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Other standards are different and should be consulted for systems and equipment manufactured or applied outside the U.S.
IEC 61000-3-2, 3-12 (and others): LV equipment standards IEC 61000-3-6: MV/HV/EHV system standard IEC 61000-4-7 and 4-30: Harmonic measurement standards
IEEE 519 and IEC 61000-3-6 have the same goal but utilize different conceptual approaches
Utility companies must control system resonances to limit voltage distortion Fundamental IEC philosophy is voltage quality maintenance Users may not inject harmonic currents that lead to excessive voltage harmonic production Utility (supply) system characteristics are defined by system requirements and are not manipulated to allow greater user harmonic currents
Current ratio: Short-circuit current divided by maximum load demand current, ISC/IL
Current ratio: Short-circuit current divided by maximum load demand current, ISC/IL
Current ratio: Short-circuit current divided by maximum load demand current, ISC/IL
6.00 5.00 Impedance (pu) 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Harmonic Number I sc/IL ratio <20 20<50 50<100 100<1000 >1000
Impedance (ohms)
30
20
10
12
18
24
Frequency (H pu)
slope=1
slope=2
0.00 3
H a rm o n ic n u m b e r
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
Harmonic Number
Impedance Summary
IEEE 519 and IEC 61000-3-6 (Ed. 1) show increasing impedance with frequency More realistic systems (with resonance) may show increases or decreases with frequency If IEEE 519 impedance is greater than the system impedance, what does this mean? IEEE 519 current limits could be increased or other customers served System impedance could be higher (resonance) IEEE 519 voltage limits could be reduced
# of Customers
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Harmonic # (h)
Odd harmonics multiple of 3 Harmonic Order h 3 9 15 21 21< h 45 Harmonic Voltage % MV 4 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 HV-EHV 2 1 0.3 0.2 0.2 Harmonic Order h 2 4 6 8 10 h 50
Probability density
immunity level
Eh =
Si Gh Stotal
G denotes global emission level for a particular voltage level at harmonic h E denotes emission limit for ith user L denotes planning level at harmonic h T denotes a transfer coefficient between voltage levels is a summation exponent to account for cancellation, etc. S is load (or total system) power
80
5 5
7 5
11 3
13 3
>13
# of Loads
70 60
500/h2
50 40 30 20 10 0 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 Harmonic #
519 61K-3-6
The two approaches may or may not result in the same conclusions regarding mitigation requirements and procedures
Cost of compliance could be substantially different
IEC specifically provides for transferring harmonic distortion from an upstream (source) system to a downstream (load) point
The harmonic problem is the same, so why must the standards be different?
Globalization is driving us toward harmonization
Towards Harmonization
Key members of 519 are active in the revision of 61000-3-6 Harmonious changes in 519 include
Adoption of measurement protocols Consideration of time variations through statistical methods Treatment of interharmonics Consideration of LV (<1kV) systems
1.2
Harmonics @ 60 Hz
IEC current limits, where they exist, are similar to corresponding 519 current limits for lower frequencies
519 has diversity assumptions whereas IEC uses summation exponent
0.8
0.6
519 current limits vs. IEC voltage apportioning is not likely to be resolved in the near future
Each approach has advantages and disadvantages
0.4
Interharmonics @ 5 Hz
0.2
0 X+5 X+10 X+15 X+20 X+25 X+30 X+35 X+40 X+45 X+50 X+55 X+60 X-60 X-55 X-50 X-45 X-40 X-35 X-30 X-25 X-20 X-15 X-10 X-5 X
Fn,vs = 2
1 15 2 Fn,i 15 i =1
Fn,sh = 2
Frequency
200
100 80 60 40 20 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics) Isc/IL <25* 25<50 50 <11 1.0 2.0 3.0 11h< 17 0.5 1.0 1.5 17h< 23 0.38 0.75 1.15 23h< 35 0.15 0.3 0.45 35h 0.1 0.15 0.22 TDD 1.5 2.5 3.75
95th percentile should be less than limit 99th percentile should be less than X*limit
TDD (%)
Interharmonic Limits
Voltage-only 0-120 Hz limits based on (single-frequency) lamp flicker Similar work ongoing in IEC TC77/SC77A WG1 and IEEE Task Force on Interharmonics with several joint members
6
V1kV V1kV
Reality of Today
Utility company users of IEEE harmonic limit standards are finding an increasing need to make system improvements
Pressure on standards-making groups to decrease user current harmonic limits
5 Voltage (% of Nominal) 4
1 kV<V69 kV 1 kV<V69 kV
Utility company users of IEC harmonic limit standards are finding an increasing need to design systems differently
Pressure on standards making groups to increase compatibility levels
Customers are relatively accepting of existing limits Equipment emission limits (IEC only) are being strongly debated between manufacturers and utility companies
Standardization Conclusions
The global economy pushes us toward harmonization of standards IEEE and IEC recognize the needs and issues at technical and administrative levels Tangible progress is being made Technical harmonization through joint membership Administrative support through procedures to directly adopt standards (IEEE has adopted IEC 61000-4-15 for flicker, for example) and jointly develop standards
SL
HF
Transformer 2
6.6 kV
SL
HF
Required Information
Table 1. Utility Supply Data Param eter Value Supply Voltage 220 kV Short-Circuit Capacity 4000-10000 MVA X/R 10.0 Table 2. Transformer Data Value Param eter
(transformer 2)
Parameter
(transformer 1)
Table 3. Static Load and Capacitor Data 33 kV Bus Load 25 MVA@ lag. 0.8 Capacitor 8.4 Mvar 6.6 kV Bus Load 15 MVA@ lag. 0.8 Capacitor 5 Mvar
THD=0.636%
THD=11.13%
400 3000
300
200
1000
0.5
100
0 0 10 20 30 Frequency (H pu) 40 50 60
THD=3.63%
THD=35.8%
400 3000
200
1000 100
-1000
0 0 0 10 20 30 Frequency (H pu) 40 50 60
-1000
Harmonic 5 7 11 13 17 19 Harmonic Current, % of IL 6.77 0.44 0.81 0.09 0.33 0.09 519 Limit Value 3 3 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2