Howtoperformshortcircuitcalculations,Part1

Performingshortcircuitcalculationsrequiresanunderstandingofvarioussystemcomponentsandtheir interaction.It'sveryimportanttounderstandthemeaningoftheterm"shortcircuitfault."Basically,a shortcircuit fault in a power system is an abnormal condition that involves one or more phases unintentionallycomingincontactwithgroundoreachother.Thus,shortcircuitprotectionis Performingshortcircuitcalculationsrequiresanunderstandingofvarioussystemcomponentsandtheir interaction. It'sveryimportanttounderstandthemeaningoftheterm"shortcircuitfault."Basically,ashortcircuit fault in a power system is an abnormal condition that involves one or more phases unintentionally coming in contact with ground or each other. Thus, shortcircuit protection is necessary to protect personnel and apparatus from the destructive effects of the resulting excessive current flow, which is causedbytherelativelylowimpedanceoftheshortcircuitfaultconnection. To provide the required protection, we must determine the extent of shortcircuit current at various pointsofourpowerdistributionsystem.Thisdeterminationrequiresacalculation. In Part one of this threepart series, we'll discuss specific parameters needed to perform shortcircuit calculations of industrial and commercial power systems according to the ANSI/IEEE 141 standard, RecommendedPracticeforElectricPowerDistributionforIndustrialPlants(RedBook). Sourcesoffaultcurrent Wheredoesfaultcurrentcomefrom?Basically,itcomesfromrotatingelectricmachinery,usuallyinthe formofsynchronousgenerators,synchronousmotorsandcondensers,inductionmachines,andelectric utility systems. The magnitude of fault current from these sources is limited by the impedance of the machineitselfaswellastheimpedancebetweenthemachineandthefaultitself. Becauseasynchronousgeneratorhasaprimemoverandanexternallyexcitedfield,itsfaultcurrentwill continueunlessinterruptedbysomeswitchingmeans. Synchronous motors and condensers supply current to a fault in much the same way as synchronous generators;however,theirfaultcurrentdiminishesastheirmagneticfieldsdecay.Inductionmotorfault currentisgeneratedbyinertiathatisdrivingthemotorinthepresenceofafieldflux,whichisproduced byinductionfromthemotor'sstator. Thebasics A balanced 3phase fault implies that all three phases of the power system are simultaneously short circuited to each other through a direct or "bolted" connection. Although the probability of this happeningissmall,relativetotheprobabilityofothertypesofunbalancedfaultsoccurring(e.g.,phase togroundandphasetophasefaults),weneverthelessuseabalanced3phasefaultforashortcircuit studyforthefollowingreasons.

* Often, a 3phase fault produces the largest shortcircuit current magnitude; thus, this worstcase resultisthenusedasthebasistoselecttheshortcircuitcapabilitiesofswitchgearfrommanufacturers' tables. * Shortcircuit calculations are simplest for a balanced 3phase fault because symmetry of the fault connectionpermitsustoconsideronlyoneofthethreephases. The other types of unbalanced shortcircuit faults are important in selecting the timecurrent characteristics and settings of phaseovercurrent and groundfault protective devices to provide selectivecoordination.Thiscoordinationassuresservicecontinuityandminimizesdamagetoswitchgear andloadequipment.However,unbalancedfaultcalculationsaremoredifficulttoperformforindustrial andcommercialpowersystemsandrequireaknowledgeofthemethodofsymmetricalcomponents. SymmetricalRMScurrentversusshortcircuitduty InFig.1,we seea3phasesynchronousgenerator,previouslyunloaded,thathasbeensubjectedtoa balanced,3phasefaultacrossitsaccessibleterminals.Ingeneral,anasymmetricalshortcircuitcurrent waveformisproducedbyabalanced,3phasefault. Fig. 2 shows a typical asymmetrical shortcircuit waveform (bottom) for one phase of the 3phase synchronous generator. The diagram also shows that this waveform is a combination of two components:aunidirectional(DC)component(upperleftwaveform)andasymmetrical(AC)component (upper right waveform). The DC component approximately decays exponentially with a time constant equalto[X.sub.EQ]/[R.sub.EQ],where[X.sub.EQ]and[R.sub.EQ]aretheequivalentinductivereactance andresistanceatthefaultlocation,respectively.TheDCcomponenteventuallydecaystozero,andthe amplitudeofthesymmetricalACcomponenteventuallydecaystoaconstantamplitudeinthesteady state.Thesumofthesetwocomponentsatanytimeinstantisequaltothetotalasymmetricalshort circuitcurrentatthatinstant. The root meansquare (rms) value of the asymmetrical shortcircuit current waveform is the basis for theselectionoftheshortcircuitcapabilitiesofcircuitbreakersandfuses.Calculationofthepreciserms valueofanasymmetricalcurrentatanytimeaftertheinceptionofashortcircuitmaybeveryinvolved. Accurate decrement factors to account for the DC component at any time are required, as well as factorsfortherateofchangeoftheapparentreactanceofthegenerators.Thisprecisemethodmaybe used,ifdesired;however,simplifiedmethodshaveevolvedwherebytheDCcomponentisaccountedfor by simple multiplying factors. These multiplying factors convert the rms value of the symmetrical AC component(symmetricalrmscurrent)intormscurrentoftheasymmetricalwaveform,includingtheDC component(asymmetricalrmscurrentorshortcircuitcurrentduty). Typesofnetworkstocalculatesymmetricalrmscurrent InordertoutilizeACcircuittheoryincalculatingsymmetricalrmscurrent,threetypesofnetworksare usedtorepresentthepowersystemoverthreetimeintervalsofthefaultontimeperiod. *Firstcycle(momentary)network. *Contactparting(interrupting)network.

*Approximately30cyclenetwork. These networks only differ from one another by the assignments of constant reactances for the machines. Firstcycle (momentary) network. This network is used to calculate the firstcycle (momentary) symmetrical rms current. Here, the rotating machine sources of shortcircuit current are represented, forthemostpart,bytheirsubtransientreactances,accordingtotheentriesinthefirstcolumnofTables 41and42ofthe1993editionoftheIEEERedBook(orTables24and25ofthe1986edition). Contactparting (interrupting) network. This network is used to calculate the contactparting (interrupting) symmetrical rms current for circuit breaker minimum contactparting times of 1.5 to 4 cyclesafter theinception oftheshortcircuitfault. Here,therotating machinesourcesof shortcircuit current are represented by different constant reactances than the firstcycle (momentary) network, accordingtotheentriesinthesecondcolumnofTables41and42ofthe1993editionoftheIEEERed Book(orTables24and25ofthe1986edition). Approximately30cyclenetwork.Thisnetworkisoftenaminimumsourcerepresentationtoinvestigate whether minimum shortcircuit currents are sufficient to operate currentactuated relays. Minimum sourcenetworksmightapplyatnightorwhenproductionlinesaredownforanyreason.Someofthe source circuit breakers may be open and all motor circuits may be off. Inplant generators are representedwithtransientreactanceoralargerreactancethatisrelatedtothemagnitudeofdecaying generatorshortcircuitcurrentatthedesiredcalculationtime. InPart2(December1995issue),we'lluseasimpleexamplethatshowsthenecessarystepsneededto determinetheappropriatereactancesandresistancesofthepowersystemapparatusforthefirstcycle (momentary)andcontactparting(interrupting)networks. InPart3(April1996issue),we'llexplainhowtoconstructthenetworks,imposethefaultconnection, andusebasicACcircuittheorytoreducethenetworkstoequivalentreactanceandresistancevalues. Theseequivalentreactanceandresistancevaluescanthenbeusedtocalculatesymmetricalrmsshort circuitcurrentsandequivalentshortcircuit[X.sub.EQ]/[R.sub.EQ]ratios. RELATEDARTICLE:TERMSTOKNOW Asymmetrical shortcircuit current: A fault current whose waveform is asymmetrical to the zero axis. The peak positive current at any of the waveform loops will be greater than 1.414 times the rms symmetricalcurrent. Symmetricalshortcircuitcurrent:Afaultcurrentwhosewaveformissymmetricalaboutthezeroaxis.In other words, the positive peak current has the same value as the negative peak current. These peak (maxium)currentsarealwaysequalto1.414timesthermssymmetricalcurrent. rms current: Current which, while flowing through a given ohms resistance, will produce heat at the samerateasaDCampere.

Reactance:Anoppositiontotheflowofelectricalcurrentinacircuit.Itisusuallyexpressedinohmsand consistsofinductiveandcapacitiveparts. Subtransient reactance: The value of reactance that determines the amount of shortcircuit current duringthefirsthalfcycleafterthefaultoccurs. Dr.FrankJ.Mercede,P.E.isaConsultingPowerEngineerfromRosemont,PA,whoprovidestrainingand engineeringservicestoutilityandindustrialclients.

Howtoperformshortcircuitcalculations,part2
Performingshortcircuitcalculationsrequiresanunderstandingofvarioussystemcomponentsandtheir interaction.InPart1ofthisarticle,whichwasfeaturedintheJune1995issue,wediscussedthetypesof networkstocalculateshortcircuit current(i.e.,symmetricalrmscurrent). InParts2and3(April1996 issue),we'lldescribetheperunitmethodofperformingshortcircuitcalculations Performingshortcircuitcalculationsrequiresanunderstandingofvarioussystemcomponentsandtheir interaction. InPart1ofthisarticle,whichwasfeaturedintheJune1995issue,wediscussedthetypesofnetworks tocalculateshortcircuitcurrent(i.e.,symmetricalrmscurrent).InParts2and3(April1996issue),we'll describetheperunitmethodofperformingshortcircuitcalculationsinaccordancewithANSI/IEEE141 1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (the Red Book). We'lluseasimpleexampleofanindustrialpowersystemtoshowthedatapreparationstepsnecessary indeterminingtheappropriateperunitreactancesandresistancesofpowersystemequipmentforfirst cycle(momentary)andcontactparting(interrupting)networks. Overviewofperunitanalysis Perunit analysis is based on "normalized" representations of the electrical quantities (i.e., voltage, current, impedance, etc.). The perunit equivalent of any electrical quantity is dimensionless and is defined as the ratio of the actual quantity in units (i.e., volts, amperes, ohms, etc.) to an appropriate basevalueoftheelectricalquantity.Thisisexpressedbythefollowingequation. perunitvalue=actualvalue[dividedby]basevalue(eq.1) Theactualvaluecanbeaphasororcomplexnumber(i.e.,magnitudeandphase)inunits,whereasthe basevalueissimplyarealnumberinunits. Thekeyfactorofaperunitnormalizationprocedureistheselectionofthebasevaluesoftheelectrical quantities.Inpractice,thebasevaluesof3phaseapparentpowerinMVA(i.e.baseMVA)andlineto line voltage in kV (i.e. base kV) are assigned on each side of every 3phase power transformer in accordancewiththefollowingsimplerules.

First,aconvenientbaseMVAischosen(e.g.,baseMVA=1,10,or100)andiscommonthroughoutthe entirepowersystem.Second,basekVonanysideofa3phasepowertransformerisdesignatedtobe equaltothenominal,linetolinenameplatekVratingofthetransformer. Thebasevaluesofperphasebaseimpedanceinohms(i.e.,baseZ)andlinecurrentinkiloamperes(i.e., basekA)arethenderivedfrombaseMVAandbasekV,accordingtothefollowingequations.baseZ= [(basekV).sup.2][dividedby]baseMVA(eq.2)basekA=baseMVA[dividedby]([squarerootof3]x basekV)(eq.3) Yougainanimportantadvantagebyassigningthebasevaluespertheaboveselectionrulesandusing themtonormalize(i.e.,"perunitize") theelectricalquantities.Thisadvantagecanbeseenintheper phase equivalent circuit model of any 3phase transformer connection: It is simply a perunit series impedancethataccountsfortheconductorlossesandleakagefluxes. The following equation is often used in [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 1 OMITTED] the data preparation stage to adjust the perunit impedance of power system apparatus whenever the 3phase nameplate ratingsaredifferentthanthepowersystem's3phasebasequantities. adjusted[Z.sub.pu]=unadjusted[Z.sub.pu]x(baseMVA[dividedby]MVArating)x[(kVrating[divided by]basekV).sup.2](eq.4) Data preparation for a simplified example In the absence of nameplate information or data from equipmentmanufacturers,typicaldatacanbereferencedfromtablesandfiguresincludedintheIEEE RedBook.Thedatapreparationstepstodeterminetheappropriateperunitreactancesandresistances forfirstcycle(momentary)andcontactingparting(interrupting)networksforthesimplifiedindustrial powersystemshowninFig.1areasfollows. Basevaluesofvoltage.Thebasevaluesoflinetolinevoltagearesimplythenominalnameplate,lineto line voltage ratings of the 3phase transformers. Base MVA is chosen to be 10 MVA and is constant throughoutthesystem. Utility.Theperphaseequivalentcircuitmodeloftheutilitytieattheplantisavoltagesourceinseries withanimpedance.Thissourceisthe nominalperunitlinetoneutralvoltageattheserviceentrance point. The perunit impedance is the same for both firstcycle and interrupting networks; thus, no superscript "f"or"I"isnecessaryforitssymbol.(Intheequationsthatfollow,superscripts"f"and"I" refer to the perunit reactance and resistance, respectively, for the firstcycle and interrupting networks.) Themagnitudeoftheimpedance([Z.sub.u]=0.01perunit)iscalculatedbyusingthefollowingequation. [Z.sub.u]=baseMVA[dividedby](SCAMVA)(eq.5) Here,SCAMVAisequalto1000andrepresentstheavailableshortcircuitapparentpowerdeliveredby theutilityfromallsourcesoutsidetheplant. To resolve [Z.sub.u] into reactive ([X.sub.u]) and resistive ([R.sub.u]) components, the following equationsareused.

X=Zsin([tan.sup.1]X/R)(eq.6a) R=Zcos([tan.sup.1]X/R)(eq.6b) Inthisevent,aconservativeassumptionistolet[X.sub.u]=[Z.sub.u]=0.01perunitand[R.sub.u]=0. Inourexample,asshowninFig.1,theshortcircuitX/Rratioattheutilitytieisunavailable.Thus,we assume[X.sub.u]=0.01perunitand[R.sub.u]=0. Transformers.Theperphaseequivalentcircuitmodelofany3phasetransformer[TABULARDATAFOR TABLE 2 OMITTED] connection is simply a perunit series impedance. This impedance is the same for bothfirstcycleandinterruptingnetworks;thus,nosuperscript"f"or"I"isnecessaryforitssymbol. The unadjusted impedance of the transformer is provided on its nameplate and is expressed as a percentageofratedimpedance.Inotherwords,yousimplydivideitby100%toarriveatitsunadjusted perunit value. This perunit impedance is adjusted with respect to the system base quantities per Equation 4, and the adjusted perunit impedance ([Z.sub.t]) is resolved into reactive ([X.sub.t]) and resistive ([R.sub.t]) components per Equations 6a and 6b. (The typical shortcircuit X/R ratios of the transformers in Fig. 1 are taken from Fig. 4A1 of the 1993 IEEE Red Book.) The results for the transformersinFig.1areshowninTable1. Cable.TheperphaseequivalentcircuitmodelofthecableinFig.1issimplyaperunitseriesimpedance. This impedance of the cable is the same for both firstcycle and interrupting networks; thus, no superscript"f"or"I"isnecessaryforitssymbol. Tofindthecable'sperunitreactance([X.sub.c])andresistance([R.sub.c]),thefollowingequationsare used. [X.sub.c]=[(Xohmsper1000ft)x(lengthofruninft)][dividedby][numberofparallelconductorsper phasexbaseZinohms](eq.7a) [R.sub.c]=[(Rohmsper1000ft)x(lengthofruninft)][dividedby][no.ofparallelconductorsperphase xbaseZinohms](eq.7b) Usingtheaboveequations,[X.sub.c]is0.0030perunitand[R.sub.c]=0.0043perunit. (Theapproximatereactanceandresistancedata(inohmsper1000ft)notedalongsidethecableinFig.1 aretakenfromTable4A7inthe1993IEEERedBook.) Turbinegenerator.Ingeneral,theperphaseequivalentcircuitmodelofarotatingmachineisavoltage sourceinserieswithanimpedancethatvarieswithtimeduringthefault.BasedonTable41,Chapter4 ofthe1993IEEERedBook,theunadjustedperunitreactanceoftheturbinegeneratorforboththefirst cycle and interrupting networks is 1.0 [X.sub.d]", where [X.sub.d]" is the saturated directaxis subtransientreactanceofthegeneratorinperunit.Youadjustthisreactancewithrespecttothesystem base quantities by using Equation 9, with the corresponding adjusted resistance calculated by using Equation8.

adjusted R = adjusted X [divided by] shortcircuit X/R (eq. 8) [X.sup.f]=(1.0 [X.sub.d]") x (base MVA [dividedby]MVArating)x[(kVrating[dividedby]basekV).sup.2](eq.9) ThecalculationresultsareshowninTable2.(ThetypicalmachinereactanceandshortcircuitX/Rdata are from Table 4A1 and Figs. 4A2 and 4A3 of the 1993 IEEE Red Book. Incidentally, there is a typographicalerrorinTable4A1ofthefirstprintingofthisbook:theleftmostcolumnofTable4A1 shouldbelabeled[X.sub.d]"andtherightmostcolumn[X.sub.d]'.) Large motors. Based on Table 41, Chapter 4 of the 1993 IEEE Red Book, the unadjusted perunit reactances for the firstcycle and interrupting networks are 1.0 [X.sub.d]" and 1.5 [X.sub.d]" respectively. Equation 9 is used to adjust the firstcycle reactance, where the 3phase kVA rating is approximately equaltothehorsepower(hp)ratingforinductionmotorsand0.8powerfactor(PF)synchronousmotors. The corresponding adjusted firstcycle resistance is calculated by using Equation 8. The following equations are then used to calculate the adjusted interrupting reactance and resistance from the correspondingfirstcyclevalues. [X.sub.[M.sup.I]]=1.5x[X.sub.[M.sup.f]](eq.10a) [R.sub.[M.sup.I]]=1.5x[R.sub.[M.sup.f]](eq.10b) TheresultsofthesecalculationsalsoareshowninTable2. Smallhorsepowerinductionmotors.Theunadjustedperunitreactancesofthesmallhorsepower(less than250hp)inductionmotorsshowninFig.1forthefirstcycle[TABULARDATAFORTABLE3OMITTED] and interrupting networks are taken from the footnotes of Table 42 in the 1993 IEEE Red Book. Specifically,youshouldrefertothefootnotesoftherowentitled"Allothers,50HPandabove"forthe 150hpinductionmotor.Alsorefertothefootnotesoftherowentitled"Allsmallerthan50HP"forthe groupofsmallhorsepowerinductionmotorswhoseratingsarelessthan50hp.Thefollowingequation isthenusedtoadjustboththeperunitfirstcycleandinterruptingreactances,wherethe3phasekVA ratingisapproximatelyequaltothehpratingforanindividualinductionmotororthesumtotalofhp ratingsforagroupofmotors. [X.sub.M]=(unadjusted[X.sub.M])x(baseMVA[dividedby]MVArating)x[(kVrating[dividedby]base kV).sup.2](eq.11) ThecorrespondingadjustedfirstcycleandinterruptingresistancesarecalculatedbyusingEquation8. TheresultsofthecalculationsarelistedinTable3.

Howtoperformshortcircuitcalculations,part3
Reducingfirstcycleandcontactpartingnetworkstoequivalentreactanceandresistancevaluesresults insimplifiednetwrorkcalculationsoffaultcurrentsandshortcircuitX/Rratios.InPart2ofthisseriesof articles(December1995issue),weusedasimpleexampletoshowthedatapreparationstepsusedin findingtheappropriateperunitreactancesandresistancesofpowersystemapparatus Reducingfirstcycleandcontactpartingnetworkstoequivalentreactanceandresistancevaluesresults insimplifiednetwrorkcalculationsoffaultcurrentsandshortcircuitX/Rratios. InPart2ofthisseriesofarticles(December1995issue),weusedasimpleexampletoshowthedata preparationstepsusedinfindingtheappropriateperunitreactancesandresistancesofpowersystem apparatus for the firstcycle (momentary) and contactparting (interrupting) networks. In this last installment,we'llexplainhowtousethisdataincalculatingshortcircuitcurrent[TABULARDATAFOR TABLE 1 OMITTED] [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 2 OMITTED] [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE 3 OMITTED] (symmetrical rms current). Specifically, we'll explain how to construct the networks from a oneline diagram,locatethefaultconnectiononthenetworks,andusebasicACcircuittheorytoreducethese networks to equivalent reactance and resistance values. These values, in turn, will then be used to calculate the firstcycle (momentary) and contactparting (interrupting) symmetrical rms currents and shortcircuitX/Rratios.Parts4and5infutureissueswilldiscusshowtousetheseresultsinselecting circuitbreakersandfusesfrommanufacturers'tables. Simplifiedreactanceandresistancenetworks Fig.1,onpage52,isasinglelinediagramofasimplifiedindustrialpowersystem,thesameusedinour reader'squizinPart2. Fig. 2, on page 54, presents the steps used to construct four types of simplified networks from the adjusted perunit reactances and resistances of Tables 1, 2, and 3: firstcycle (momentary) reactance network,firstcycle(momentary)resistancenetwork,contactparting(interrupting)reactancenetwork, andcontactparting(interrupting)resistancenetwork. In Step A of Fig. 2, we begin the construction of the simplified network by drawing upper and lower busses. An unlabeled sinusoidal AC voltage source is connected across the busses. Eventually ([ILLUSTRATIONFORFIGURE3OMITTED],onpage58),thisvoltagesourceislabeledtheprefaultphase toneutralvoltageatthefaultedbus. Step B is the key step in the construction of a simplified network. For every source of shortcircuit current (i.e., machines and utility), we connect one terminal of its reactance to the upper bus of the network.Weconnecttheotherterminalofthereactancetoanewbuswhoselabelisthebusnumber fromtheonelinediagram. Finally in Step C, we interconnect the remaining reactances of passive apparatus (i.e., transformers, feeders,etc.)tomatchtheonelinediagram. Faultconnectiononthesimplifiednetwork

InFig.3,weseethethreephasefaultlocationsimulatedbyconnectingajumperfromthefaultedbusto the lower reference bus. This diagram shows this procedure for threephase faults at Busses 2 and 4. Sincetheprefaultbusvoltagemagnitudesthroughoutthepowersystemareverycloseto1.0perunit undernormalloadconditions,wecanmakeaconservativeassumptionandselectthebusvoltageofthe sinusoidalACvoltagesourcetobegreaterthanorequalto1.0perunit.Also,wesetthephaseangleof thesourceat0[degrees];thiswillserveasthephaseanglereferenceforthepowersystem. Reductionofsimplifiednetwork Animportantadvantageofthesimplifiedreactance(orresistance)networkistheeasewithwhichyou can reduce the network to a single equivalent reactance [X.sub.EQ] (or resistance [R.sub.EQ]). All you need to do is apply the equations shown in Table 4, on page 58, to combine series and parallel arrangements of reactances. (These equations are the same for series and parallel arrangements of resistances.)Reactancesinseries"see"thesamecurrentandarecombinedbyaddition(e.g.,[X.sub.M4] + [X.sub.T2] and [X.sub.U] + [X.sub.T1]). Parallel reactances (indicated by double slashes,; e.g. [X.sub.M2]//[X.sub.M3])havecommonbusvoltage. Fig. 4, on page 60, summarizes the procedure used to reduce the simplified reactance network to an equivalent reactance ([X.sub.EQ]) for a three phase fault at Bus 4. Note that in the top network, the three leftmost branches are connected in parallel and are combined into a single reactance in the middlenetwork.Thetrickistonoticethatthissinglereactanceisinserieswith[X.sub.T3],andthatboth thesereactancesarecombinedbyadditioninthebottomnetwork.Finally,thesetworeactancesinthe bottomnetworkareconnectedinparallel,andarecombinedtoyield[X.sub.EQ]. In practice, it's easier to use numerical values instead of symbols to reduce the simplified networks. Symbols are used in Figs. 4 and 5 only to show how to use the equations to do the reductions. Furthermore,thereductionprocedureisidenticalforanyofthefourtypesofsimplifiednetworks. Table 5, on page 61, liststhe numerical results of the equivalent firstcycle (momentary) and contact parting(interrupting)reactancesandresistancesforthethreephasefaultsatthemajorbussesofthe Fig.1oneline.Notethattheequivalentcontactparting(interrupting)reactanceandresistancearenot calculatedatlowvoltage Bus3;thisisbecauseonlythefirstcycle (momentary)resultsareneededin selecting the shortcircuit capabilities of lowvoltage circuit breakers and fuses. Parts 4 and 5 of this series(infutureissues)willprovidefurtherinformationaboutthissubject. Finally the equations used to calculate the firstcycle (momentary) and contactparting (interrupting) symmetricalrmscurrentsandshortcircuitX/RratiosaregiveninTable4. Finalcautionarynotes Onceagain,you'recautionednottoselectcircuitbreakersandfusesfromamanufacturer'stablesolely onthebasisofsymmetricalrmscurrent.Therearecircumstanceswhensymmetricalrmscurrentmust be adjusted by a multiplying factor to account for asymmetrical limitations. (These limitations will be discussedinParts4and5ofthisseries.)

Filename: Howtoperformshortcircuitcurrentcalculations Directory: E:\TheoriesandCalculations\ShortCircuitCalculation Template: C:\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dotm Title: Subject: Author: System2 Keywords: Comments: CreationDate: 7/14/201212:17:00PM ChangeNumber: 5 LastSavedOn: 7/15/20121:42:00PM LastSavedBy: System2 TotalEditingTime: 64Minutes LastPrintedOn: 7/15/20121:43:00PM AsofLastCompletePrinting NumberofPages: 9 NumberofWords: 4,068(approx.) NumberofCharacters: 22,458(approx.)