Professional Documents
Culture Documents
APRIL 2000
DEDICATED TO ALLAH (EXALTED BE HIS MAJESTY) WHO
WITHOUT.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 The Context: Conventional Accounting and Its Relationship to Society 1
1.2 The Problem: the Globalisation of Anglo-American Accounting in Diverse Cultures
and Environments 2
1.3 The Imperative for the Research: Resurgence of Islam and Islamisation of Knowledge 3
1.4 The Aim and Objectives of the Research 7
1.5 Research Methodology and Methods 10
1.6 Original Contributions to Knowledge and Limitations of the Study. 12
1.7 Outline of the Thesis 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY 494
vii
TABLE OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
Acknowledgments
I wish to express my sincere thanks to the following persons who made this thesis
possible:
I would first thank Dr. Kouhy and Professor John Innes who together supervised the
thesis. Dr. Kouhy took a deep interest in the project from the beginning and was very
insightful and thorough in the review of the chapters of this thesis. He continued to be
interested in the project and the researcher despite his illness towards the end of the
project. Prof. J. Innes always reviewed my work speedily and was very constructive
and friendly in his criticism of my work. Thank you for toning down my thesis and
getting rid of my silly grammatical mistakes! I am sorry that I could not keep up with
him, as I should have! I also thank Prof. Grinyer who was involved in the early stages
of the project.
Special thanks goes to Prof. Rob Gray whose lectures on social and environmental
accounting inspired me to change my topic from Islamic banking problems to a
theoretical enquiry into Islamic accounting. Prof. Gray’s criticisms of conventional
accounting was the basis of my own critique and although we don’t agree on what is
meant by ‘social’ and the basis of ethics and morality, the issues in his studies of
social accounting have relevance to many of the Islamic concerns of my project.
Mr. Donald Sinclair also deserves special mention in this thesis as well as all theses
undertaken in this department for helping all accounting students including myself
with the statistical techniques used in the research. He is a patient and helpful guide
who has made the dread of statistics a bit more bearable.
Prof. David Power is also thanked for his trenchant criticisms and “rubbishing” my
earlier drafts of the thesis. He is responsible for saving the readers of this thesis from
the burden of reading what “Plato had for breakfast”! I am especially thankful to him
(along with Prof. Innes) for correcting my grammar and editorial mistakes and making
my writing more readable and academic.
I also like to thank Prof. Jan Bebbington, Dr. Christos Tzovas, Dr. Khalid al-khater,
Dr. Jassim al-Rumaihi, Dr. Mustapha Mahmud, Br. Jalaal al-Attar, Dr. Collin Dey, Dr.
Bruce Burton, Allan Murray, Niklas Kreander, Dr. Rishma Vedd, Emily, Dr. Claire,
Margarita Basabikova and Br. Khalid Abdul Qader who all contributed their thoughts,
help and food (especailly Khalid al-khater, Jalaal al-Attar and Margarita who
supplied caviar) at various times.
xii
Special thanks also goes to Br. Kamaruddin Taha, CEO of Abrar Discounts Bhd., the
managers and employees of the Abrar Group, Tabung Haji and Bank Islam Malaysia
Bhd., the executive MBA students of UIA and Dr. Obiyathulla, Dr. Omar Azmi, Br.
Yusuf Ismail, my niece Firdaus binti Mohd. Farouk and the secretaries at both UIA
and Dept. of Accounting and Business Finance at the University of Dundee.
I am totally in debt to the Malaysian accountants and accounting academics and the
employees and managers of Islamic organisations in Malaysia who took their time
and trouble to answer my questionnaires and pray that Allah swt. reward them
generously for their contribution to Islamic accounting.
Lastly I must thank my own family members especially my aged mother who has
forgone four years of service from me. I pray Allah swt. rewards her with good health,
long life and an assured place in paradise with my late father (Allah yarham). My
brother Dr. Rafiq who took care of her in my absence is especially thanked. I also
thank my wife who put up with my hours and emotions during the past 19 years and
especially the past 3.5 years in Dundee. Also my children who were deprived of a
higher level of care during my research period.
I would also like to thank Mr. Farouk bin Abdul Majeed and Mrs. Hajoor Farouk, my
co-brother and sister in law, who managed my finances and property voluntarily in
Malaysia while I was studying and for their hospitality during my empiricial
investigation. May Allah reward them for their kindness.
I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Hill Town Islamic centre and
the Muslim community of Dundee especially the Imams of the Hilltown mosque and
Dr. Hafiz Ayub Patel who is the 1st emergency service to all the Muslims of Dundee
and a true friend in need. May Allah swt. bless them and reward them amply. Also a
special thanks to Dr. Ridah al-Gazzar for being a good friend and Muslim counsel for
the whole period of my stay in Dundee.
Last but not least, I would like to thank the Malaysian Government and my fellow
Malaysians for funding my research and the International Islamic University Malaysia
for granting me study leave to enable me undertake this study.
xiii
Declaration
I hereby declare that I am the author of this thesis; that the work of which this
thesis is a record has been done by myself, and that it has not previously
Signed: ............................................
Date: ......................................
Certificate
I certify that Shahul Hameed Mohamed Ibrahim has worked the equivalent of
nine terms on this research and that the conditions of Ordinance 39 and
Signed: ............................................
Dr. R. Kouhy
Date: ......................................
xiv
Abstract
This study investigates the need for an alternative “Islamic accounting” which
is consistent with the worldview, values and socioeconomic norms of Islamic
society. It proposes an outline of an Islamic accounting theory together with
empirical investigations of (i) the perception of Malaysian Muslim accountants
and accounting academics on Islamic accounting and (ii) the unIslamic
behavioural consequences of conventional accounting on users.
The researcher starts from a premise that the worldviews and values of a
society affect its economic objectives and norms, which in turn affect the
accounting system, and vice versa. An examination of the worldviews, values
and economic objectives of Western society and the capitalist economic
system which underlie conventional (Anglo-American) accounting shows them
to be different from those of an Islamic society. This presents a prima facie
case for Islamic accounting.
The need for an Islamic accounting is classified into “push” and “pull” factors
and then examined in detail. It is argued that conventional accounting with its: