Chapter 1.

ANIMAL TISSUE
BY: Miss Halimahtun Saediah bt Abu Bakar BSc. Microbiology (UKM)

WHAT IS TISSUE?
Tissue: Similar cells that perform specific function. Tissue (latin word) = weave Combination of specific tissues organ Group of organs work together as organ system Tissue may be held together by a sticky extracellular matrix that coats the cells/ weaves them together in a fabric or fibers.

Tissue [Epithelial Tissue]

Animal Tissue
Epithelial Tissue Nerve Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
FUNCTION: Cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body Act as barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss Form an active interfaces with the environment (E.g: the lines of nasal passages is crucial for olfaction sense of smell) FEATURE: Cells are closely packed, often with tight junction

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
POLARITY OF EPITHELIA: Polarized (two different sides) The apical surface faces lumen/outside of the organ > exposed to fluid or air The opposite side, the basal surface > attached to basal lamina (a dense mat of extracellular matrix that separates the epithelium from underlying tissue)

Simple Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

FEATURE: 1. The single layer of platelike cells

FUNCTION: 1. The exchange of material by diffusion 2. Diffusion: thin and leaky, lines blood vessel and the air sacs of the lungs 3. Material of diffusion : nutrient and gases.

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
FEATURE: 1. Dice-shaped cells

FUNCTION: 1. Specialized for secretion 2. Makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including salivary gland and thyroid glands.

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

FEATURE: 1. The large, brick-shaped cells

FUNCTION: 1. Found where secretion or active absorption is important 2. Lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients.

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Multilayered and regenerates rapidly. New cells formed by division near the basal lamina push outward,replacing cells that are sloughed off. LOCATION: Found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina.

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Consist of single layer of cells varying in height. In many invertebrates, a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells forms as mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract. The beating cilia sweep the film of mucus along the surface.

MUSCLE TISSUE

SKELETAL MUSCLE
attached to the bones by tendons responsible for voluntary movements consist of bundles of long cells called fibers also called striated muscle (because the arrangement of contractile units, or sarcomeres, gives the cells a striped (striated) appearance

SMOOTH MUSCLE
lacks striations found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries and other internal organs move the walls of the internal organs (stomach) contract slowly but remain longer responsible for involuntary body activities

CARDIAC MUSCLE
forms the contractile wall of the heart/ pump the blood carries out the unconscious task of contraction of the heart muscle fibers branch and interconnect via intercalated disk (relay signals from cell to cell during heart beat)

Smooth muscles Sarcomere Cell surface membrane (sarcolemma) Cross striations Branching of muscles fibres. Nucleus Sarcoplasmic reticulum Intercalated discs Types of nerve fibres to muscle. Contraction Control of contraction No Present as a thin membrane. absent None One, centrally located None Absent Autonomic slow, rhythmic, can Continue for long periods without fatigue Involuntary muscles. Impulses from central nervous system not essential for contraction.

Cardiac muscles Yes Present Present Yes One, centrally located Present Present Autonomic

Skeletal muscles(striated muscles) Yes Present Present None Multinucleated (syncytium), nuclei peripherally located beneath sarcolemma. Present. Well-developed Absent Motor

Moderately rapid and powerful, with Rapid, powerful, not sustained. rests between contractions. Involuntary muscles. Myogenic but Voluntary muscles. Neurogenic, rate of contraction can be contracts only in response to controlled by autonomic nervous impulses from motor nerves. system.

Location

Lining alimentary canal, Wall of heart Attached to skeleton. blood vessels, and ducts of urino-genital system. Distinctive features Spindle shaped; no cross- Cylinder shaped single nucleus; Long cylinder shaped; many of muscle cells. striations; one nucleus. cross-striations; intercalated discs; peripheral nuclei. branching of muscle fibres.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Wraps around and cushions and protects organs Stores nutrients Internal support for organs As tendon and ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each other Runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength

ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Ground substance gel around cells and fibers Fibers provide strength, elasticity and support Cells

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Divided into two large groups:1. Connective tissue proper:
Areolar/loose connective tissue, adipose, dense connective tissue/ fibrous connective tissue, reticular connective tissue

2. Specialized connective tissues:

Bone, cartilage, and blood

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

encompasses all organs and body cavities connecting one part with another and, equally important, separating one group of cells from another. This is a very large and diverse group of tissues and includes adipose tissue (fat), areolar (loose) tissue, and dense regular tissue, among others

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CARTILAGE provides strength with flexibility while resisting wear, i.e. epiglottis, external ear, larynx cushions and shock absorbs where bones meet, i.e. intervertebral discs, joint capsules

CARTILAGE
Cells: Chondrocytes Matrix: Chondroitin Sulfate

SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

BONE provides framework and strength for body allows movement stores calcium contains blood-forming cells

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF BONE TISSUE

SPECIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

BLOOD transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients around the body immune response

BLOOD CELLS

NERVE TISSUE

STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL NERVOUS TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE
The receipt, processing and transmission of information Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nerve cells: transmit nerve impulses Glial cells/ Glia : Support cells In many animals, a concentration of nervous tissue forms a brain, an informationprocessing center.

NERVOUS TISSUE
NEURONS The basic units of nervous system Receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its cell body and multiple extensions called dendrites. Neurons transmit impulses to neurons, muscle, or other cells via extensions called axons, which are often bundled together into nerves.

NERVOUS TISSUE
GLIA The various types of glia help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons, and in some cases, modulate neuron function.

NERVOUS TISSUE

THE END
The first problem for all of us, men and women, is not to learn, but to unlearn.