TOEIC SUMMARY (NOUN) Singular It Countable Noun plural They Uncountable It Ex ; the food , including the fruits and

and vegetables, were on the table A Singular A /AN That / this /the Plural plus s/es/ies Always plural These /those/ the A pair of , a word iof Both, several , many , few singular plural clothes : pants tools : pliers abstract : riches B C D It : is, was, has, does kk1 + (s,es,ies) kk1

they : are, were, have, do

The officers of the company today at 11:00 A. Is meeting B. Meets C. Has met D. Are meeting

The head of the regional divisions have submitted the latest report A -Neitner -Either -Not only -Both nor or but also and If singular noun if plural noun always plural verb singular verb plural verb B C D

Ex : either the students or the principal always punctual A. Is B. Was C. Are D. Were depend on the noun

We, all, some, any, majority, most, half If the noun is singular If plural plural verb sing verb

All of the book has been destroyed A number of PLURAL The number of sing V plural V

Ex : the number of students coming late (is) very low in -Time, money weigth, volume plural in form but sing . in verb

-Always ending in (s) but singular in meaning . Disease ; meales, mumps Abstract : news, ethics, polotics, mathematics -collective nouns usually sing but may be plural .

Class, team ,family, committee ,police . Ex : the police when theh alarm goes off . A. Arrive quickly B. Is arriving -Irregular plural goose geese -Sing and plural use the same form depend on modifier Species , series , sheep , deer, fish. Ex : that species is rare . those species are rare C. Arrives quickly D. Has arrived

Every Some Any No Each Together with Noun in addition to Along with As well as singular V.

Every student and teacher has a looks

Each man and women is the

singular noun plural singular verb

Ex : every employee his own desk . A. Get B. Gotten C. Getting D. Gets

All employees is taught how to get out of the building in case on fire A B C D

TENSE
SIMPLE PRESENT . Habit (+) S + KK1 (s,es,ies) + o routine Repeate Fact (?) Do Does he /she /it adverb of frequency always usually sometimes often rarely after after aux every once twice awal akhir

At the moment of speaking PRESENT CONTINUOUS Future ket

now at the moment at present Presently

(am,is,are ) + kk ing

currently

Past PAST TENSE Story (+) kk2 (?) did (important) ket

-yesterday -ago -last -the day before yest -this morning

Process in the past PAST CONTINOUS Two actions Was + KKing Were S I I I I when /while VERB PHRASE Was writing Put down Had written Would leave NOUN Letters The phone 2 letters My home TIME MARKER When someone telephoned When I saw him Before I went to the meeting When he arrived in my home past T past cont

Ex : I had been waiting an hour when the bus finally had arrived A B C D

PRESENT PERFECT Indefinite time in the past Action happened > one Past present for (duration ) Since ( starting time) Have + kk3 Has already + yet - ?

before PAST PERFECT Had +kk3 2 actions after when action happened before another action in the past

Before PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Had + been +kk ing 2 actions after When for since

PRESENT FUTURE Will + kk1

Will have finished in the future PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT Will +have +kk3 by . By the time At the end

S I I Tuti

Verb phrase Have been writing Will have written Will leave

Noun Letters One more letter For her vacation

Time marker For 3 hours Before I go home After she gives her speech

Ex :

I all members by tomorrow night a. b. c. d. Contacted Contacts Have contacted Will have contacted

CAUSATIVE VERBS (asking someone to do something) Noun (subject) Causative Persons verb Make The manager Have Let Causative V. Get Want The manager Order Permit Allow Causative V. Have The manager Get The product Demonstrated Noun (phrase) Verb 3 Mr . Smith To demonstrate The product Persons To + verb1 Noun (phrase) Mr. Smith Demonstrate The product Verb 1 Noun (phrase)

Ex : 1. The human resources assistant makes all job applicants a typing test A. Take C. to take B. Takes D. had taken 2. The company never permitted employees public statements A. Making C. make B. To make D. made 3. Because of the new project , the director wants all employees work this weekend . A 4. B C D

The travel agent had the reservation change to a later time . A B C D

CONJUNCTIONS Because As For Since clause (s+v) Because of Owing to Due to Thanks to N Inspite of Despite N Though Al though Even though clause (s+v)

Conj Al though Because

Noun P Mrs . Do Mrs. Do

Verb P. Worked hard Worked hard

S She she

Verb P. Didnt receive Received

Noun P. A promotion A promotion

Ex : The secretary hid the key her desk before she locked the confidential papers in it . A Please sign for the packtage it arrives . A. Because B. Until (PARTICIPLES) SAME SUBJECT C. Although D. When PRESENT (ing) PAST (kk3) me / ber di / ter B C D

Entering the class , the teacher found them sleeping (when he entered ) Disappointed with the statement ,she sued the paper . (because she was disappointed ) Ing (N) Boring Interesting Shocking KK3/ED (P) Bored Interested Shocked

Meaning (Adjective particle) -the child saw a frightening film -the frightened child saw a film

Is important here

Ex : the audience fell asleep during the speech . A. Boring B. Bored C. Bores D. Bore

The report gave the team information they needed. A. Enclosing B. Enclosed C. To enclose D. Has been enclosed

The surprised message about the salary cuts made everyone unhappy A B C D

PARALLEL
The boss The boss Likes Likes To type Typing And And To proofread Proofreading His own letters His own letters

When tenagers finish high school, they have several choices : Going to collage, getting a job or the armi . Peter is wealthy, goodlooking and many people like him Ex :

A. (1) (2) (3) (4)

Mr. Medeiros likes to arrive early or to get his work done Is staying late Stays late Stay late Staying late

(1) The company is dedicated to product quality and customer satisfied . A B C D

(2) Loving throughout the western word , ballet is a theatrical art that tells a story through A dance accompanied by music D B C

TO INFINITIVE
Subj We The conmputer Verb Had planned Failed To inf To leave To run (noun phrase) / adverb Day before yest. The program +

Subject To pray is to talk to God

After subject I ordered her to clean the room

After certain verbs Agree Appear Seem Arrange Ask Consent Swear decide demand deserve except fail forget beg hesitate intend hope learn manage mean attempt promise need offer plan prepare pretend refuse tend threaten wait want

A. The clerk intends her supervisors job in a few years (1) Having C. Have (2) To have D. Will have B. Ms. Helm refuses planning the banquet for the convention next month A B C D

C. Representative democracy seened evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth A B C

century in Britain, Europe, and the united states . D

GERUND (V ING AS NOUN )

Noun phrase The clerk Verb Finished Gerund Verifying Noun phrase The orders

Functions : A. Subject Writing letters is not as easy as we imagine . B. After object

They postponed the plane flying . C. Certain verbs Appreciate Avoid Consider Delay Discuss Enjoy finish mind miss postphone stop quit deny admit keep suggest regret claim risk report resist recall

You shouldt risk entering that building They have reported seeing a big shark D. After proposition (at, on, in, by, of, about, after) He lives from selling drugs. E. After prossessive adjective I cant accept his smooking here F. Verb phrase Object to Confess to Advanced to Look forward to 1. committed to dedicated to be used to cantt help be bussy be worth no use forget about

Many modern architects insist on materials native to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape . A. Use C. The use B. To use D. Using

2. During jacksons administration , those who did not approve of permit common people in A B

the white house were shocked by the presidents insistence that they be invited into the C mansions . 1. Although mr. togel could not attend, he appreciated to receive an invitation . A B C D D

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS (INDIRECT)

NOUN CLAUSE

addition

REAL QUESTIONS

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
inversion

What time is it ? Where does she live ? Why did he take it ?

(can you tell me) what time it is ? Where she lives is still my sterious I wonder why he took it .

1. No one knows A. Why was the teacher absent yesterday B. Why the teacher absent yesterday was C. Why the teacher was absent yesterday D. The teacher was absent yesterday why 2. Proponents of solar energy wonder funded so few research project . A. Why the government has B. the government C. Why has the government D. About the government

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Positive as sifat as Ket Benda Noun P His home Noun P His computer V Is V works As As sama se Sifat Beautiful Ket Beautifully

3 DEGREES

Pronoun As Mine Noun phrase As This computer

Comparative

ER Than Lebih daripada More than 1-2 syllable er est >syllable more Most Irregular memorized

Regular :

Superlative

est Paling / ter Most

Noun P Her work The printer

V IS Operates

Art The The Neatest Most queitly

Prep. phrase Of all Of all the equipment

Of 2 entities Of > 2 entities

comparative superlative

Ex : of the two girls , she is the prettier . Double comparative The comparative the comparative Semakin ... semakin The more money you have , the more people come to you .

Ex :

COMPARISON 1) The new employee would like to be his predecessor A. Popular as C. as popular B. As popular as D. popular than 2) The view from your office is from mine A. Better than C. The better B. Better D. The better of 3) The office furniture you have requested is more expensive the budget allows . A B C D

4) The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engine because it converts A B C D

more the ureful energy stored up in the fuel . 5) The prices at chain stores are as reasonable , if not more reasonable , as those at discount stores A B C D

6) The new model costs twice more than last years model A B C D

7) It is generally accepted that the commow cold is caused by as much as forty strains of A viruses that may be present in the air at all times D B C

CONDITIONAL If clause
Type I (probable ) (present T) -S + KK1 (s,es,ies) Combination -do / does -Am /is / are

3 TYPES main clause

(present future) S + will + KK1

S + will + be

Type II ( improbable ) (past T ) -kk2 -did -were s + would + be (past future) s + would + kk1

>< fact (present)

Type III (regret) (past perfect) inversion -had + kk3 -had + been (past future perfect) would + have + kk3 would + have + been

><fact (past)

1) A. B. 2) A. B. 3)

If it more humid in the desert of the southwest, the hot temperature would be unbearable . BE C. Was Is D. Were If water is heated to 212 degress F as steam. It will boil and escape C. It boil and escape It is building and escaping D. It would boil and escape If robbert kennedy would have lived a little longer , he probably would have won the election . A B C D

4) If I was the boss , I would let everyone leave early in the summer A B C D

5) Mrs. Lieur will call you if the package arrive to day A B C D

RELATIVE CLAUSE
- who + kk /be Persons - whom + person + kk -which To whom , with whom Preposition whom

> .,
Things -that Possessive Whose + noun (person/thing) same

which

Preposition

which

Who everyone who

V Took The tour was impressed by the lake

Whom He was the only America Whom

S I

V Saw At the conference

1) The wallet.was found in the hall has been claimed A. That it B. It c. that d. whose it

2) In a parliamentary system, it is not the monarch but the prime minister. A. Whom the real power B. Who has the real power C. Whom has the real power D. Who the real power 3) The author,he prefers to remain anonymous, has written an excellent book A B C D

4) After the police had tried unsuccessfully to determine to who the car belonged, they towed it A into the station B C D

TAG QUESTION sentence Pattern Rules If If steps s s (+) (-) , , the the QT (-) QT (+) the most important is the meaning Aux + subj [pronoun] ?

.decide (+) / (-) .find the subj .find tense .find AUX

Traps

rapely Seldom Never Barely Hardly No

I am,..

arent I ?

Some .. Any .. Every .. No .. one body they ?

Ex: He brought nothing from Jakarta, did he ? Mrs. Sandras husband always leaver early, doesnt he ?

1) Shes got a new car from her boss, . . . . . . ? A. B. Doesnt she Isnt she C. D. wasnt she hasnt she

2) Japan wont help Indonesia in nuclear research, . . . . ? A. Will you C. does it B. Will it D. is it

PRONOUNS Subject I (you) we they he she (it) Object me (you) us them him (her) (it) After verb beginning After prep. Nouns -The noun is clear Possessive Adj. My Your Our Their (his) (her) (its) Followed by Possessive pronoun mine yours ours Theirs (his) Hers (its) -stand it self Reflexive pronoun My self Your self / (ves) Ourse lves Themse l ves Himse lf Herself itself

This is a picture of Bryan, one of his friends, and me . Your daughter will soon be as tall as mine. Stephen hurt himself playing on the swing. Children can usually dress themselves by the age of five. They offered their seats to you and me.

1) Rates spent . . . . . working as a sculptor. A. he was young C. as a youth B. youth 2) D. his youth

At the age eight of twenty six, William Shakespeare married / woman who has eight years older A than him. D B C

3)

Faced with the possibility of a water shortage during the summer, the city has asked it citizens A tolimit their use of water. C D B

4) Jan Sibelius, a finnish composer, captured the spirit of him country in his music A B C D

PASSIVE VOICE steps : find the subject object tense be kk3 is are was were been be Active a. present T. do/ does b. Past T. c. Present cont d. Past cont e. Perfect f. Modal kk2 / did am / is / are + ing was / were / + ing have,has,had + kk3 shall,will,can + kk1 Was / were / + kk3 Am / is / are being + kk3 Was / were / being + kk3 Have / has/ had + kk3 Shall, will, can + kk3 kk, s/es/ ies pass: s + be + kk3 + o Passive Am / is / are + kk3 Be + V3 Am rules : act: s + V + o di . . . . ter . . .

Ex :

The famous architect, f.l. wright, was greatly.., who wanted him to study architecture. A. Influenced by his father B. From his fathers influence C. D. his father influenced him influencing for his father

From now on , new building in one level earthquake zone in the united states are to reconstructed A to withstand a tremor without suffering structural damage C D B

SUBJUNCTIVE
One person wants another person to do STH S MR. HO I V Prefers Insist That That That S She He Simple Verb Speak Be

With him personally Patient

Verbs : Adjectives : Advised Important Mandatory Urgent - Necessary -Obligatory -Proposed - Imperative -Recommended -Required -Suggested Advise Ask Command Demand - Demand - Insist -Move -Order - Propose - Recommed - Request - Require - Prefer - Suggest - Urge - Stipulate

Ex : it has been suggested that she leave at once Nouns : Demand Insistence - Recommendation - Request

 Preference Proposal

- Requirement -Suggestion

S They

V Refused

Noun The request

That That

S The prerequisite

Simple V Be waived

1. The doctor suggested that she did not smoke A B C D

2. It is imperative that every student maintains a grade point average of B in his A Major field. B C D

PREPOSITION
AT Time Street whit no Number Specific place ON Street Coast River Day Date Meens of transport Tv / radio / IN Month Year Country State Province City Room Building

phone Floor

Park

IN Lyly was born in

YEAR 1919

IN in

MONTH July

ON on

DAY sunday

AT at

TIME 7:30

1) Many of the famous advertising offices are located in Madison avenue A B C D

2) Most stures in large American cities close . Five or six oclock on weekdays , but the malls in the suburs stay open much later . A. At C. On B. In D. Until

3) Accountants are always busiest on april because both federal and state taxes are due A on the fifteenth . D B C

SUBJUNCTIVE (unreal) Expectation Conditional sentence type 2 & 3 As if S He Verb (prs) As though ACTS As is As if S Verb (past) As though He Talked As though He Had know it S Verb ( past perfect ) He Were rich S Verb ( past T )

Hope Unreal expectation Wish Ex : she wishes that she didnt work at BCA

1) Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are , some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting . A. Hadnt C. Hadnt had B. Didnt have had D. Hadnt have 2) The secretary sometimes wishes that she in a big corporation . A. Worked not C. was not working B. Does not work D. were not working

ELLIPTIC (agreement) 2 sentences 1 sent

The same element omitted

(+) so / too There are 2 kinds (-) neither / either begitu juga

First sentence

so + aux + subject Subj + aux + too

First sentence

neither + aux + S Subject + aux + either

steps : - decide (+) / (-) -find S -find AUX .V. Ex : (1) Although one of his ships succeeded in sailing all the way back to spain past the cape of good hope , Magellan never completed the first circum navigation of the world , and .. A. Most of his crew was not either B. Neither most of hid crew did C. Neither did most of his crew D. Most of his crew didnt neither (2) He dislikes living in the dormitory , and do his friends . A. So B. Too C. Either D. Neither past Modals infinitive Should V1 Can / could V1 May / might V1 present

Modals perfect infinitive Should have V3 Could have V3 May / might have V3

Must have V3 Should not have V3

Must V1 Should not V 1

1) The ford theather where Lincoln was shot .. A. Must restore B. Must be restore C. must have been restored D. must restored

2) Nelson could be won the fight , whit a little more training and a better manager . A B C D

3) They should to the seminar last week . A. Had went B. Had gone C. have went D. have gone

4) We did not see him , so he left early . A. Has B. Had C. must have D. should have

ENOUGH
Adjective + enough Adverb (noun + enough) Enough + noun

We

Have

Enough Tickets / money

Tickets / money Enough

Adjective

Enough

Infinitive

It

Is

Warm

Enough

To go swimming

1) The definition of Gram calories or calories are .. for most engineering work . A. Accurate as enough C. accurate enough B. Enough accurate D. as accurate enough

2) Most large corporations provide pensions plans for their employees so that they will be A secure enough than to live comfortably during their retirement . B C D

3) When your body does not get , it cannot make the glucose it needs . A. Enough food B. Food as enough C. food enoughly D. enough the food

4) As soon as the company has as enough earnings to make up for a bad year , the stockholders of A B C

cumulative preferred stock receive dividends for the bad year as well as for the D

PART OF SPEECH Ajactive ( opinion ) Modifly NOUN Features : -ible / able -al (n + al) Adj + noun -y (n + y ) -ful (n + ful ) -ous ( cusious motionless possible medical crazy helpful -ish -ic -ary -ive childish specific temporary active

-less (n + les ) Ex : Religious man.

Noun

Features

- Ity

(Adj)

- Er/or - Ness - Ist - Ment - Ion

- Age (V/Adj) -Al (Adj)

-Ance/Ence -Ant -Cy

Verb

Features

- ZE -FY -EN

minimize justify darken Endanger

LY (adj )

slowly

Extremely beautifully decorated home . Ex: Adverb Modify adj verb absolutely difficult He can run quickly
Good Hard Fast Late

LIST OF CONTENTS SUBJECT NOUN TENSE CAUSATIVE V. CONJUNCTION PARTICIPLE PARALLEL TO INFINITIVE GERUND EMBEDDED Q COMPARISON PAGE 1-2 3-4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11-12 SUBJECT ELLIPTIC MODALS INFINITIVE ENOUGH DERIVATE 21 22 23 24

CONDITIONAL RELATIVE P. TAG QUESTION PRONOUN PASSIVE V. SUBJUNCTIVE(THAT) PREPOSITION SUBJUNCTIVE/UNREAL

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

MODALS LOGICAL CONCLISIONS EVENTS IN THE PAST SUBJ MY PAL MUST HAVE MUST HAVE KK3 CALLED PAST TIME LAST NIGTH

THE SECRET ARE WET ; it should have rained last (MUST HAVE RAINED) THE PEN WONT WRITE ; it can have run out of ink (MUST HAVE RUN OUT OF) THE RING that I was looking for is gone; someone else must buy it (MUST HAVE BOUGHT) Dont see MARTHA ANYWHERE; she must be left early

(MUST HAVE LEFT) EX : The theory of continental drift assumes that there long term climatic changes in many area during the past. A. Must Have Been B. Must Be C. Must Have D. Must

When the weather becomes colder we know that A B

the air mass must be originated in the arctic rather than C over the gulf of Mexico. D

MEMORANDUM FOR CC FROM DATE

: ALL EMPLOYEES : JHON TOWER / PRESIDENT : TOM PERALES / VP PERSONNEL : JULY 3, 19

ONCE AGAIN THIS YEAR, WE WILL PUT IN PLACE POR THE MONTH OF AUGUST OUR SUMMER SHORT WEEK WOEK SCHEDULE. AS IN THE PAST, EACH FRIDAY DURING THE MONTH OF AUGUST,FULL TIME ON SITE EMPLYEES WILL BE ALLOWED TO GO HOME AT 3:00 P.M, RATHER THAN AT 5:00 P.M, EMPLOYEES WILL BE PAID TOR THE ENTIRE DAY. REGULAR EMPLOYEES WHO ARE ILL OR ON VACATION ON ANY OF THE AUGUST FRIDAYS, OR WHO FOR SOME OTHER REASON ARE OFF SITE, WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE ADVATAGE OF THIS BENEFIT. DURING THIS PERIOD, EMPLOYEES WHO ARE FLIGIBLE FOR THIS BENEFIT WILL MARK THEIR WEEKLY TIME SHEETS AS TIME-OFF WITH - DAY , OR TOWP, FOR TWO HOURS EACH FRIDAY. IF TIME SHEETS ARE NOT PROPERLY MARKED EMPLOYEES EILL NOT BE PAID FOR THE TIME. IF YOU HABE ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING THIS MATTER, PLEASE CONTACT OUR SUPERBISOR. ENJOY YOUR SUMMER

3.HOW MANY HOURS PER WEEK ARE AFFECTED BY THIS POLICY ? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 10S

9. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING EMPLOYEES IS AFFECTED BY THIS POLICY ? A. AN EMPOLYEE WHO IS ON VACATION B. A TEMPORARY EMPLOYEE C. A REGULAR EMPOLYEE WHO WILL RETIRE ON AUGUST 15. D. A PART TIME EMPLOYEE WHO HAS WORKED FOR THE COMPANY FOR TEN YEARS.