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OXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford IL furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai DaresSalaam Delhi HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Osford is a registered trade mark ot Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press, 2003 ‘The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, ‘or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction Outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press. at the addrese shove You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer A catalogue record for this ttle is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Data available) ISBN 0 19 850951 0 (Hbk) ISBN 0 19 850952 9 (Phk) 10987654321 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by The Bath Press, Avon Particle Astrophysics D.H. PERKINS Particle and Astrophysics Department Oxford University OXFORD University pREss Rn Contents 1 Quarks and leptons and their interactions 1 11 Preamble 1 1.2 Quarks and leptons 1.3 Fermions and bosons: the spin-statistics theorem: supersymmetry 5 14 Antiparticles 6 1.5. The fundamental interactions: boson exchange 8 1.6 The boson couplings to fermions 10 1.7 The quark-gluon plasma 16 1.8 The interaction cross section 16 1.9 Examples of elementary particle cross sections 18 1,10 Decays and resonances 23 1.11 Examples of resonances 26 1.12. New particles 28 1.13 Summary 29 Problems 20 2 The expanding universe 32 2.1. The Hubble expansion 32 2.2 Olbere’ paradox 37 2.3. The Friedmann equation 38 24 The sources of energy density 41 2.5 Observed energy densities: the age of the universe 43 2.6 The deceleration parameter: the effects of vacuum energy/cosmological constant 47 2.7 Cosmic microwave radiation 48 28 Radiations in the early universe 51 2.9 Radiation and matter eras 52 2.10. Primordial nucleosynthesis 56 2.11 Baryogenesis and the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the ‘universe 59 2.12 Summary 62 Problems 63 3 Conservation rules and symmetries 65 3.1 Preamble 65 3.2 Rotations 66, 3.3. The parity operation 66 3.4 Parity conservation and intrinsic parity 67 EEE

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