OCl

TH1 N21r2 no. 639 c. 2

BLDG
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA CONSEIL NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES D U CANADA

Cooling Load Caused by Lights

by

G. P. Mitalas
p/

la=

- ---

,
-

.A

Reprinted from TRANSACTIONS Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering Vol. 2, NO. 3, 1973-74 p. 169-174

Research Paper No. 639 of the Division of Building Research

OTTAWA

Price 10 cents

NRCC 14660

Charge thermique d6gag6e par des luminaires

SOMMAI RE Une Btude analytique de la charge thermique dBgagBe par des luminaires nous a indiquB la nBcessit6 d'une determination experimentale de certains param6tres intervenant dans le calcul de cette charge de refroidissement. Pour repondre d ce besoin, une chambre calorimBtrique d pleine Qchellea kt6 construite e t Bquipee par la Division de la recherche du bitiment du Conseil National de Recherches du Canada. Cet article expose les r6sultats d'une serie de tests effectubs dans cette chambre, dans le but de determiner la charge de refroidissement causee par des luminaires fluorescents. Les conditions d'essais ont BtB multiples et comprennent des effets tels que: I'Bcoulement ou le non-ecoulement d'air d travers des fixations, les coefficients de projet valables pour une gamme de fixations des luminaires, de taux de ventilation e t de capaciths thermiques de la chambre. Les resultats de ces tests conduisent d la confirmation des conclusions de I'Qtude analytique et notamment, au fait que la relation entre une variation Bchelon de la puissance lumineuse et la charge thermique de refroidissement correspondante, peut s'exprimer par une expression du type exponentielle avec deux coefficients independants. Un de ces coefficients depend de la capacitB thermique de la chambre e t I'autre e s t une fonction de la facon dont est arrangB le syst6me de ventilation e t du type de fixation des luminaires.

Cooling Load Caused by Lights*

. '
Mita'asl MCSME
ll~z atzalytical study of the coolir~gload res~iltitzg fiorn power irlprit t o ligllts irzdicated the need fbr an experimerztal deterttzitzatiotz of sorne of' tlze paratneters irzvolved it7 the calculatior~sof this load. T o tneet this tzeerl a fill1 scale calorirneter r o o m was briilt ut~tlitzstrutnetzted b y tlze Divisiotz o f Brlilditig Research o f t h e Natiotzal Research Coritzcil o f Canada.

Rescarch officer

Building Services Scction Division of Building Research National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario

This paper presents t h e results of a series of' tests that were carried o u t zisitzg this facility t o measrire the cooling load f'br flliorescerlt ligllts both with atzd rvitlzout air flow t/zrorigh t h e fixtrires, aticl a set o f clesigtz coefficietzts fbr a range of light fixtures, vetztilatiotz rates, atzci rootn heat storage capacities. The reslilts of' these tests cotzji'rm the conclusions reacl~eclb y t/ze a r ~ u l ~ ~ t i c a l sr~icl)~, tzatnely, that tile relatiotz between a step cllutlge in polver itzprlt t o lights and tile correspotzclit~g cooling load cotnpotzetzt catl be described by at1 espotret~tialt y p e of expressiotz wit11 t w o indepetzcler~t coefficients. Otie of tlzenz depends oti t/ze rootn heat storage capacity and t/ze other is a fiitzctiot~ of t h e way the roonz veiztilation systenz is arranged a i d the type o f liglzt Jhtrires that are it~stallecl.

Introduction Electric lights have relatively low efficacy in terins of ligllt output per watt. This fact, coupled with the trend toward higher and higher levels of illun~ination in buildings, has resulted in the power t o the lights becoming a major source of heat in most modern office buildings. Initially part of this energy is in the form of radiation, which is absorbed by the surfaces that enclose the room, and these surfaces are warmecl by it. Eventually this heat is transferred t o the room air by conduction-convection but there is an appreciable delay before it appears as heat gain by the room air. The type of lighting fixtures that are used and the way that they are integrated into the air supply and exhaust systems also has an important influence on the amount of heat from the lights that enters the room. Both of these effects must be considered by the designers of heating and cooling systems for buildings if adequate and economical systems are to be achieved. The general problem of calculating cooling load resulting from power input t o lights was investigated analytically(1). That study indicated a need for experimental work t o establish the appropriate values of the convective heat transfer coefficients in rooms with various air supply and exhaust arrangements as well as the proportion of input power that is transferred upward and downward from the light fixtures. Consequently, a full scale calorimeter room was constructed and instrumented(2). It has been used to measure the cooling load for fluorescent lights both with and without air flow through the fixtures. This paper presents the results of these tests. Description of the Test Facility aild Testing Procedure The test charnber is a small room 10 x 14 ft with a 9-ft-high ceiling and a 3-ft 6-in. space between the ceiling and the underside of the floor above. Figure 1 shows the room during construction. The floor consists of precast concrete slabs 6 in. Figure 1 Calorimeter Room - Upper and Lower Concrete Floor Slabs in Place.

*Manuscript receivcd July 11, 1973 and in a revised form Nov. 1, 1973. No. 73-CSME-32, EIC Accession No. 1420.

C H A

COOLING COIL HEATER A I R FLOW METER

D F

DAMPER FAN

Figure 2

Calorimeter Room During Construction.

Figure 3

Air Circulation System-Unvented Plenum.

thick supported by a timber frame (weight of construction: 75 lb per ft2 of floor area) and the floor of the room above is the same except tlzat it is suspended from a structural steel frame. In this way there are n o high thermal conductivity members passing from the test room to its surroundings. The walls of the room are 4 in. of foamed plastic insulation with %-in. sheets of plywootl as facings. The inner face is covered by aluminum foil. The wall panels extend down 3 f t 6 in. below the floor t o enclose the space between tlze bottom side of tlze floor and the ceiling below. These wall panels are backed by light steel members which also support tlze outer wall panels. Figure 2 shows tlze first row of wall panels in position. There is a space about 10 in. wide formed by the steel stutls between the inner and outer panels through which air can be circulated. A ceiling of acoustic tiles and six 2-tube fluorescent light fixtures is installed in the room, ant1 a duplicate is installed in the space below tlze floor. Figure 3 shows a schematic crosssection of the facility ant1 also shows the air circulation circuits both in the room ant1 in the guard spaces. Air at the same temperature as tlze wall surface temperature a was circulated tl~rsuglz space behind the insulated wall panels t o prevent any heat transfer through the walls. The air conditioning system was all-air with supply ant1 return through one of the following: Supply: (1 ) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) ceiling diffuser wall-type fan coil unit light fixtures high wall return grille ceiling grille light fixtures

The test room represents a section of an interior zone of a large building. The main components of t h e room heat balance were d.c. power of tlze room air temperature control heater, heat removed by tlze chilled water cooling coil and the power supplied to the lights and to the blower inside room. the the a.c. the

The a.c. power input to the lights and the blower (approx. 600W) was measured by a domestic type watt-hour meter. Tlle d.c. power supplied to the room air heater was determined by measuring the voltage drops across the heater and a current shunt. The heat pick-up rate for the cooling coil in the room air circuit was determined by measuring tlze temperature rise of water in passing through the coil, AT2, the temperature rise when the water passed over a n electrical heater, AT1 (E 1.8OF) and the power supplied to the water heater, H (E 440 W). T h e heat pick-up by the coil is, therefore,

Both AT1 and AT2 were measured by calibrated platinum resistance thermometers with a precision of 0 . 0 1F.

The air temperature i the room was measured using thern mistors placed at various points in the room. The test procedure was very simple. First, t h e calorimeter room was equipped for a desired test condition (i.e., specific air circulation circuit was set u p , etc.). A normal run, consisting of two tests, was started and allowed t o continue f o r several days until steady state conditions were obtained. At this time the data recording system was started and a few hours later the lights were switched ON. The test was run f o r Trailsactions of the CSME

Return:

and with a reheat type of air temperature control where cooling is provided by "wild" cooling coil and reheat by electric heater.

z zoo
0

<
z

u .

I00

<

cr

L L .

0
8 TIhlE. H O U R S

Figure 4

Sample of Experimentally Determined and Calculated Cooling Loads Due t o Lights When t h e Lights Were Switched ON.

Figure 5

Sample of Experimentally Detern~inecland Calculated Results for t h e Case When Lights Were Switched O F F .
= time

several more days until steady state conditions again prevailed a t which time t h e power t o t h e lights was switched O F F t o start t h e second test. This test was terminated after a b o u t 48 hours. A successful r u n required f r o m 7 t o 1 0 clays. T h e o ~ ~ t p u t s various transducers were measured once of every 2 minutes and recorded o n magnetic tape in digital form s o that they could be processed by a digital computer. T h e o u t p u t from this processing was a tabulation and a plot o f s room temperature and cooling load variations. Figures 4 a n d 5 show typical computer plots. In addition, steady state tests were carried o u t t o determine the fractions of t h e heat pick-up by t h e ventilation air above and below t h e ceiling. T w o arrangements of ventilation air return were tested for a range of air flow rates. In both cases t h e supply was through slots a t t h e side of t h e troffers and t h e return was through t h e center and around t h e tubes of t h e fixtures. The only difference between t h e t w o tests was that in one case t h e space above t h e ceiling was used as a plenum, a n d in t h e other t h e return air was ducted through the ceiling space and did not mix with t h e air in it. T h e variation with time of t h e heat pick-up above and below the ceiling by ventilation air a t non-steady conditions was checked by measuring t h e temperature of t h e ventilation air entering t h e r o o m , temperature of t h e air as it passes througll the ceiling, ancl t h e temperature of t h e air leaving t h e ceiling space. The ratio of t h e temperature rises gives t h e ratio of cooling load below and above t h e ceiling.

measured f r o m instant w h e n lights were switched ON.

This form of a n exponential equation relating a11 excitation W and o u t p u t q ( t ) gives t h e following Z-transfer function, K(z)(3): q(z) W(z)
=

K(z) =

a 0 z0 + a l z l 1
-

(3)

bl

2-I

where b, A "0
=

e -- BA

= time interval
=

so = ()
W

1-.A
k

aI

A- -eCBL\sincea t steady state q(-) = W

T h e cooling loacl can be expressed, therefore, as q(t) = aoW(t) + a l W(t A)

+ b,q(t

A)

The accuracy of the relationship between q(t) a n d W can b e improved solnewhat by dropping tlle a. term a n d adding an a 2 term, where a = q(A)/W and

Method of Determining Z-Transfer Function Coefficients froin the Experimental Results The analytical s t u d y ( ' ) indicated that t h e cooling required t o maintain c o n s t a ~ l troom air temperature can be represented quite well by an expression of t h e form

Thus,

Tlle a , , a 2 a n d b l values f o r A = 1.0 h r given in Table 1 were determined from experimental results as follows: An exponential expression of tlle form E(t) = W + k l k2e-Bt was fittecl t o t h e experimentally determined cooling load. It was assumed that light power input, W , a n d the coefficient k l , which represents the residual heat gain o r loss by t h e calorimeter r o o m t o the surroundings, were constant. T l ~ e measured values of cooling load for the first few hours were n o t used in these calculations, as the initial part o f the cooling load curve contains additional exponential terms, which decay within t h e first few hours.
-

where A and B are coefficients q(t)

=

cooling load a t time t

= constant power input t o lights switched ON a t time = 0

Vol. 2, NO. 3 , 1973-74

171

Table 1

Experimentally Determined Z-Transfer Coefficients for Lights.

C o c f f . of T r a n s f u r Funct. aI z -I
i a2 z

Ventilation
Supply Rcturn F~~rnishings Other Conditions

Tust No.

-2

K(z) =
0

al

c-25
u

0
Barc room T c 5 t No. I, 2, 3and.i

Starting w ~ t h No. 4 test d i f f ~ ~ ~ t r supply duct was insulated P o r t c s t No. 20, 21 a n d 22 s u p p l y and r e t u r n \\,as ductc-d t h r o u g h c < . ~ i l n space g F o r t c s t No. 2 3 , 2 4 a n d 25, 2-in. ineulatlon was

T h e b l value was calculated by b l = e - B n a n d using t h e B value determined b y the exponential curve fit. T h e range of the b l values determined from the experimental results is 0.89 t o 0.97. and the estimated error is 0.005.

function is as good as t h e data warrant as is s h o w n in Figure 5 and, in other cases, the measured cooling load a t low values o f t is not sufficiently accurate t o justify the determination of a n extended transfer function.

T h e a l coefficient was calculated using k 2 , b l and W values, i.e.,

W-k
=

al

b
l

Discussion Of Results for first test (i.e., lights switched O N )

n,e ..oi Coe/iicienii

As a l is t h e ratio of cooling load o n e hour after the lights are switched O N divided by t h e power i n p u t t o lights, i t depends o n t h e short-term thermal storage characteristics of the room. These short-term characteristics d e p e n d , in turn, o n the proportions of t h e light power t h a t is dissipated b y radiation and convection, t h e light fixture geometry, t h e ventilation rate, t h e ventilation air supply and return arrangement, and the t y p e of ceiling, as well as t h e thermal properties of the surface layer of furniture, walls, floor, etc. Values for t h e a l coefficient are given i n Table 1 for several different ventilation arrangements in t h e calorimeter rooin. The lowest value, 0.44, was f o r the case where t h e supply o f ventilation air was through a diffuser in t h e ceiling, the return was through a grille below t h e ceiling and the room was n o t furnished, while the highest value, 0.87, was for t h e case where ventilation air was supplied a n d returned through t h e light fixtures. r T h e values of a l should n o t depend o n the long-tern~ o o m thermal storage characteristics such as t h e t o t a l heat storage capacity of t h e floor slab and walls. This aspect of the dependence of a l o n room details was confirmed a s follows: t w o tests were carried o u t where t h e long-term thermal storage characteristics of the calorimeter room were modified drastically b y adding 2 in. of foamed polystyrene insulation between t h e carpet and the concrete slab. T h e values deterTransactions of the CSME

..

and
- W + k 2 b , for thesecond test W

al

are OFF,

The experimental range of a l is between 0.44 t o 0.87 and the estimated over-all accuracy of a l determined in this way is 0.03. T h e a 2 value is determined by Eq. 5, i.e., a 2 = 1
-

bl

al.

T h e adequacy of the transfer functions determined in this way was checked by comparing an experimentally determined cooling load curve and cooling load values calculated using the derived transfer function. Figures 4 and 5 show the agreement that obtains using a simple transfer function that is defined b y three coefficients a l , a2 and b l . T h e fit of t h e calculated values at low values o f t can sometimes be improved by using a transfer function with more than three coefficients. This improved fit is shown in Figure 4. The extended transfer functions were n o t calculated for the o t h e r tests because, i n most cases, t h e fit of t h e simple transfer

172

C,

Z w
2

I
LIGIli
-

I
SLOIS-AIR

IIXTUP[S

CEILING: r L o o P

P E C I S S E D . T Y I O .<O\'I I U D L S , SIDE SUPPLY A N D C C N T E P - A I R R L T U P N 1.1" A C O U S T I C T I L E 6" C O N C R ~ T LAB AND CARPET S~

MEASURLD VAL~IES

I
C

, .0 1
>

m u
I Y

, 0.8
/*
0
a
C

The lower values of b l were for the cases of the vented ceiling space and the higher values were for the unvented ceiling space and low ventilation rates. The addition of furniture into the room did not alter the bl value by a measurable amount, but the addition of carpet over all the floor surface increased the value of b , . The b1 value was not altered when the light fixtures were used as air supply and return registers even though the a l value varied quite markedly. In general, these results confirm the conclusion reached b y the analytical study that bl values increase with the increase of heat transfer resistance between room air a n d various surfaces in the room. For example, lower ventilation rate, carpet cover of floor surface, etc., increased the thermal resistance between room surfaces and rooin air and thus increased the b l value.

0.6 -

~;;:/ G ;u ~ ; ~

u
/

--*-L
I
0
5

-.--

----*

SUPPLY I H P O U G I I D U C T , RETURN THROUGH C F I L I N G SPACI

I
20

I
25
30

10

15

AIRFLOW THROUGH FIXTURE. CFM

The "aZ" Coefficients

The a2 coefficient is given b y Eq. (5) i.e., a2 = 1 - b, - a , . Eq. (5) is based on the assumption that the cooling load and power input to lights eventually become equal. This is a valid assumption for t h e calorimeter room.

Figure 6

Fraction of Light Power Input that Appears as Cooling Load in Ceiling Space Versus Air Flow Through Vented Light Fixtures.

mined from these tests were al = 0.58 for the standard floor and al = 0.59 for the floor with 2 in. of insulation. The good arrangement between then1 indicates that a l is not very dependent on the long-term heat storage capacity of the room.

Roovr and Ceiling-Space Loads

The test results given in Figure 6 indicate a significant difference (approximately 30 per cent at usual ventilation rate) between the heat pick-up by ventilation air above and below the ceiling for ducted and non-ducted air returns through ceiling space. This is because s o m e of the heat picked up by ventilation air is transferred back into the room through the floor slab and ceiling when the space above the ceiling is used as a return air plenum. The use of ducted returns reduces this heat leakage substantially. The tests carried out t o check the variation o f the ratio of the cooling load above t o the load below tlle ceiling sllowed that it is nearly constant with time after the light power is switched, i.e., in a typical case it varied only fro111 0.40 t o

Tlze "bl

"

Coefficients

The b1 coefficient defines the rate of cooling load increase or decrease after the lights are switched. The experimentally deterinined bl coefficients varied between 0.89 and 0.97. This variation was due to different ventilation rates, types of light fixtures and the way the ventilation air was supplied and exhausted but not because of the changes in room construction, as only one room construction was used for all the tests, (except for one special test of insulated floor already described). TabIe 2 Design Values of "al" Coefficient.

I'urnisl!ings lIc;n,y!:i.igl~l, s i n g l e r r r n i - l i i ~ l g s , n u i.i>rl~<lt o r t : i ~ ~ ? ~lr' ) .~ x n i l . u r c , ~ nu c ; ~ r l w t

: \ i r .S~q>l)ly arid 1:c:l~u'~l

1.0:: ~ . ; ! t c ; .iul~ld:, and rc11r11 Lclo:: c ~ , i l i n g ( \ ' < .2)(;,)

I:,~K: U C l , i g l ~ tl '-i s l ~ u - < ,

I it,ccarilt!, . ..

5 '

t l l ~ ,,sr '.;<I'' ~
).:

11~1 \'clltc<l

...

?Ictlim:! ti, l ~ i g l >a l c : r sup;>ly and r t , t u r n 1,ulo:: w i l i n g o r tlrr iugll c e i l i n g ~ 1 . i l l c;lnd s p a c e (\ ? ,..>)(a! !.I~cli~u:!o I ~ i g l lr ( , t c c r t m i n n c t , i l u r ini'uctitjn t y ~ ~ ier ~ . o ~ l di i iln i n g a . tcnlii n a l u n i t ; su;,ply t l i r o u g l ~c c i l i t l g u r ':;~ll. diffuser; r e t u r n a r , ~ u n d l i g l l l lixtuuc; ;~nd t!~rougll c c i l i n g s p a c c ,: (.$ 2 .;.;)(;,: l : , ~ c t c d e t u r n s lhrough r ligllt i'isturcs

l:~.cessccl, n:,t .:cnt~.d

.>>(!t'(c )

r..,il!~

ordinary r ~ r n i t u r i . , u r ::itIlout cttrl~wl

:\I!? t ~ l arc : L'urnit~u'e ~

!~ n t < . c t r i ' r t : i ~ - h a n g i n ~ n lu i a i r s l r e i l r t ~::it11 d n c ~ l , c l ,'i1urr1s

,)I.

::l.,?alul. ( < I )

NO'I 1.S :
((1

(c,'

n \ i s r ~ ~ o ra i r s u p p l y r a l c i n cfl,: [,cr sc1. f t . $>I' l'1 N L , ~ i%re;3 (I>'$l n c r c t t s e ;tl by \.i>:j , . I I ~ I I carpc:t i s used I!IC e f f e c t * > C2 1 v a l u e I)), l51rnis!lings ~ l c t : ~ . c ~ ~ s c s l i g h t L'isL~lI'es ; I r e :2s~:cl ;ID 2 i r a~t]~i>l.) r ~ ! i . ~ i I ;.;1!<,11 a r u t u r r ~r u g i s l c r s t l ~ ( d : ' l l ~ i,oluc: i s c i l ~ l ~ c ~t h e C r ; ! c t i u ~~ 1 't!le lip111 pu:;m i n ] , u t tl1a1 i s ;,ii.l,<,d up 1,). v c n t i l . ~ t i r , t r a i r ;it l i z l 1 1 1 ' i x ' ~ u r e s ur 2.-';, ~ . : l ~ i e l ~ ~ v cgu<?,ltCr. is r

>

Vol. 2, NO. 3, 1973-74

Table 3
Room E~ivclopc Conalruct~on;:

The "bl" Values Calculated for Different Room Air Circulation Rates and Envelope Construction.
2-ln.

Wood Floor

3-1n. Corrcrutt. Flour

6-ln. C o n c r c tv Floor

8-ln. Coricrl.tr. Flour

12-ln. Concrctv Floor

[Loom r Z ~ r L ' , Circu1;ltlon arid T y p c o i Supply and Ri.turn

S[x:czi~c b i a i s 1b/it2 uf f l o u r
arcs

10 0.88 0.8.1 0.81 0.77

.I0 0.92 0. 90 0.88 0.85

75 0.9i 0.9-1 0.03 0.92

I20 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95

160 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 Lou. >lcrl~i~n~ 1llg11 V ~ r y High

adequate for determination of b l values for typical room construction. The estimated precision of the b l values that can be selected from Table 3 for usual room construction is f 0.01 for the higher values of b l and f 0.02 for the lower ones. It should be noted that the addition of extra resistance between room air and floor slab, such as a heavy carpet, increases the bl value. This was demonstrated by an experiment where 2 in. of insulation was placed between carpet and floor slab. Althougli the S value remained unchanged, the b l value increased from 0.93 t o 0.97. Thus, in special cases where t h e aptness of the value selected by Table 3 is in doubt and high precision is needed, the b l value should be calculated by the procedure outlined in References 4 and 5 or determined by test on a full-scale prototype.

F l o o r c u x ~ r c d ~ t h a r p u t a n d r u b b v r pad; f o r i i l o o r c o v u r c d only w c , w ~ t l i l u o r 1 1 1 tal:r n e x t 1, valuu du\r,n tile c o l u m n . ~

. i I",": :

L o w vuntllatron r a t c ~ n ~ n ~ r nru c j u ~ r u t lto c o p e w>rh c o o l ~ n g cm l o a d d u t~ I l g h t s arid u c c u p a n t s u ~ n t e r l o rzonr.. Supply o n t h r o u g h i l o o r , xvi~llu r c c ~ l l n g ~ i i u s r r . C c l l l n g s p a c c n o t d vi.ntr.d a n d h = 0.4 f i t u / ( h r ) (iq i t ) ( ' F ) ( w i i c r e h = ~ n a l d r .~ o r i a c r c o n v e c t l d n c o c i i l c l c n t u s u d i n c a l c u l a l l o n of b v.iluc.). M c r l ~ u mv c r i t ~ l i l t ~ o r ia l c , .iupply t l ~ r o u g hf l o u r , \villi o r c c ~ l ~ n g r d ~ f f u s e r .Crl1ing s p a c ~ not vcntud a n d 11 = 0. 6 ~ t u / ( l i r )( s q i t ) ( ' F ) .

Acknowledginent The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of R. Jaekel in running the test and J. G. Arseneault in tlie preparation of computer programs. This paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division.

bicd>tmm: CIlgh:

R o o m a ~ r ~ r c u l a l ~ inrlucrd by p r r m a r y a ~ u i r n d u c t l o ~ iu n ~ t r by c o!~ r o fi,n cot1 unit. R c t u r n t i ? c u u g l ~ u > l l n g =pace ;inrl h = 0 . 8 l i l u / ( h r ) c ('(i f t ) ( " F ) .
lligii room In a rooni.
air

r V..ry Hlgii:

c~rculnt~on in3cd to rnnilrnlzc t c m p c r a t u r v g r a d ~ r . n t a R ~ . t u r nt h r o u g h c c l l l n g ,pact and h = 1.2 U t u / ( h r ) ( a q f t )

("I.').

0.34. This indicates that a single transfer function can be used to calculate the total cooling load caused by lights, and the loads in the ceiling space and room below are nearly constant fractions of this total.
Design Data Derived frorrl Experitliental Results ancl Calculations

References
1.

2.

3. 4. 5.

The experimental results by themselves are of limited value for design calculations since they do not cover a broad range of room construction, type of light fixtures, o r variations of installation and ventilation systems. The experimental results have been used, however, to derive a set of design data for calculations of room cooling load due t o lights. These design data (i.e., coeff. a l and b l ) are given in Tables 2 and 3. The set of design values of a l given in Table 2 for a range of types o f light fixtures, ventilation rates, systems, and room furnishings, has been derived from the experimental results simply by grouping the features of the room light fixtures, and ventilation system that are appropriate for a single value of al . The estimated precision of the al value that can be obtained from Table 2 is about +- 0.05. The design values of bl given in Table 3 for different room constructions that are characterized by their mass per ft2 of floor area, S, and for different room air circulation intensities were computed using the procedure described in References 4 and 5. (In these papers the b l value is called the ratio of successive terms.) This procedure takes into account heat storage by room envelope components, heat interchange between room air and room surfaces by convection, and heat interchange by radiation inside the room. In these calculations two parameters were varied: the heat storage capacity of the room, and the inside surface convection coefficient. The first depends on the floor slab thickness; the second on the room air circulation intensity. There was good agreement between the calculated and the experimentally determined values of b l for S = 75 lb/ft2 of floor area (S for the experimental room is approximately 75 lb/ft2 also) indicating that this calculation procedure is

Ki~nura,K. and Stephenson, D. G., ASHRAE Trarlsactiorrs, 74, Part 11, 189-197, 1968. Mitalas, G. P. and Ki~nura, ASHRAE Trarzsactior~s, Part 11, K. 77, 1971. Ragazzini, J. R. and I:ranklin, G. F., Sarrzpled-Data Control Systerrzs, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1958. Mitalas, G. P. and Stepl~enson, G., ASHRAE Trarlsactiorls, 73, D. Part I, 1967. 73, Stephenson, D. G. and Mitalas, G. P. ASHRAE Trar~sactiorls, Part 1, 1967.

Nomenclature: A B E (t)
= coefficient = coefficient = exponential function of = z-transfer function = coefficients = cooling load at time t = parameter to describe room construction-total

a,,a, ,a,, b,, = coefficients of z-transfer function time fitted to t h e experimentally determined cooling load

K (2)
k l , k2 4 (t) S

room component weight divided by floor area, lb of mass per sq ft of floor area t V W
= time = room air supply rate in cfm per sq ft of floor

area
= constant power input to lights switched ON at time t = 0 = z-transform variable = time interval = temperature difference

a
AT

Transactions of the CSME

This publication is being distributed by the Divisioil of Building Research of the National Research Council of Canada. It should not be reproduced in whole or in part without permission of the original publisher. The Division would be glad t o be of assistance in obtaining such permission. Publications of the Division may be obtained by mailing the appropriate remittance (a Bank, Express, or Post Office Money Order, or a cheque, made payable t o the Receiver General of Canada, credit NRC) t o the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. KIA 0R6. Stamps are not acceptable. A list of all publications of the Division is available and may be obtained from the Publications Section, Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa. K 1A 0R6.