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MATLAB SIMULATION OF FS-1015 LPC-10e COPYRIGHT (C) 1996-99 ANDREAS SPANIAS and TED PAINTER This Copyright applies only to this particular MATLAB implementation of the LPC-10e coder. The MATLAB software is intended only for educational purposes. No other use is intended or authorized. This is not a public domain program and unauthorized distribution to individuals or networks is prohibited. Be aware that use of the standard in any form is goverened by rules of the US DoD. This program is free software. It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. There is no commitment or even implied commitment on behalf of Andreas Spanias or Ted Painter for maintenance or support of this code. MATLAB is trademark of The Mathworks Inc ALL DERIVATIVE WORKS MUST INCLUDE THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE. ****************************************************************** ONSET PORTED TO MATLAB FROM LPC-55 C RELEASE 2-23-94 ****************************************************************** DESCRIPTION Onset Detection. Detects onsets (rapid changes in speech character) in the futuremost frame of input speech. Onset locations are used to position windows for voicing, spectral, and energy computations. DESIGN NOTES Onsets are detected by passing a modified signal through two filters, then applying hysteresis to prevent excessive onsets. The process is: 1) Forward prediction coefficients are computed from preemphasized input speech: s(i)s(i-1) fpc(i) = -----------s(i-1)s(i-1) 2) Above numerator and denominator are passed through an IIR filter: b H(Z) = ------------- where b = 1/64 and a = -63/64 1 + a(Z^-1) Expression (1) is evaluated and resulting fpc(i)s are clamped to +/-1. In case of a zero denominator, fpc(i-1) is used for f(i). 3) Using an FIR filter, fpc(i)s are differentiated. Because fpc(i) is an indicator of spectral tilt, its derivative is expected to become large in magnitude at an onset. Differentiator is: H(Z) = 1 + Z^-1 + Z^-2 + ... + Z^-7 - Z^-8 - Z^-9 - ... - Z^-15

% 4) Finally, thresholding is applied to d(i) terms. d(i)s of sufficient % magnitude indicate onset existence. Hysteresis is incorporated to % prevent excessive onsets. % % VARIABLES % % in - input frame (-1.0 to 1.0) % b, a - filter taps % % ****************************************************************** function [ osbuf, osptr, onsetState ] = onset( pe, osbuf, osptr, statics ) % RESTORE FUNCTION STATE (static variables) hyst = statics( 1, 1 ); lasti = statics( 1, 2 ); zn = statics( 1:2, 3 ); zd = statics( 1:2, 4 ); flast = statics( 1, 5 ); zdiff = statics( 1:15, 6 ); % DECLARE ALL GLOBAL CONSTANTS global LFRAME OSLEN; % INITIALIZE USEFUL CONSTANTS lo = LFRAME; mid = 2 * LFRAME; hi = 3 * LFRAME; % INITIALIZE LOCAL VARIABLES fpc = zeros( LFRAME, 1 ); n = zeros( LFRAME, 1 ); d = zeros( LFRAME, 1 ); diff = zeros( LFRAME, 1 ); OnsetThreshold = 1.7; DiffLag = 9; OsHyst = 10; % INITIALIZE TAPS, FILTERS 2 AND bexp = [ 1.0/64.0, 0.0, 0.0 ]; aexp = [ 1.0, -63.0/64.0, 0.0 ]; bdiff = [ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, adiff = [ 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, % MAINTAIN HYSTERESIS TRACKING if hyst == 1 lasti = lasti - 180; end % n d [ [ COMPUTE AND FILTER FPC TERMS = pe( mid + 1 : hi ) .* pe( mid : hi - 1 ); = pe( mid : hi - 1 ) .* pe( mid : hi - 1 ); n, zn ] = filter( bexp, aexp, n, zn ); d, zd ] = filter( bexp, aexp, d, zd ); 3 (SEE ABOVE) 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, ... -1.0 ]; 0.0, ... 0.0 ];

% CLAMP TO +/-1, TRAP DIVIDE BY ZERO for i = 1 : LFRAME if d( i ) == 0.00

fpc( i ) = flast; else if abs( n( i fpc( i ) else fpc( i ) end flast = fpc( end end % DIFFERENTIATE FPCs TO FIND ONSETS [ diff, zdiff ] = filter( bdiff, adiff, fpc, zdiff ); % INCORPORATE THRESHOLDING AND HYSTERESIS, STORE RESULTS diff = abs( diff ); for i = 1 : LFRAME if diff( i ) > OnsetThreshold if hyst == 0 if osptr <= OSLEN osbuf( osptr ) = i - DiffLag + 540; osptr = osptr + 1; end hyst = 1; end lasti = i; else if ( hyst == 1 ) & ( ( i - lasti ) >= OsHyst ) hyst = 0; end end end % SAVE FUNCTION STATE (STATIC VARIABLES) p1 = zeros( 14, 1 ); p2 = zeros( 13, 1 ); onsetState = [ [hyst;p1], [lasti;p1], [zn;p2], [zd;p2], [flast;p1], zdiff ]; ) ) > d( i ) = sign( n( i ) ); = n( i ) / d( i ); i );