Practical Considerations on-Power Factor Correction for Nonlinear Loads

M . M . Abdel Aziz, Member, IEEE, E. E Abou Elzahab, A. M. Ibrabim and A. F. Zobaa

Absrmcl-The

choice of LC Compensator may be constrained

by the availability of manufactures units. To account for this, the

capacitor values are chmen from among standard values and for each value the transmission losses is minimired, or power factor is maximized, or transmission efficiency is maximized. The global minimum or maximum is obtained by scanning aU local minims or maxims. The performance of the obtained compensator is discussed by means of numerical example Index Terms - Harmonic$ Power Factor, Reactive Power.
1. NOMENCLATURE

sinusoidal source with nonzero source impedance. The compensator value chosen is constrained by values that produce resonance. In this paper, the manufacturers standard values for power shunt capacitors are taken into consideration. These values are considered as constraints in the sense that the solution for the capacitor should be one of the standard values. The reason for doing this is to compare the values obtained [ 5 ] with real practical values in the market. Reference [6] shows the voltage and reactive power ratings of shunt capacitors. The inductive reactive values are almost continuous and there is little limitation on the manufacturers values.

load resistance and reactance at harmonic number K;R load conductance and suscpetance at harmonic number K;R transmission system resistance and reactance at harmonic number K ;R the fundamental inductive and capacitive reactance of the compensator ;R the resistance of the compensator reactor;n supply current at harmonic number K ;A RMS value of supply current ;A load current at harmonic number K ; A load harmonic current ; A capacitor current at harmonic number K ; A load power ; wam supply power ;watts load voltage at harmonic number K ; V supply voltage at harmonic number K ; V RMS value of load voltage ;V Frequency :Hz = 2rd, ;r a d

II. COMPENSATED NONLINEAR LOADS

Consider the system shown in Fig. I

Fig. I Configuration of the study system Let X , is the capacitive reactance, XL is in inductive reactance and R the compensator resistance at the fundamental frequency. The compensating impedance GK, GK=R+j(KXL-

1. INTRODUCTION
Ecent literature considers the effect of nonlinear loads n the value and location of the optimal compensator as found in references [ I ] to [4]. The procedures used by these references accounted for harmonics injected by nonlinear loads. Based on some simplifymg assumptions, compensator selection and system modeling at both fundamental and harmonic frequencies are derived. In all of these references, the objective function to be maximized consists of the net savings due to energy and peak power loss reduction afler subtracting the compensator cost. The objective of reference [ 5 ] was to develop solution procedure as well as mathematical formulations for calculation the optimal LC compensator of nonlinear loads for no
0-7803-761141021117.00 Q2W2 IEEE

F L

Let GLn Gn parallel with ZLn = in Let ZrLK ZTKin parallel ZLK = Let Z = Z T in series GLK ~ Afler some complex algebraic manipulations. expression for the K-th harmonic source is given.
Isn
=

3) K

(1)

the

V,,(AR+ jBR)+I,,CR A,, +jA,,

Where AR=R+I&
46

X B R = ( X L ~ + M Lz - )

CR = RCLK+ jX0, AIK= RTLK+ (RLK RTK) (XLK XTKKKXL R + + X

function to become one variable equation in XL, rhlr: solved by using the Golden Section Search method (a) Maximizing the power factor: Find &,, XL

can he

AIK= XTLK R (RLK + XTK) (RLK + RTKKKXL x c 1 + -

RTLK RTKRLK XTKXLK = XTLK RTKXLK XLKRLK = +

4 To maximize: PF = -- - CGLKV:, VL4 .Subject to: XLis not part of solution of equation (4)
&),

X = R R L I - XLK(KXL 1 - K ) X &LK= RXLK RLK(KXL+ 1 K

RCLK

(b) Minimizing the transmission loss Find &;,XL

To minimize: TL =

If,R,

(6)

Subject to: GI, is not part of solution of equation (4) XL (c) Maximizing the transmission efficiency: Find &;, XL

Ill. IDENTIFICATION OF SKIN EFFECT

Reference [7]demonstrates that the representation of the power system loads and extended networks can he improved by using alternative models. The distribution system, loads. other elements and equivalents of extended networks have been considered in detail. The models developed allow a more realistic representation of the system and, consequently, a more accurate assessment of the harmonic currents and voltages throughout the transmission network, Guidance has been provided on modeling of individual loads and on typical load composition. System tests are necessary to provide verification of the modeling methodology developed, as well as adding to the howledge of system load characteristics. This effect will be applied in the analysis as applied in reference [SI. IV. iDENTlFiCATlON OF HARMOIC RESONANT CONDITIONS It is essential to identify the value of inductor and capacitors KXL and Xc/K that can cause resonance as described in reference [SI. X A,(KX, - ~ ) ~ + A , ( K x , --++A, K K Where A, = XTK XLI + : , : XiK A>= R + X, + 2 XLK

Subject to: Xci, XL is not part of solution of equation (4) The golden section search algorithm was chosen due to that it require fewer steps and function evaluations. The flow chart for the algorithm was discussed in Appendix (A). In the optimization process, the resistance of the compensator reactor has been neglected due t o its small value with respect to its fundamental reactance (less than 5 percent). VI. EXAMPLE AND SIMULATED RESULTS Consider the system under study as described in Appendix (B), we obtain the values of the three criteria. The simulated results given in Table. 1. Tablc. I . Simulated results for test system

=O

(3)

: AI 2 R2 Xw + XTK[(R + RLK)+ X, 1 Solving equation ( 5 ) for finding XL and Xc:

cfficimcy

K x

-xc=-A2?,/=

L K 2A, Hence using only the set values for shunt capacitors we can obtain values for the inductive reactance since equation (4) will then become a one variable equation in XLonIy.
V. FORMULATION OF THE SEARCH ALGORITHM Each value of the reactive power ratings QCi of the particular voltage is used to calculate the corresponding value of Xpi. This value is then substituted into the objective
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(4)

Table. I shows that when the LC solution producing the optimal capacitor value does not lie within the manuiacruring standards, then it is preferable to use these standard values to solve for the optimal conditions. In such a situation there is bound to he difference in the optimal solution from that obtained in reference [ 5 ] . Depending on the system configuration. the average maximum power factor may be less than before.

VIII. REFERENCES

Data

&(Cl)

X,(n) PF(%I Is(A) q(%)

TL(kW
20.08
10.61

[I] N.L. Kusters and W.J.M. Mwre,, On the definition of reactive power under nonsiusoidal conditions, IEEE Transactiom on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS79, 1980, pp. 1845-1854. [2] J.1. Grainger and S.H. Lee, Optimum size and lofation of shunt capacitor for reduction of losses on distribution feeders IEEE Transactions on P o w r Apparatus and Systems,vol.lOO, March 1981,pp.1105-11118 [3] J.L. Williams, Power factor correction for distorted bus voltages, Electric Machines and powr systems, vol. 13, 1987rpp. 207-218. 141 1 R.T Saleh and A.E. Emanuel. Ootimum shunt canacitor . .. for power factor correction at busses with lightly distorted voltage. IEEE Transactions on P o w r Delivery, vol. PWRD-2, 1987, pp. 165-173. [5] M.M. Abdel-Aziz, E.E. Abou Elzahab, A.M. Ibrahim and A.F. Zobaa. Comparing capacitive and LC compenzators for power factor correction accepted paper for I O t h ICHOP. 16) IEEE standards .for shunt p o w r capacitors. . LlEEE Standard 18-1992, 1992. [7] P.F. kberio, Tutorial on harmonics modeling and simulation. IEE, PES winter meeting, 1998. [8] I.M. El-Amin, S.O. Duffuaa and A.U. Bawah, Optimal shunt compensators at nonsinusoidal bus bars, IEEE Transactions on Powers Svstems. vol. IO. No. 2. 1995. DD. ... 716-723. [9] R.F. Chu and R.H.Avandano, A direct method for identifylng the optimal power factor correction in nonsinusoidal systems. IEEE Transactions on P o w r Apparafus andsystems, vol. PAS-104, 1985, pp. 959-964. [IO] IEEE guide ./or harmonic control and reactive compensation of static power converters, IEEE Standard 519-1992, 1992.
~ ~~

Without compensation

o
0.64

68.4) 963.59 98.67

Rcfcrence[51
Thcprewnlcdmcthod

4.18

95.17 700.46 99.36

89.47 703.57 99.36

4.61

0.75

10.71

Tablc. 4.

S u m of results for test s w a n with the critcria ofmaximum transmission efficiency

X W ) X L W )P F W IdAI q(%) TL(kW)
Wilhout campenration

68.43 963.59 98.67

20.08

Theprereniedmethod

4.27

0.74

89.77 704.25 99.36

10.73

Tables 2.3,4 show a summary of the results for nonlinear load. The optimum compensation can be achieved with substantial improvement in power factor, reduction in transmission losses and increasing in transmission efficiency. This is especially tNe if no manufacture constraints are imposed[5]. m e power factor degrades if the choice of the capacitor is constrained by the manufacturers available units. Results from this study indicates that having a large capacitors does not mean higher power factor when nonlinear loads are fed from nonsinusoidal sources.

IX. Appendix A
Algorithm for presented method: [SI, [9] Step I : Choose the first value of the standard manufactured reactive power rating of capacitors in kVAR [6]. Q.i=(Q.i, 0 ... Qcn) 2 . (AI) Where n is the number of discrete values available for the particular voltage rating used and i has a starting value of 1. Step 2: Using only the selected value of Qci. calculate Xi from the following equation Xci=Vsi/Qci (A21 Step 3: Substitute the value of Xo into the objective function to become one variable problem in XL. Step 4: Using Golden Section Search algorithm to solve equations ( 5 ) . (6) and (7) for optimal XL. Step 5: If i=n stop otherwise replace i by (i+l) and go to step I. Step 6: Afler stopping. scan through IO get the global minimum or maximum.

VII. CONCLUSIONS
For nonlinear loads it isnecessary to use LC compensators. Such compensators have dual purposes. The first is that it acts as a compensator to improve the power factor of the nonlinear loads. Secondly, it acts as a filter ofthe harmonic load currents thus preventing the proliferation of the network with these currents. Finally, the presented method is only attractive if the number of capacitors to choose from is limited. However. the problem may become complicated and lengthy if the number of capacitors is very high and if the inductor values have to be discrete as well. Under such condition an intelligent way of search has to be found.

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X. Appendix B
Data for Test System: [6], [IO] A three-phase load of 5100 kW and 4965 kVAR is connected to a supply bus with voltage 4160 V (2400 line-toground), 60 Hz frequency and 80 MVA short circuit capacity. The resistance to reactance ratio of the power system impedance is assumed to be 10%. The voltage is distorted; it contains 5% fifth harmonic, 3% seventh harmonic, 2% eleventh harmonic, and 1% thirteenth harmonic. The system data for equivalent single-phase mode are: Transmission system resistance : 0.02163 R Transmission system reactance : 0.2163 R Load resistance : 1.7421 R load reactance : 1.696 R Frequency : 60 Hz Load harmonic currents: third harmonic (304A). fifth harmonic (33A), seventh harmonic (25A), ninth harmonic (26A), eleventh harmonic (8A) and thirteenth harmonic (9A). Reactive power ratings for voltaee of 4160 V 50. 100. 150. 200 kVAR.

XI.BIOGRAPHIES
Pmfcrror Dr. Mohamsd Mamdouh Abdel A d z obtained his PhD in Elcstncal Power Engineering from Cairo Univcrsity in Egypl. He is cumntly a professor of Elcetriwl Power Enginccrmg at Cairo Univerrily in Egypt. His rcscarsh interests include gcnmlion and utilimion of c l e c ~ i c energy. harmonics. and renewable energy. Profeuor Dr. E w m El-Din Abou El-whab obtained his P M in Elcnrisal Pown Engincming. Hc i s currcnlly n pmfessor of Electrical Power Enginccring nl Cairo Univsrrily in Egypt. His research intcrc11s insludc gCnCration and uliliwtion of clccuie cncrgy. power EICSUOR~CS. Dr. Ahmsd Mohamed lbrahim ohtaincd his PhD in Electrical Powcr Engineering from Cairo University in Egypt. His research imcrcsts insludc gcncralion and utiliwtion of elccuie cncrgy.
Eng. Ahmcd FahFem Zobaa. HE rcceivcd his B.S.in Elecuiwl Engineering from Cairo Univcrrily. Egypt in 1992. Fmm 1992-1997 hc worked PI ln1lm510r with Elcnrical Pown & Machincr Dcpl.. Faculty of Engineering. Cairo Univmrily He graduated with M.S. Elccuiwl Power Engineering in 1997. Hc is cuncntly a Teachcr Asistan!. His arca afintererl i s modeling and analysis o f p o w n systems.

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