1. Theodore Roosevelts taking of the Panama Canal Zone is an example of the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

America wanted to intervene in South America and split up territories into civilized and uncivilized plots 2. What would be an accurate characterization of Americas empire in the early twentieth century? Americas empire in the early twentieth century would somewhat be characterized as regional as America mainly focused in on the Western hemisphere. They had also helped the Dominican Republic when European countries set up a blockade in order to collect their debts. They would be characterized as an international empire. 3. What was a principle of the Fourteen Points? A principle of the fourteen points was to assure the country that the war was being fought for a moral cause. This was a clear statement, which had stated Americas war aims as well as the vision of a new international order. One principle was to free the seas. 4. The Fourteen Points attempted to free the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, readjustment of colonial claims and establish self determination of all nations. 5. Most Progressives came to see the war as a golden opportunity because Most progressives came to see the war as a golden opportunity and they rushed to the support of Wilson because these intellectuals believed the conscious and extensive use of science for communal purposes in order to attack an immense inequality of power would lay the foundation for American to enjoy American freedom. 6. At the height of World War I, income taxes rose to 60 percent on the wealthiest Americans. 7. Which group did not support the movement for Prohibition? Many native born Protestants saw Prohibition as a way of imposing American values on immigrants. 8. Which act restricted the freedom of speech by authorizing the arrest of anyone who made false statements that might impede military success? The Espionage Act 9. When Eugene Debs was sentenced under the Espionage Act, what did he tell the jury? Debs gave the court a lesson in the history of American freedom, tracing the tradition of dissent from Thomas Paine to the abolitionists, and pointing out that the nation had never engaged in a war without internal opposition. 10. Who fired their employees if they failed to comply with the standards set by the Sociological Department for Americanization? Ford 11. During the war, in which ways did Americans, react to German-Americans? Since most of the Brewers were German-American, they had thought that beer and alcohol was anti-American hence pushing for the progressive movement. Many states had outlawed the teaching of foreign languages. 12. The Gentlemens Agreement resulted in The United States would not exclude Japanese immigrants if Japan would voluntarily limit the number of immigrants coming into the United States. 13. What is a true statement about race and the presidents during this time? The progressive presidents shared the same attitude toward blacks. Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T Washington to dinner; numerous black soldiers and employees had been discharged. 14. What was the philosophy of W. E. B. Du Bois? He was a typical progressive who believed that investigation, exposure, and education, would lead to solutions for social problems. As a professor at Atlanta University, he projected a grandiose plan for decades of scholarly study of black life in order to make the country aware of racist, 15. Between 1910 and 1920, half a million blacks left the South for jobs in the North and West. 16. What did freedom mean to Garveyites? Freedom for Garveyites meant national self-determination. Blacks should enjoy the same rights they enjoy internationally recognized identity of everyone else after the war. 17. Which was the Red Scare? A short lived but intense period of political intolerance inspired by the postwar strike wave in 1919-1920 18. What was the Treaty of Versailles?

The Versailles treaty ended the First World War 1 and it included some of the points Wilson wished for it to include. It established the League of Nations. 19. What did senators opposing Americas participation in the League of Nations believe? Certain senators believed that this treaty would cause governments and would inspire impossible demands while also putting dangerous ideas in the minds of world leaders. 20. Between 1898 and 1934, the United States intervened militarily numerous times in Caribbean countries, generally for what reason? These countries or territories were considered uncivilized nations and would require the help of the United States. Roosevelt believed that the United States had an obligation in order to establish order 21. The Panama Canal reduced the sea voyage between the East and West Coasts of the United States by 8000 miles. 22. What did Woodrow Wilsons moral imperialism in Latin America produce? It produced more military interventions in Latin America than an any other president before or since 1915 23. Which technology used in World War I? Airplanes and radio were used as well as poisonous gas like mustard gas 24. Who was the first woman member of Congress? Jeannette Rankin 25. What were motives sustaining the Great Migration? There were higher wages in the Northern factories as well as better opportunities to educate their children and even for the escape from the threat of lynching was there and the prospect so exercising the right to vote. 26. How did Foner describe the scene in Paris on Woodrow Wilsons arrival? He was greeted by ecstatic crowds and declared that American soldiers had come to Europe as crusaders, not merely to win a war but to win a cause. 27. In his piece in The Crisis. E. B. Du Bois states the United States is a shameful land and cites four reasons. What are they? The United States lynches its people; it disenfranchises its own people. It encourages ignorance, and it insults black people. 28. Birth of a Nation was a film about the klu klux clan and it glorified the Klan and it was premiered at the White House in 1915. 29. Who led a black separatist movement? Marcus Garvey 30. Eugenics is the study of the alleged mental characteristics of different races. 31 The Roosevelt Corollary provided the right to exercise an international police power in the Western Hemisphere. 32. What was Dollar Diplomacy? President William Howard Tafts emphasis on economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention, as the best way to spread American influence. 33. As president, Woodrow Wilson depicted his foreign policy as a paradox of modern American history: the presidents who spoke the most about freedom were likely to intervene most frequently in the affairs of other countries. 34. Describe U.S. intervention in Mexico from 1914 to 1916 The U.S. military was not greeted as liberators, but as invaders. It was a warning that it might be more difficult than Wilson assumed to use American might to reorder the internal affairs of other nations or to apply moral certainty to foreign policy. 35. World War I began as a result of German policy unrestricted submarine warfare. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict as well. Also, the Zimmerman note. 36. As war broke out in Europe, Americans were bitterly divided between their home countries of origin. For example British Americans sided more towards favoring the British, and German Americans, the Germans. Irish Americans opposed the British. Many feminists, pacifists, and social reformers all favored peace as the only option. 37. In 1916, Woodrow Wilson was reelected due to the fact that he seemed to promise not to send American soldiers to Europe. He also carried ten of the twelve of the ten states that had adopted womens suffrage. Without these women, he would not have been reelected. 38. What was the Zimmermann Telegram? A message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the United States and promising to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War.

39. On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. 40. During World War I, what happened to federal powers? Federal powers began to increase and create new agencies. These agencies moved to regulate industry, transportation, labor relations, and agriculture. 41. What was the Committee on Public Information? A committee created by the Wilson administration to explain to Americans and the world the cause that compelled America to take arms in defense of its liberties and free institutions. 42. How was WW I viewed by the Industrial Workers of the World and most of the Socialist Party? They condemned the declarations of war as a crime against the people of the U.S. and called on the workers of all countries to refuse to fight. The socialist part became a rallying point for antiwar sentiment. 43. The Nineteenth Amendment barred states from using sex as a qualification for suffrage. 44 The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. 45. The Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918): EA: prohibited spying and interfering with the draft and also false statements that might impede military success. SA: made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that intended to cast contempt, scorn, or disrepute on the form of government or advocate interference with the war effort.

46. The American Protective League Helped the Justice Department identify radicals and critics of the war by spying on their neighbors and carrying out slacker raids in which thousands of men were stopped in the streets of major cities and required to produce draft registration cards. 47. Americanization was The creation of a more homogeneous national culture. 48. The anti-German crusade Was a prewar organization that targeted the use of German and expressions of German culture, banning German music and changing German names? They included the Committee on Public Information (CPI). 49. The Great Migration refers to the time between 1910 and 1920 when half a million blacks left the South. This was due to higher wages in northern factories than were available in the South, opportunities for educating their children, escape from the threat of lynching, an the prospect of exercising the right to vote. Review Questions 1920-1939 Imaad Zia Items to know Sacco and Vanzetti: were anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920-armed robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals, the two Italian immigrants were executed on August 23, 1927. There is a highly politicized dispute over their guilt or innocence, as well as whether or not the trials were fair. Equal Rights Amendment: was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and, in 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress, but failed to gain ratification before its June 30, 1982 deadline. Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification Middletown by Robert and Helen Lynd: Robert and Helen Lynd are best known for writing the groundbreaking "Middletown" studies of Muncie, Indiana - Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (1929) and Middletown in Transition (1937), which are classics of American sociology. Muncie was the first community to be systematically examined by sociologists in the United States. Warren G. Harding and Scandals: was the 29th President of the United States, from 1921 until his death in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He was also the first incumbent United States Senator and the first newspaper publisher to be elected President. During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I, he promised a return of the nation to

"normalcy." This "America first" campaign encouraged industrialization and a strong economy independent of foreign influence. In the 1920 election, he and his running mate, Calvin Coolidge, defeated Democrat and fellow Ohioan James M. Cox, in the largest presidential popular vote landslide in American history (60.36% to 34.19%) President Harding rewarded friends and political contributors, referred to as the Ohio Gang, with financially powerful positions. Scandals and corruption eventually pervaded his administration. Teapot Dome affair, most of which came to light long after Harding's death, which concerned an oil reserve located in Wyoming, and covered by a rock formation in the shape of a teapot. Calvin Coolidge and Election of 1924: was the 30th President of the United States (19231929). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state. His actions during the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th Vice President in 1920 and succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, won the United States presidential election of 1924. Coolidge was Vice President under Warren G. Harding and became President in 1923 when Harding died in office. Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. A split within the Democratic Party aided him. The regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis, a little-known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia. Washington Naval Arms Conference: also called the Washington Arms Conference, was a military conference called by the administration of President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C. from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Hays Code: was the set of industry censorship guidelines that governed the production of the vast majority of United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also popularly known as the Hays Code, after Hollywood's chief censor of the time, Will H. Hays. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): The ACLU's stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." It works through litigation, legislation, and community education. Founded in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Baldwin and Walter Nelles, the ACLU was the successor organization to the earlier National Civil Liberties Bureau founded during World War I. The ACLU reported over 500,000 members in 2010. Scheck v. United States: was a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 and concluded that a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. Ultimately, the case established the "clear and present danger" test. Benjamin Gallows v. New York: was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain provisions of the First Amendmentspecifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the pressto the governments of the individual states. Scopes Trial: was an American legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach evolution Second Ku Klux Klan: William J. Simmons, an ex-minister and promoter of fraternal orders, founded the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915; its first meeting was held on Stone Mt., Ga. The new Klan had a wider program than its forerunner, for it added to white supremacy an intense nativism and anti-Catholicism (it was also anti-Semitic) closely related to that of the Know-Nothing movement of the middle 19th cent. Consequently its appeal was not sectional, and, aided after 1920 by the activities of professional promoters Elizabeth Tyler and Edward Y. Clarke, it spread rapidly throughout the North as well as the South. It furnished an outlet for the militant patriotism aroused by World War I, and it stressed fundamentalism in religion. Immigration laws 1921, 1924: was a United States federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. It superseded the 1921 Emergency Quota Act. The law was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans who were immigrating in large numbers starting in the 1890s, as well as prohibiting the immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians. Meyer v Nebraska: was a U.S. Supreme Court case that held that a 1919 Nebraska law restricting foreign-language education violated the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Harlem Renaissance: was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology byAlain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, many Frenchspeaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.

Herbert Hoover and Election of 1928: was the 31st President of the United States (19291933). Hoover was a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected office experience. America was prosperous and optimistic at the time, leading to a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith. The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. The Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s, whereas Smith, a Roman Catholic, suffered politically from anti-Catholic prejudice, his anti-prohibitionist stance, and the legacy of corruption of Tammany Hall with which he was associated. Hoover won a landslide victory. Stock Market Crash-Black Thursday: also known as the Great Crash, and the Stock Market Crash of 1929, was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all the Western industrialized countries and that did not end in the United States until the onset of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941. "Bonus Army": was an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groupswho protested in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1932. Called the Bonus March by the news media, the Bonus Marchers were more popularly known as the Bonus Army. Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant, led it. The veterans were encouraged in their demand for immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates by retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time. Hawley Smoot Tariff: was an act, sponsored by United States Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, and signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. U.S. Vs. Butler: was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional. Justice Owen Roberts argued that the tax was "but a means to an unconstitutional end" that violated the Tenth Amendment. Frances Perkins and "Brains trust": was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of the Roosevelt cabinet who remained in offices for his entire presidency. Brain trust began as a term for a group of close advisers to a political candidate or incumbent, prized for their expertise in particular fields. The term is most associated with the group of advisers to Franklin Roosevelt during his presidential administration. More recently the use of the term has expanded to encompass any group of advisers to a decision maker, whether or not in politics. Scottsboro case: were nine black teenage boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident deal with racism and a basic American right: the Right to a fair trial. The case includes a frame up, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, angry mob, and miscarriage of justice. Dust Bowl: was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940). The phenomenon was caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops or other techniques to prevent erosion. Deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains had displaced the natural deep-rooted grasses that normally kept the soil in place and trapped moisture even during periods of drought and high winds. Huey Long: served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 19281932 and as a U.S. Senator from 1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid for 1936. Father Coughlin: was a controversial Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower Church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s. Early in his career Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers. In 1934 he announced a new political organization called the "Nation's Union of Social Justice." He wrote a platform calling for monetary reforms, the nationalization of major industries and railroads, and protection of the rights of labor. The membership ran into the millions, resembling the Populist movement of the 1890s. Francis Townsend: was an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system. John Maynard Keynes: was a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments. He greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and advocated the use of fiscal

and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, Indian Reorganization Act: was a U.S. federal legislation, which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include activities that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations. The act did not require tribes to adopt a constitution. However, if the tribe chose to do so, the constitution had to: 1. Allow the tribal council to employ legal counsel; 2. Prohibit the tribal council from engaging any land transitions without majority approval of the tribe; and, 3. Authorize the tribal council to negotiate with the Federal, State, and local governments. Mary McLead Bethune: was an American educator and civil rights leader best known for starting a school for African-American students in Daytona Beach, Florida, that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University and for being an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Communist Party (USA): is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States, established in 1919. As the chief official communist party in the USA for most of the 20th century, it has a long, complex history that is often inter-layered with the simultaneous histories of similar communist parties worldwide, as well as with the U.S. labor movement generally. For the first half of the 20th century, the CPUSA was the largest and most influential communist party in its country. It played a very prominent role in the U.S. labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, having a major hand in founding most of the country's first industrial unions. Popular Front: is a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists. Being very broad, they can sometimes include centrist and liberal (or "bourgeois") forces as well as socialist and communist ("working-class") groups. Popular fronts are larger in scope than united fronts, which contain only working-class groups. House Un-American Activities Committee: was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee. Smith Act: It also required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government; within four months, 4,741,971 aliens had registered under the Act's provisions. The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures. Prosecutions continued until a series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 threw out numerous convictions under the Smith Act as unconstitutional. The statute remains on the books, however. Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia, a Democrat and a leader of the anti-labor bloc of congressmen proposed the Act. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it into law. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933 Federal Home Loan Bank System: provide stable, on-demand, low-cost funding to American financial institutions for home mortgage loans, small business, rural, agricultural, and economic development lending. With their members, the FHL Bank System represents the largest collective source of home mortgage and community credit in the United States. The banks do not provide loans directly to individuals, only to other banks. CIO: proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unionism the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required union leaders to swear that they were not Communists. Many CIO leaders refused to obey that requirement, later found unconstitutional. The CIO merged with the American Federation of Labor to form the AFL-CIO in 1955. 1.Who was sentenced to death in a controversial criminal trial? Nicola Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti were Italian anarchists who dreamed that society should have no government, Churches, and private property. They were accused of robbing at a factory and the killing of a security guard. There was no significant evidence that proved that they were guilty, however, they were still convicted and got the electric chair. This has a large effect on the idea of the Red Scare and how they were only convicted of the crime because of their ethnicity. The public and then the Governor of Massachusetts called for a review of the case were calling Mass protests and the decision was upheld.

2.What did Calvin Coolidge believe was the chief business of the American people? Business was the chief business of the American people, thus leading into the ago of prosperity 3.Railroads were to the late nineteenth century what _____ were to the 1920s. -(Automobile) 4.Who was a celebrity of the 1920s? As more Americans spent money on leisurely activities, the film industry and sporting industry rose rapidly, therefore this made a new celebrity culture were recording, film, and sport stars were thought to have been American heroes. 5.Labor unions lost members in the 1920s because of Businesses appropriated the rhetoric of Americanism and industrial freedom as weapons against labor unions. Corporations provided their employees with private pensions and medical insurance plans, job security, and greater workplace safety. They also establish sports programs for more leisure activities for their workers. They were more focused on the human factor of the work environment. Propaganda campaigns said created that unionism and socialism were similar and all were foreign thoughts. 6.For the feminist woman in the 1920s, freedom meant in a broader program of social reform, sexual freedom now means individual autonomy. They wanted to be free in s social way. 7.President Hardings call for a return to normalcy meant reflecting the prevailing get-rich-quick ethos, corrupting his entire administration. 8.What is an example of the economic diplomacy of the 1920s designed to improve American business? Designed largely to increase exports and investment opportunities overseas. Much foreign policy was conducted through private economic relationships rather than governmental action. Man New York bankers gave loans to European and Latin American governments and also the German governments. American industrial firms, especially in auto, agricultural machine, and electrical companies established plants overseas to supply the world market and take advantage of inexpensive labor. 9.American novelists like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were part of the Generation They were part of the lost generation of cultural exiles. The moved to Europe where they believed valued art and culture and allowed unrestricted freedom of expression, unlike the U.S. where everything was censored. 10.The Hays codes A set of guidelines that barred movies from depicting nudity, long kisses adultery and scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or criminal sympathy. 11.The Scopes trial illustrated a divide between traditional values and modern values 12.There were many forces that predisposed potential Ku Klux Klan members to accept its Exclusionary message without much analysis. These forces included Feminism, unions, immorality, giant corporations all of which endanger individual freedom. 13.The 1924 Immigration Act - Reflected the progressive desire to improve the quality of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policy. 14.Cultural pluralism - when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture. Which city was considered the capital of black America? Harlem 15.Which issue became the focus of the 1928 presidential race? -The factors and opinions of both parties were similar all except Prohibition. a. The Great Depression was caused by b.Hoovers response to the Depression was Hoover was told that economic downturn were a normal part of capitalism, which weeded out unproductive firms and encouraged moral virtue amount the less fortunate 16.What would be considered a characteristic of a flapper?

Women who epitomized the change in standards of sexual behavior, frequently being in dance halls, music clubs, performing the Charlestons, and smoking cigarettes. a. Which 1920s presidency was plagued with scandals? Hardings presidency 17.The new movement for civil liberties that blossomed in the postwar era was built on the prewar struggles of freedom of expression by labor unions, socialists and birth control advocates. 18.Banned in Boston referred to a term of ridicule among upholders of artistic freedom 19.Schenck v. United States The court unanimously upheld the conviction of Eugene V. Debs for a speech condemning the war. It affirmed the wartime jailing of the editor of a German-newspaper hose editorials questioned the drafts constitutionality. 20.Meyer v. Nebraska -Extended the protection of the Constitution to all those who speak other languages as well as to those born with English on the tongue 21.One of the most flamboyant of the fundamentalist preachers of the 1920s was Billy Sunday 22.Prohibition was successful in reducing the consumption of alcohol, and it was not until which decade that per capita consumption of alcohol reached its pre-Prohibition level again? 1975 23.During the Scopes trial, Clarence Darrow, the defense lawyer, questioned whom as a supposedly expert witness about the Bible? William Jennings Bryan 24.Regarding public education, in 1922, Oregon became the first state to require all students to attend public schools 25.The Cable Act of 1922 stated -That it would overturn the 1907 law requiring American women who married foreigners to assume the citizenship of the husband. Two years later it would declare that all Indians born in the United States to be American citizens. 26.What is an agent of Americanization? The department store, dance hall, and motion picture theater 27.Slumming meant As groups of whites visited Harlems dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies in search of exotic adventure. The Harlem of the white imagination was a place of primitive passions, free from the puritanical restraints of mainstream American culture. The real Harlem was a community of widespread poverty; its residents confined to low-wage jobs and because housing discrimination barred them from other neighborhoods, forced to pay exorbitant rents. 28.The backbone of economic growth during the 1920s was the increased consumption of material goods such as electronics and industrious material through credit. 29.In the 1920s, movies, radios, and phonographs brought Mass entertainment into Americas living rooms. 30.Agriculture in the 1920s Was terrible due to the Great Depression. A surplus lowered the value, and it became the nations issue. 31.The American plan Was a workplace free of both government regulation and unions except, in some cases, company unions created and controlled by management. 32.The Equal Rights Amendment proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions on account of sex. 33.In their 1929 study, Middletown, Robert and Helen Lynd concluded that new leisure activities and a new emphasis on consumption had replaced politics as the focus of public concern 34.The Teapot Dome scandal involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. a. The McNairy-Haugen Bill sought to have the government purchase agricultural products for sale overseas in order to raise farm prices.

35. Robert La Follette ran for president in 1924? -La Follette formed the Independent Progressive Party, nominated in Cleveland, and ran with Democratic Senator Burton K. Wheeler. -Supported by The American Federation of Labor, the Socialist Party of America, the Conference for Progressive Political Action - ownership of the railroads and electric utilities, cheap credit for farmers, the outlawing of child labor, stronger laws to help labor unions, more protection of civil liberties, an end to American imperialism in Latin America -Eventually lost to Calvin Coolidge 36.The Hays Code -July 1, 1934 Joseph Breen -General standards of "good taste" and specific do's and don't's concerning what could and could not be shown in American movies. 37.Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis -Active ally of the labor movement, appointed by Wilson to Supreme Court in 1916, -Advocate of labor movement, progressive reformer -Strongly influenced Wilson 38.During the 1920s, Prohibition -Movement that gained new strength and militancy in Progressive America - Promote more orderly city environment -Women hoped it would protect wives and children from violent husbands. -Concentrated on state campaigns and by 1915, won victories in 8 southern and midwestern states 39.The Ku Klux Klan - Considered defender of white civilization during Reconstruction by Birth of a Nation - Resurged during the early 1920,s reborn in Atlanta in 1915 (largest private organization in Indiana) -Roots ran into the north and west (influence faded after 1925) 40.Cultural pluralism -Phrase by Horace Kallen, to describe a society that gloried in ethnic diversity rather than attempting to suppress it. 41.Besides work and school, the most active agents of Americanization during the 1920s were - Department stores, dance hall, motion picture theaters 42.In 1928, Herbert Hoover - Ran for president (republican party) -Beat Smith in the race, 444-87 electoral votes -Hoover focused more on rural areas, while Smith focused more on farm areas. 43.The primary cause of the Great Depression -The stock market crashed on black Thursday, causing more than 10 million dollars in market value to be lost in less than 5 hours. -Unequal distribution of income, prolonged depression in farm regions, Southern California and Florida experience frenzied real estate speculation 44.The effects of the Depression included -Hundreds of thousands of people lost their jobs and took to the streets to look for work -Thousands of families evicted, 33 million lived on farms, highest suicide rate in US history, protests 45.President Hoover responded to the onset of the Depression by - Called numerous conferences of business and labor leaders and established commissions to encourage firms to cooperate in maintaining prices and wages without governmental dictation 46.The Hawley-Smoot Tariff -June 17, 1930 raised tariffs on many imported goods 47.The Reconstruction Finance Corporation - 1932, signed by Goover which loaned money to failing banks, railroads, and other businesses, and the federal home loan bank system, which offered aid to homeowners threatened with foreclosure 48.Liberalism during the New Deal came to be understood as the definition of American freedom 49.During the 1932 election, - Roosevelt ran for the Democrats, had a new deal for the American people -People blamed Hoover for excess spending and the depressing 50.The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was His inaugural address 51.What was the New Deal? - Hoped to reconcile democracy, individual liberty, and economic planning -Way of reform to bring the American society out of debt (great depression) 52.What was New Deal program? New deal programs were acts and plans that helped to better the nation. (Emergency Banking Act, Glass-Steagall Act) 53.Roosevelt called _____ an American birthright, the embodiment of the spirit of enterprise, of independence, and of freedom. Owning a home 54.Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional? -NRA, which charged with violating the code adopted by the chicken industry (unlawful because it delegated legislative powers to the president and attempted to regulate local business that did not engage in interstate commerce

-AAA in United States v Butler (unconstitutional exercise of congressional power over local economic activates 55.What caused union membership to soar in the 1930s? -Government was supportive or workers and had National Industrial Recovery Act and the Wagner act allows workers to from unions 56.What best describes Huey Long, Upton Sinclair, and Dr. Townsend? -Huey Long embodied both Louisianas populist and socialist traditions and the states heritage of undemocratic politics -Upton won the democratic nomination for governor in 1934 as head of the end poverty in California movement -Dr. Townsend is a California physician, who won wide support for a plan by which the government would make a monthly payment of 200 dollars to older Americans (believed this would boost economy) 57.Which program employed white-collar workers and professionals, including doctors, writers, and artists? The Works Progress Administration (WPA) 58.What was the Social Security Act? -Centerpiece of the 2nd new deal embodied Roosevelts conviction that the national government had a responsibility to ensure the material well being of ordinary Americans. -It created a system of unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid to the disabled, the elderly poor, and families with dependent children. 59.The American Liberty League When businessmen and politicians in 1934 formed an organization to mobilize opposition to Roosevelts policies 60.Franklin Roosevelts plan to add justices to the Supreme Court -He wanted to appoint a new justice for each one that remain in the court past age seventy, change the balance of power on a court. 61.What was the Indian New Deal? -John collier, ended the policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy -Replaced boarding schools with schools on reservations, increased Indian health spending, and secured massage of the Indian reorganization act of 1934. 62.How did the New Deal affect African-Americans? -Federal employment and federal house is practiced discrimination based on race (150,000 had jobs in late 1940s, only 2 percent had jobs other than clerks and custodians -Many blacks refused to vote in the elections. Many new deal construction projects refused to hire blacks at all 63.Which group welcomed black members and advocated the passage of ant lynching legislation and the return of voting rights to southern blacks? The CIO 64.Fearing the growth of the Communist Party in America, Congress passed the... national origins act which limited immigration from eastern European countries. Also became illegal for people to organize to overthrow the government 65.What ended the Great Depression? World war two because people were employed to build weaponry for the war efforts. 66. During the Roosevelt administration, The Democratic Party emerged into a coalition that included farms, city laborers, and Irish Catholics. 67.What was the name of Roosevelts group of advisers who saw big business as inevitable in a modern economy? Brain trust 68.Which act or organization barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks? FDIC 69.Whose symbol was the Blue Eagle? NRA 70.What was true about the UAW sit-down strikes? Stayed inside but stopped production. Sit down strike idea spread became a popular form of striking 71.Why did Franklin Roosevelt try to change the balance on the Supreme Court? Feared might invalidate 2nd new deal, social security, and the Wagner act. 72.What best describes Eleanor Roosevelts tenure as first lady? She traveled, spoke out on public issues, had a newspaper column, and worked to enlarge the New Deal. 73.Who were the American left? The American Left consisted of individuals and groups, including socialists, communists and anarchists , that have sought fundamental change in the economic, political and cultural institutions of the United States 74.Popular Front culture was idea that countries strength laid in diversity, tolerance, and rejection of ethnic prejudice. Mainly in the arts (dance, song, etc.) presented Americas past as heroic. 75.In John Steinbecks piece about the Dust Bowl, He explained that the migrants were hated because they were foreign, strangers.

76.Union membership reached 8,944,000 million by 1940. 77.What did the New Deal fail to generate? Prosperity 78.What replaced liberty of contract as the judicial foundation of freedom by the end of the New Deal? Civil liberties 79.What was the New Deal? FDRS plan to turn back America from the great depression; more aid to workers, closed the banks, cut government spending. Hoped to reconcile democracy 80.FDRs key advisers in the early days of the New Deal included Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Harry Hopkins who headed relief efforts in NY when FDR was governor, Secretary of Interior Harold Ickes, and Louis Brandeis who advised Wilson in election of 1912. Immediately after his inaugural, Roosevelt 82.The Glass-Steagall Act-expand Federal reserve and help stop deflation in the market. 83.The National Industrial Recovery Act-antitrust Laws suspended, supported industrial alliances, and prices and wages were fixed. What were the Four Freedoms? Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear Significance of Norman Rockwell? He drew pictures of people in ordinary situations. The Four Freedoms painting first appeared in the Saturday Evening Post early in 1943. Govt. reprinted and sold millions of them. By the end of its tour, the Four Freedoms Show had raised $133 million. What happened to the economy during WW2? Government military spending sparked the economic development of the South and West, laying the foundation for the rise of the modern Sunbelt. The war created a close link between big business and a militarized federal govt. Gave people new jobs, unemployment rate fell down to 1.2%! What role did WW2 give the U.S.? What values were behind it? WWII gave the country a new and lasting international role and greatly strengthened the idea that American security was global in scope and could only be protected by the worldwide triumph of core American values. What did military-industrial complex mean? Who is associated with the Phrase? The war created a close link between big business and a militarized federal govt.- a military industrial complex,-as President Dwight D Eisenhower would later call it- that long survived the end of fighting. What ambiguities did Rockwells Four Freedoms present? The message seemed to be that Americans were fighting to preserve freedoms enjoyed individually or within the family rather than in the larger public world. This emphasis on freedom as an element of private life would become more and more prominent in postwar America. What policy of Hoovers did FDR continue? What was it called? Roosevelt also formalized a policy initiated by Herbert Hoover by which the US repudiated the right to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This Good Neighbor Policy, as it was called, had mixed results. What were FDRs policies towards dictators in the Western? Hemisphere? Wilsonian? The US lent its support to dictators like Anastasia Somoza in Nicaragua, Rafael Trujillo Molina in the Dominican Republican and Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. What events in Asia in the 1930s demonstrated that war was on the horizon? Europe? In 1931, seeking to expand its military and economic power in Asia Japan invaded Manchuria. 6 years later, its troops moved farther into China. When the Japanese overran the city of Nanjing, they massacre an estimated 300,000 Chinese prisoners of war and civilians. After brutally consolidating his rule in Germany, Hitler embarked on a campaign to control then entire continent. In violation of the Versailles Treaty, he feverishly pursued German rearmament. In 1936, he sent troops to occupy the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone between France and Germany established after WW1. Hitler was not stopped by Britain, France or America thus Hitlers aggression continued.

Why was the policy of appeasement followed? He hoped that agreeing to Hitlers demands would prevent war. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain returned from the Munich conference of 1938, which award Hitler the Sudetenland, proclaiming that he had guaranteed Peace in out time. What examples demonstrated U.S. interactions with Nazi Germany? Japan? Businessmen didnt wish to give up profitable overseas markets. Henry Ford did business with Nazi Germany throughout the 1930s. Indeed, Ford plants there employed slave labor provided by the German govt. Trade with Japan trucks and aircrafts and considerable amounts of oil. Until 1941, 80% of Japans oil supply came from the US. What was the conclusion that was reached by the Nye (Senate) Committee? Those international bankers and arms exporters had pressed the Wilson administration to enter that war and had profited handsomely from it. What examples demonstrated American desire for isolationism in the 1930s? Lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. These policies, Congress hoped, would allow the US to avoid the conflicts over freedom of the seas that had contributed to involvement in WW1. What was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade? Americans volunteered to fight in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade on the side of the Spanish republic. Volunteered in the Spanish Civil war. What happened on September 1, 1939? September 17, 1939? (Research this one) Sept. 1 --> Germany invaded Poland --> nonaggressive pack Sept. 17 --> Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east After Poland had fallen England and France declared war --> sometimes called fony war because nothing happened. What was the America First Committee? Leadership? With a presidential election looming, Roosevelt was reluctant to go further. With hundreds of thousands of members and a leadership that included well-known figures like Henry Ford, Father Coughlin and Charles A. Lindbergh. What precedent did FDR decide to break in 1940?Reason? Wendell Willkies views? Breaking with a tradition that dated back to George Washington, Roosevelt announced his candidacy for a third term as president. The international situation was too dangerous and domestic recovery too fragile, for him to leave office. Opponent was Wendell Willkie. Both supported the law, enacted in September 1940 that established the nations first peacetime draft. Willkie endorsed New Deal social legislation. He captured more votes than Roosevelts previous opponents, but FDR still emerged Aim of Free World Association? Freedom House? In June 1941, refugees from Germany and the occupied countries of Europe joined with Americans to form the Free World Association, which sought to bring the United States into the war against Hitler. What happened on December 7, 1941?what do the conspiracy theories on the attack on Pearl Harbor state? What evidence is there to support these? Japanese planes, laughed from aircraft carries, bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the first attack by a foreign power on American soil since the War of 1812. Pearl Harbor was a complete and devastating surprise. In a few hours, over 2,000 American servicemen were killed and 187 aircraft and 18 naval vessels, including 8 battleships had been destroyed or damaged. What was the vote on declaring war? Opponent? Who did America declare war on? Why did we go to war against Germany? Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan. The combined vote in Congress was 477 in favor and 1 against. The next day, Germany declared war on the US. America had finally joined the largest war in human history. Why was WW2 called a gross national product war? Meaning that its outcome turned on which coalition of combatants could out produce the other. In retrospect, it appears inevitable that the entry of the US, with its superior industrial might, would ensure the defeat of the Axis powers. What happened in the first months of the war for the U.S. in the Pacific? But the first few months of American involvement witnessed an unbroken string of military disasters. Having earlier occupied substantial portions of French Indochina, Japan in early 1942 conquered Burma and Siam. Japan also took control of the Dutch East Indies, whose extensive oil fields could replace supplies from the US. And it occupied Guam, the Philippines and other Pacific island. What happened at Bataan? Coral Sea? Midway? Guadalcanal? Solomon Islands? In May 1941, in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the American navy turned back a Japanese fleet intent on attacking Australia. The following month, it inflicted devastating losses on the Japanese navy in the Battle of Midway Island. These victories allowed American forced to launch the bloody campaigns that one by one drove the Japanese from fortified islands like Guadalcanal and the Solomons in the western Pacific and brought American troops ever closer to Japan. What was the Battle of the Atlantic? Where were more American troops located in late 1944? Pacific? Europe?

In November 1942, British and American forced invaded North Africa and by May 1943 forced the surrender of the Germany army commanded by General Wewin Rommel. By the spring of 1943, the Allies also gained the upper hand in the Atlantic, as British and American destroyers and planes devastated the German submarine fleet. But even though FDR was committed to liberating Europe from Nazi controlee, American troops didnt immediately become involved on the European continent. As late as the end of 1944, more American military personnel were deployed in the Pacific than against Germany. What happened on D-Day? Commander? On June 6., 1944 nearly 200,000 American, British and Canadian soldiers under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Normandy in northwestern France. More than a million troops followed them ashore in the next few weeks, in the most massive sea-land operation in history. Where does Foner say the crucial fighting took place? Why? What In Europe, however, took place on the eastern front, the scene of an epic struggle between Germany and the Soviets Union. Over 43 million German soldiers took part in the 1941 invasion. After sweeping through western Russia, German armies in August 1942 launched a siege of Stalingrad, a city located deep inside Russia on the Volga River. This proved to be a catastrophic mistake. Happened at Stalingrad? Casualties? In Europe, however took place on the Eastern front, the scene of an epic struggle between Germany and the Soviet Union. Over 3 million German soldiers took part in the 1941 invasion. After sweeping through western Russia, German armies in August 1942 launched a siege of Stalingrad, a city located deep inside Russia on the Volga River. This proved to be a catastrophic mistake. Bolstered by an influx of military supplies from the US. The Russians surrounded the German troops and forced them to surrender. What were the casualties of WW2? Some 800,000 Germans and 1.2 million Russians died. Of 13.6 million German casualties in WWII, 10 million came on the Russian front. At least 20 million Russians probably many more perished. What was Hitlers final solution? What was a result of this? After his armies had penetrated Eastern Europe in 1941, moreover, Hitler embarked on the final solution the mass extermination of undesirable peoples-Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and above all Jews. By 1945, 6 million Jewish men, women and children had died in Nazi death camps --> Holocaust.