupture Capacity Fuse HRC
Circuit Breaker CB
MSB
MSB
DB-01
DB-02
PCAD_PARENT-BOARD
PCAD_DESCRIPTION
PCAD_CABLE-CODE
PCAD_CABLE-
PCAD_CONFIGURATION
PCAD_CABLE-INSULATION
PCAD_CABLE-LENGTH
PCAD_MATERIAL
PCAD_FUSE

BLOCK SYMBOL BLOCK DATA
OPTIONS:
Thermoplastic V-75 Insulation V-75
Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation XLPE
RADOX Fire Rated Insulation RAD-FR
Mineral Insulated Copper Sheathed MIMS

PCAD_Switchboard
Insertion Point
Future:
The term NULL will be replaced with the following source inputs:
- TRANS - H.V./L.V. Supply Transformer
- GEN - L.V. Supply Generator
Note:
For a main switchboard the parent (source) is defined as a NULL
SWITCHBOARDS
MAIN ELECTRICAL SWITCHBOARD
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Load Group A
Load Item Fluorescent
Block Name PCFLR4x18-HPF_H_File.dwg
Default Harmonic File 4x18W_Conventional_Ballast
PCAD_DESCRIPTION
PCAD_LIGHT-TYPE
PCAD_SWITCHBOARD
PCAD_CIRCUIT
PCAD_PHASE
PCAD_AS3000-CODE
PCAD_POWER-FACTOR
PCAD_HARMONIC_DATA_FILE


PowerCad Code Type
F Fluorescent
H H.I.D.
I Incandescent
X Exit
E Emergency
L Low Voltage
DB-01
B
B PCAD_Type
Insertion Point
Note:
1. PowerCad Luminaire (F) is locked for this block and set to invisible.
2. For electrical design data for this block is stored in a .HAR file
located under the c:\PowerCad-5\Lib\HAR_BIN directory.

LUMINAIRE 600X600 RECESSED LUMINAIRE
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


PCAD_DESCRIPTION
PCAD_SWITCHBOARD
PCAD_CIRCUIT
PCAD_PHASE
PCAD_AS3000-CODE
PCAD_STD_LIB_FIT_ID
PCAD_STD_LIB_FIT_ID_B
PCAD_STD_LIB_FIT_ID_MAN
PCAD_STD_LIB_FIT_ID_MAN_B

OPTIONS:
Single Socket Outlet
Double Socket Outlet 2

2 Type
DB-01
2
Note:
If the number of outlets is set as a single socket, then the appliance
defined for socket 2 is ignored.
Note:
If an appliance is not connected,
PowerCad-5 applies the load group
B(ii) loading and diversity rules.

If an appliance is connected and the
load is less than the B(ii) loading the
PowerCad-5 applies the the load
group B(ii) loading and diversity
rules.
Insertion Point
Load Group B.(ii)
Load Item 10A Single/Double Socket Outlet
Block Name PC_Socket_Outlet-90.dwg
Orientation 90
o

Applicances Lib ID
15in Monitor 1
17in Monitor 4
19in Monitor 5
300Mhz PC without Screen 6
SOCKET OUTLET 10A SOCKET OUTLET
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


Load Group D
Motor 240V Single Phase
Block Name PC240_1-1Kw_Motor_M_File.dwg
Default Harmonic File 1-10Kw_Motor.Har
PCAD_DESCRIPTION
PCAD_SWITCHBOARD
PCAD_CIRCUIT
PCAD_PHASE
PCAD_AS3000-CODE
PCAD_UNIT-ID
PCAD_CABLE-LENGTH
PCAD_DERATING-FACTOR
PCAD_CABLE-CODE
PCAD_CABLE-CONFIGURATION
PCAD_CABLE-INSULATION
PCAD_CABLE-SIZE
PCAD_FUSE
PCAD_MATERIAL
PCAD_HARMONIC_DATA_FILE

DB-01
OPTIONS:
High Rupture Capacity Fuse HRC
Circuit Breaker CB

OPTIONS:
Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulation XLPE
RADOX Fire Rated Insulation RAD-FR
Mineral Insulated Copper Sheathed MIMS

M
M M
Insertion point at
circle centre
MOTOR SINGLE PHASE MOTOR
Note:
1. For electrical design data for this block is stored in a .HAR file
located under the c:\PowerCad-5\Lib\HAR_BIN directory.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Appendix

- Standards

Appendices A2
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

STANDARDS

Transients Standards
The standards for transient issues are set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). They are:

IEEE Standard C62, and
IEEE Standard 587.

Surge Protection Standards
Recommended practices on Surge Voltages in Low Voltage AC Power Circuits are set by:

ANSI Standard C62.41
IEEE Standard 587 (same as ANSI C62.41)
Underwriters Laboratories: UL 1449 Standards for Safety: Transient Voltage Surge
Suppressors
FIPS Publication 94: Guideline on Electrical Power for ADP Installations 9/83,
National Fire Protection Agency Publication 78: Lightning Protection Code for Buildings.

Electrical Noise Standards
Standards for Radio Frequency (and other forms of electrical noise) are covered by:

FIPS Publication 94: Guidelines on Electrical Power for ADP Installations 9/83,
IEEE Standard 518: Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Electrical Noise
Inputs to Controllers from External Sources.

Flicker Standards
The standard for Flicker is contained in:

IEEE Standard 446: Recommendations for Industrial and Commercial Power System
Emergency Power

Harmonics Standards
The standards covering Harmonics and Harmonic Distortion are set forth in:

ANSI C57.11,
IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability When
Supplying Non-sinusoidal Load Currents,
IEEE Standard 519: Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric
Power Systems,
IEEE Standard 1001: Recommended Practice for Interfacing Dispersed Storage and
Generation

Radio Frequency Standards
Standards for Radio Frequency (and other forms of electrical noise) are covered by:

FIPS Publication 94: Guideline on Electrical Power for ADP Installations 9/83
IEEE Standard P1100: Guide for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Equipment,
IEEE Standard P1159: On the Monitoring and Definition of Electric Power Quality.

Electrical Grounding Standards
The standard for Electrical Grounding is covered in:

FIPS Publication 94: Guideline on Electrical Power for ADP Installations 9/83
IEEE Standard P1100: Guide for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Equipment
NFPA Publication 70: The National Electric Code
IEEE Standard 141: IEEE Industrial Electric Power Systems
IEEE Standard 142: IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power System Grounding.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Powering Standards
Standards for Powering include:

IEEE Standard P1250: Guide on Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage
ANSI C84.1: Voltage Ratings for Power Systems and Equipment
IEEE Standard 141: Industrial Electric Power Systems
IEEE Standard 142: Industrial and Commercial Power System Grounding.

Safety Standards
Safety standards are included in:

NFPA Publication 70: The National Electric Code,
NFPA Publication 75: Protection of Electronic Computer Data Processing Equipment.

Telecommunications Power Quality Standards
Telecommunications standards are covered by:

FIPS Publication 94: Guidelines on Electrical Power for ADP Installations 9/83
IEEE Standard P487: Wire Line Communication Protection in Power Stations.

Utility Interface Standards
The standards for Utility Interfacing appear in:

IEEE Standard 1001: Recommended Practice for Interfacing Dispersed Storage and
Generation
IEEE Standard 929: Interconnection Practices for Photo-voltaic Systems
IEEE Standard 1035: Test Procedures for Interconnecting Static Power Converters.

Power Quality Monitoring Standards
The standards for Power Quality Monitoring are:

IEEE Standard P1100: Guide for Powering and Grounding Sensitive
Equipment
IEEE Standard P1159: Monitoring and Definition of Electric Power
Quality.

Power Quality Problem Susceptibility Standards
The standards for Power Quality Problem Susceptibility appear in:

IEEE Standard P1250: Guide on Equipment Sensitive to Momentary Voltage Disturbances

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


In this Appendix

- Glossary

Appendices A3
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Glossary

DPF
Displacement Power Factor. DPF is used to measure the effect of inductive (motor, transformer) and
capacitive loads on the efficiency of an AC distribution system. Such loads have a reactive component (see
VARs) which must be taken into account when sizing system capacity, but they are still linear loads (current is
drawn as a sine wave). DPF therefore does not include the effect of non-linear harmonic currents. However, a
low DPF will be a major cause of a low PF (Total Power Factor), and would indicate the need for corrective
measures.

PF
Power Factor or Total Power Factor. Active Power divided by Apparent Power. PF is a measurement of the
efficiency of an AC power transmission and distribution system, including the effects of harmonics. Harmonic
currents cause PF to be lower than DPF.

% THD-F
Percent Total Harmonic Distortion-Fundamental reference. This reading represents the ratio of the
harmonic components of voltage (or current) to the voltage (or current) of the fundamental alone. All
measurements are true-rms.

% THD-R
Percent Total Harmonic Distortion-RMS reference. This reading represents the ratio of the harmonic
components of voltage (or current) to the total voltage (or current), including the fundamental and all
harmonics. All measurements are true-rms

(k)W
(kilo) Watts. Active power, also known as Real/True Power. Watts measure that portion of electrical power
which does work, which by definition includes heat losses.

(k)VA
(kilo) Volt-Amperes. Apparent power. VA is computed by taking the product of the rms values of voltage and
current. It is a measure of the total electrical power capacity of a distribution system or component equipment.
In addition to Watts, it includes the contributions of VARs and harmonic currents. This term is of interest
because utility and facility engineers must size their system equipment in VA, in effect providing the current-
carrying capacity to handle the worst-case situation.

(k)VAR
(kilo)Volt-Amps Reactive. Reactive Power. VARs are the reactive component of VA (Apparent Power),
caused by a phase shift between AC current and voltage in inductors (coils) and capacitors. In inductors,
current lags voltage (in time), while in capacitors, current leads voltage. VARs are typically first present in a
distribution system as a result of inductive loads such as motors, reactors and transformers. VARs are then
used in sizing power factor correction capacitors, which are used to offset the effects of these inductive loads.

_________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________


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Version 2010

i7 2.5MHz or higher Recommended

Internet 8.0 or later

application, starts a new drawing then draws the

Electrical Layout Drawings

applications can remain active. Use the task bar to switch

. The Electrical Data from the current AutoCAD

Drawing Electrical Data Conversion

application (refer Fig.4). Open the ACAD Convert screen.

Attributed Block Examples

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