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CHAPTER 1
1.1 ANIMAL TISSUE
GENERAL VIEW
1. Many similar cells that perform a specific function = tissue
2. Latin world: tissue = weave
3. Combination of various tissues make up functional units called organs
4. Group of organs work together as organ systems
5. Tissue may be held together by a sticky extracellular matrix that coats
the cells/ weaves them together in a fabric or fibers.
ANIMALS TISSUES
a.
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial Tissue
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Types
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Structure
1.
Single layer of
cells attached to the
basement membrane
cells are thin and
flattened with central
nucleus.
2.
When viewed
from the surface,
they are polygonalshape with
tessellated or nontessellated margins.
3.
Proteins bridges
join the adjacent cells
together.
Simple
cuboidal
epithelium
1. Single layer of
Simple and
ciliated
columnar
epithelium
Pseudostratifi
ed epithelium
Location
1.Lining the alveoli
of lungs,
Bowmans
capsule and the
Henle loop of the
kidney.
2.The epithelium
that forms the
inner lining of
blood vessels
and lymphatic
vessels is called
endothelium.
1.
Forms lining
of many ducts
such as salivary
and pancreatic
ducts, proximal
and distal
convoluted
tubules, salivary
and thyroid
glands.
1. Lines the uterus,
oviducts,
digestive tract.
1. Lining the
trachea and
bronchus.
Functions
1.
As a barrier,
regulating
movement of
substances across it.
2.The thin wall permits
diffusion. E.g. of
gases across
alveolus.
3.Protects the
underlying tissues.
The smooth linings in
blood vessels reduce
friction of blood
flowing through it. It
forms mesenteries to
support the viscera.
1.
Secretion,
absorption and
protection.
1.
Mechanical
support and
protection.
1.
Goblet cells
secrete mucus as
lubricant and trap
dust particles and
microbes.
2.Cilia in ciliated
epithelium move
fluids to the pharynx
for swallowing.
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Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Compound
stratified
cuboidal
Stratified
columnar
Transitional
b.
multilayered
appearance.
4. Apical surface may
have cilia.
1.Consists of several
layers of cells.
2.The cells attached to
the basement
membrane form the
germinative and can
divide mitotically to
produce new cells.
3.
The new cells are
cuboid in shape but
become flattened to
form squamous
epithelium at the
surface.
1.
Consist of 2 or 3
layers of cuboidal
cells.
1.
Consists of
several layers of
columnar cells.
1.
Consists of 3-4
layers of cells.
2.
The cells are able
to modify their shape
under different
conditions.
1.
Epithelium
found in the
esophagus nonkeratinised
2.Where the skin is
subjected to
abrasion and
friction becomes
thick and
keratinised.
3.The outer layer
consists of dead
cells.
1.
Protective layer
in areas of higher
friction.
1.
1.
Transport
1.
Salivary
gland ducts
1.
Transport
1.
2.
1.
Allows
stretching of the
bladder.
2.
Barrier against
urine flowing out into
the surrounding
tissues.
Sweat ducts
Ureters
bladders
Muscle Tissue
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in active animals
iv. Three types of muscle tissues (vertebrate); skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle.
Skeletal Muscle:
-
lacks striations
found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder,
arteries and other internal organs
move the walls of the internal organs (stomach)
contract slowly but remain longer
responsible for involuntary body activities
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Cardiac muscles
Sarcomere
No
Yes
Skeletal
muscles(striated
muscles)
Yes
Cell surface
membrane
(sarcolemma)
Cross striations
Present as a thin
membrane.
Present
Present
absent
Present
Present
Branching of
muscles fibres.
Nucleus
None
Yes
None
One, centrally
located
One, centrally
located
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Intercalated
discs
None
Present
Absent
Present
Multinucleated
(syncytium),
nuclei peripherally
located beneath
sarcolemma.
Present.
Well-developed
Absent
Types of nerve
fibres to
muscle.
Contraction
Autonomic
Autonomic
Motor
slow, rhythmic,
can Continue for
long periods
without fatigue
Involuntary
muscles. Impulses
from central
nervous system
not essential for
contraction.
Moderately rapid
and powerful, with
rests between
contractions.
Involuntary
muscles. Myogenic
but rate of
contraction can be
controlled by
autonomic nervous
system.
Wall of heart
Rapid, powerful,
not sustained.
Cylinder shaped
single nucleus;
cross-striations;
intercalated discs;
branching of
Long cylinder
shaped; many
peripheral nuclei.
Control of
contraction
Location
Distinctive
features of
muscle cells.
Lining alimentary
canal, blood
vessels, and ducts
of urino-genital
system.
Spindle shaped;
no crossstriations; one
nucleus.
Voluntary
muscles.
Neurogenic,
contracts only in
response to
impulses from
motor nerves.
Attached to
skeleton.
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muscle fibres.
c.
Connective Tissue
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Cartilage:
- abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery
matrix made of a substance (chondroitin sulfate: a proteincarbohydrate complex)
- chondrocytes secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate and
responsible for maintenance of the matrix
- chondroblasts = precursors of chondrocytes
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Bone:
- mineralized connective tissue
- osteoblast deposit a matrix of collagen
- calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions combine and
harden within matrix mineral hydroxyapatite
- unit of bones: osteons (concentric layers of mineralized
matrix deposited around a central canal containing blood
vessels and nerves)
- Bone disease:
1. Rickets children,deficiency of vitamin D
prevents calcium absorption from intestines
2. Osteomalacia adults, deficiency of vitamin
D, bones do not calcify properly
3. Osteoporosis decreasing bone mass, lack of
calcium in body
- Function of bones:
1. Give body shape and provide framework for
support
2. Protect the internal organs
3. Provide surfaces for attachment of skeletal
muscle to enable movement
4. Act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
5. Site for blood cell production in the bone
marrow
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The inorganic:
crystalline mineral salts + calcium
= hydroxyapatite; Laid down as
unmineralized osteoid (manufacture
by osteoblast); For mineralization:
osteoblast secrete vesicles
containing alkaline phosphatase
Blood
Component
Water
Percent
90%
Plasma protein
6-8%
Food substances
1%
Enzymes hormones
Variable
Mineral salts
0.8-1%
Excretory wastes
Variable
Function
1.
As a solvent and transport
medium.
1.Act as buffer, helps to maintain
blood pH.
2.Fibrinogen and prothrombin needed
for blood clotting.
3.Serum albumin helps to maintain
osmotic pressure of the blood.
4.Most antibodies produced by
lymphocytes are gamma proteins.
1.
Glucose, amino acids,
cholesterol and other lipids.
1.Takes part in metabolism e.g.
enzyme catalase.
2.Hormone insulin, adrenaline.
1.To regulate solute potential and pH
level e.g. ions.
2. Na+, K+, CI-, HCO3-, PO43-.Ca2+ needed
for blood clotting.
1. Urea, ceratinine, uric acid, a little
NH4+.
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Number of
Lifespan of
cell per mm3 mature cell
5,000,000 in
120 days
adult blood
destroyed by
the
macrophages
in liver &
spleen.
Granulolocyte 4000-6000
s:
a) neutrophils
(70% of
leucocytes)
Very shortlived (6
hours a few
days)
Size and
structure
Diameter 7-8
m and about
2 um thick.
Biconcave,
disc shape.
Mature
mammalian
erythrocytes
do not have a
nucleus and
organelles.
Space inside
the
erythrocyte is
packed with
haemoglobin
(90%) of
enzymes and
some
inorganic ions.
Cell is covered
by a thin,
elastic cell
surface
membrane.
Diameter 10
15 m.
Nucleus
contains 3, 4
or 5 lobes.
Cytoplasm
contains fine,
non-staining
granules.
Function
Erythrocytes
contain
haemoglobin
which
functions to
transport
oxygen and
some carbon
dioxide. Act as
buffers and
help to
maintain the
pH of the
blood.
Neutrophils
are
phagocytes.
Migrate by
amoeboid
movement
through the
cells between
capillary walls
to the infected
areas of the
body.
Engulf
microorganis
ms e.g.
bacteria by
phagocytosis
and destroy
them.
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Several days
Diameter 1015 m.
Nucleus
contains 2 or 3
lobes.
Cytoplasm
contains fairly
large granules
which can
stain red with
the acid dye
eosin.
Help to control
allergic
responses e.g.
they secrete
enzymes to
inactivate
histamines.
Eosinophils
are cytotoxic
cells and
release
hydrolytic
enzymes to
digest some
parasitic
worms.
basophils
(0.5%)
50-100
1-2 years
A
granulocytes:
lymphocytes
1500 - 2500
Several
month to
years
Diameter 14
16 m.
Nucleus
contains 2 or
is S-shaped.
Cytoplasm
contains fewer
but larger
granules
which stain
blue with basic
dyes e.g.
methylene
blue.
Diameter 9-16
m; smallest
cells in the
leucocytes.
Round nucleus
occupies a
large portion
of the cell and
a small
amount of
non-granular
cytoplasm at
the periphery.
Basophils
secrete
histamine
which is
involved in
inflammation
and allergic
reactions.
They also
secrete
heparln which
helps to
prevent blood
clotting.
Several types
of
lymphocytes
are
responsible
for specific
immune
responses.Blymphocytes
produce
antibodies to
destroy the
antigens or
neutralize
toxins. Tlymphocytes
attack and
destroy
infected cells.
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monocytes
(4%)
200 - 800
Few days in
the blood
and several
months or
years in the
connective
tissues.
Diameter 16
20 m.
Largest of the
leucocytes.
Nucleus is
large and
kidneyshaped.
Cytoplasm is
non-granular.
Platelets
(thrombocyte
s)
250 000-400
000
8-12 days
About 3 m in
size.
Irregularly
shaped
membranebound cell
fragments,
nusually
lacking nuclei.
Monocytes
spend only a
few days in
the blood.
They then
leave the
blood and
migrate to the
tissues and
mature to
become
macrophages.
Macrophages
are large,
phagocytic
cells that
engulf
antigens e.g.
bacteria that
enter the
body. They
also engulf
and destroy
dead and
damaged cells
of the body.
Important in
the process of
blood clotting.
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d.
Nervous tissue
ii. Sense stimuli and transmit signals from one part of the animal to
another
iii. Functional unit: neuron (nerve cell)
iv. A neuron consist of:
Cell body
Dendrites: transmit impulse from their tips toward the rest
of the neuron
Axon: transmit impulses toward another neuron or toward
an effector
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EXERCISE
1. Tissue that may form a continuous layer of cells covering a body surface
or lining a body cavity is
A. connective.
B. epithelial.
C. muscular.
D. nervous.
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Select the best reason why collagen fibers are abundant in tendons.
Abrasion
Contractility
Protection
Strength
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
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C. simple squamous.
D. stratified squamous.
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
A.
B.
C.
D.
[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
[AS/APR 2008/BIO200]
13. Describe briefly the structure, functions and the distribution (main
locations) of the following tissues:
i. bone
ii. loose connective tissue
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(12 marks)
[AS/APR 2006/BIO200]
i.
14.Explain how the structures of the following tissues are suited to their
functions.
Skeletal muscle
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ii.
Transitional epithelium
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[AS/OCT 2006/BIO200]
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(9 marks)
[AS/APR 2007/BIO200]
16. List and describe the functions of four (4) different types of epithelial
tissues. (8 marks)
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CHAPTER 1.1 [INTRODUCTION OF TISSUES, CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS AND ECOLOGY]
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[AS/OCT 2007/BIO200]
17. Describe the differences between the three (3) types of muscle tissue.
(6 marks)
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CHAPTER 1.1 [INTRODUCTION OF TISSUES, CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS AND ECOLOGY]
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[AS/APR 2008/BIO200]
Epithelial tissue
Stratified epithelium
[Structure, function and location of each tissues]
~Campbell,Reece (2008), 8th edition, Benjamin Cummings (Pg:856)
Muscle tissue
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
[Structure, function and location of each tissues]
~Campbell,Reece (2008), 8th edition, Benjamin Cummings (Pg:858)
Connective tissue
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Association neurons
[Structure, function and location of each tissues]
~Campbell,Reece (2008), 8th edition, Benjamin Cummings (Pg:858-859)
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