Part

1
Introduction

Chapter

1
Introduction
The widespread use of personal computers, which have the power to solve problems solvable in the past only on mainframe computers, has inuenced the tabulated format of this book. Computer programs for structural analysis, employing techniques such as the nite element method, are also available for general use. These programs are very powerful; however, in many cases, elements of structural systems can be analyzed quite effectively independently without the need for an elaborate nite element model. In some instances, nite element models or programs are veried by comparing their solutions with the results given in a book such as this. Contained within this book are simple, accurate, and thorough tabulated formulations that can be applied to the stress analysis of a comprehensive range of structural components. This chapter serves to introduce the reader to the terminology, state property units and conversions, and contents of the book. 1.1 Terminology

Denitions of terms used throughout the book can be found in the glossary in Appendix B. 1.2 State Properties, Units, and Conversions

The basic state properties associated with stress analysis include the following: geometrical properties such as length, area, volume, centroid, center of gravity, and second-area moment (area moment of inertia); material properties such as mass density, modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio, and thermal expansion coefcient; loading properties such as force, moment, and force distributions (e.g., force per unit length, force per unit area, and force per unit volume); other proper3

Formulas for Stress and Strain

[CHAP. 1

TABLE 1.1

Units appropriate to structural analysis SI unit, symbol (derived units) meter, m square meter (m2) cubic meter (m3) (m4) kilogram, kg Newton, N (kg-m=s2) Pascal, Pa (N=m2) Joule, J (N-m) Kelvin, K USCU unit,y symbol (derived units) inch, in square inch (in2) cubic inch (in3) (in4) (lbf-s2=in) pound, lbf psi (lbf=in2) (lbf-in) degrees Fahrenheit,  F

Property Length Area Volume Second-area moment Mass Force Stress, pressure Work, energy Temperature
y

In stress analysis, the unit of length used most often is the inch.

ties associated with loading, including energy, work, and power; and stress analysis properties such as deformation, strain, and stress. Two basic systems of units are employed in the eld of stress analysis: SI units and USCU units.y SI units are mass-based units using the kilogram (kg), meter (m), second (s), and Kelvin (K) or degree Celsius ( C) as the fundamental units of mass, length, time, and temperature, respectively. Other SI units, such as that used for force, the Newton (kg-m=s2), are derived quantities. USCU units are force-based units using the pound force (lbf), inch (in) or foot (ft), second (s), and degree Fahrenheit ( F) as the fundamental units of force, length, time, and temperature, respectively. Other USCU units, such as that used for mass, the slug (lbf-s2=ft) or the nameless lbfs2=in, are derived quantities. Table 1.1 gives a listing of the primary SI and USCU units used for structural analysis. Certain prexes may be appropriate, depending on the size of the quantity. Common prexes are given in Table 1.2. For example, the modulus of elasticity of carbon steel is approximately 207 GPa 207 109 Pa 207 109 N=m2. Prexes are normally used with SI units. However, there are cases where prexes are also used with USCU units. Some examples are the kpsi (1 kpsi 103 psi 103 lbf =in2 ), kip (1 kip 1 kilopound 1000 lbf ), and Mpsi (1 Mpsi 106 psi). Depending on the application, different units may be specied. It is important that the analyst be aware of all the implications of the units and make consistent use of them. For example, if you are building a model from a CAD le in which the design dimensional units are given in mm, it is unnecessary to change the system of units or to scale the model to units of m. However, if in this example the input forces are in
y SI and USCU are abbreviations for the International System of Units (from the French Systeme International dUnites) and the United States Customary Units, respectively.

SEC.

1.2] Common prexes Multiplication factor 109 106 103 103 106 109

Introduction

TABLE 1.2

Prex, symbol Giga, G Mega, M Kilo, k Milli, m Micro, m Nano, n

Newtons, then the output stresses will be in N=mm2, which is correctly expressed as MPa. If in this example applied moments are to be specied, the units should be N-mm. For deections in this example, the modulus of elasticity E should also be specied in MPa and the output deections will be in mm. Table 1.3 presents the conversions from USCU units to SI units for some common state property units. For example, 10 kpsi 6:895 103 10 103 68:95 106 Pa 68:95 MPa. Obviously, the multiplication factors for conversions from SI to USCU are simply the reciprocals of the given multiplication factors.

TABLE 1.3

Multiplication factors to convert from USCU units to SI units To convert from USCU to SI m2 m2 kg=m3 kg=m3 J or N-m J or N-m N m m kg kg Pa (N=m2) Pa (N=m2) m3 m3 Multiply by 9:290 102 6:452 104 515.4 2:486 102 1.356 0.1130 4.448 0.3048 2:540 102 14.59 1.216 47.88 6:895 103 2:832 102 1:639 105

Area: ft2 in2 Density: slug=ft3 (lbf-s2=ft4) lbf-s2=in4 Energy, work, or moment: ft-lbf or lbf-ft in-lbf or lbf-in Force: lbf Length: ft in Mass: slug (lbf-s2=ft) lbf-s2=in Pressure, stress: lbf=ft2 lbf=in2 (psi) Volume: ft3 in3

Formulas for Stress and Strain

[CHAP. 1

1.3

Contents

The remaining parts of this book are as follows.

Part 2: Facts; Principles; Methods.

This part describes important relationships associated with stress and strain, basic material behavior, principles and analytical methods of the mechanics of structural elements, and numerical and experimental techniques in stress analysis.

Part 3: Formulas and Examples.

This part contains the many applications associated with the stress analysis of structural components. Topics include the following: direct tension, compression, shear, and combined stresses; bending of straight and curved beams; torsion; bending of at plates; columns and other compression members; shells of revolution, pressure vessels, and pipes; direct bearing and shear stress; elastic stability; stress concentrations; and dynamic and temperature stresses. Each chapter contains many tables associated with most conditions of geometry, loading, and boundary conditions for a given element type. The denition of each term used in a table is completely described in the introduction of the table.

Appendices. The rst appendix deals with the properties of a plane

area. The second appendix provides a glossary of the terminology employed in the eld of stress analysis. The references given in a particular chapter are always referred to by number, and are listed at the end of each chapter.