Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of
By NINGADALLI MALLIKARJUN
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS COLLEFE OF AGRICULTURE, DHARWAD UNIVERSITY OF ARGICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD 580 005
DECEMBER, 2006
Members : 1.______________________ (R. V. PATIL) 2._____________________ (S. GANGAPRASAD) 3._____________________ (K. S. NAIK)
CONTENTS
Chapter No.
I. INTRODUCTION
Title
II.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III.
IV.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
V.
DISCUSSION
VI.
SUMMARY
VII.
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Title
Genotypes used for evaluation and their sources Genotypes used for hybridization and their source and features Distribution of 34 genotypes in to different cluster Per cent contribution of characters towards divergence in 34 genotypes of onion Average intra and intercluster D2 values of Onion genotypes The nearest and farthest cluster from each cluster based on D value Clusters mean for 12 characters in onion Analysis of variance (mean sum of square) for 12 characters in onion Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for number of leaves at 60 DAT Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for plant height 60 DAT Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for number of leaves at 90 DAT Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for plant height 90 DAT Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for neck thickness Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for length of bulb Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for width of bulb Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for shape index Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for bulb weight Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for total soluble solids Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for storage loss Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for bulb yield Analysis of variance (mean sum of squires) for combining ability for 12 characters in onion Estimation of GCA effect of parents for 12 characters in onion (L T) Estimation of SCA effect of parent for 12 characters in onion (L T) Best combiner gca for important economic characters Per se performance and combining ability effects of top 5 hybrids for higher yield and their corresponding bulb weight Per se performance of top 5 hybrids for higher yield and their corresponding TSS and storage loss
2
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1.
Title
Per se performances of parents and hybrids for total soluble solids 0 ( Brix) Per se performances of parents and hybrids for storage loss (%) Per se performances of parents and hybrids for bulb yield (g)
2. 3.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Best genotypes (White) Best genotypes (Red) Best genotypes (Red) Superior hybrid and their parents Superior hybrid and their parents
Title
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No.
I.
Title
Monthly meteorological data for experiment year 2004-05 of Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
I. INTRODUCTION
Onion (Allium cepa var. cepa L.), 2n = 16 is the most important species of the Allium group belonging to family Alliaceae. It can be regarded as the single important vegetable species in the world after tomatoes. Onion is known to have many important medicinal and therapeutic effects such as blood sugar lowering, antiplatelet aggregation, fibrinolytic effects. Bulb juice is used as smelling agent an hysterical convulsions and faintness. The nutritive values of onion varies among the varieties and generally 100 g of edible bulb contains moisture (86.8 g), carbohydrates (11.0 g), protein (1.2 g), fibre (0.6 g), minerals (0.4 g), calcium (180 mg), phosphorus (50 mg), vitamin C (11 mg), iron (0.7 mg), nicotinic acid (0.4 mg) and a little of thiamine. Although, onion has low nutritional value (average nutritional value = 2.06), it is one of the most widely used vegetable due to its flavouring and seasoning the food, both at mature and immature bulb stage. Besides, it is being used as salad and pickle. To a lesser extent, it is used by processing industry for dehydration in the form of onion flakes and powder, which are in great demand in the world market. In the world, India ranks first in total area and second in production after China and third after Netherlands and Spain in export. Indian onions is being exported to Malaysia, Singapore, Gulf Countries, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal. At present, in the world, onion occupies an area of 297 million ha with the production of 51.91 million tonnes and average productivity is 17.47 tonnes per ha (Anon., 2005). In our country, it is being grown on an area of 0.52 million ha with a production of 6.5 million tonnes and the productivity is 12.50 tonnes per ha. Most of the onion produced in India comes from Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Orissa, Uttara Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Karnataka alone occupies an area of 1.24 lakh ha with a production of 6.93 lakh tonnes with an average productivity of 5.60 tonnes per ha (Anon., 2005). The major onion producing districts of Karnataka are Dharwad, Bijapur, Gadag, Chitradurga, Haveri, Davanageri and Bellary. According to Vavilov (1951) the primary centre of origin lies in Central Asia. The near east and Mediterranean are the secondary centres of origin. It is an ancient crop having been utilized in medicine, rituals and as a food in Egypt and in India since 600 B. C. Reference of onion as a food was also found in Bible and Quran. The genus Allium is very large with more than 500 species, which are perennial and mostly bulbous plants. Out of these, only seven species are in cultivation. However, Allium cepa (onion) and Allium sativum (Garlic) are the two major cultivated species grown all over the world. Onion is an outstanding diploid biennial vegetable that shows severe inbreeding depression. Crossing among divergent groups shows significant improvement in traits. The discovery the cytoplasmic male sterility in onion (Jones and Clarke, 1943) enabled for commercial hybrid seed production and at present hybrid onions have dominated over the conventional varieties in the western countries owing to improved yield and quality of bulb. There is a growing interest on use of onions in food industries for canning and dehydration. Hence, there is a urgent need to develop cultivars suitable for processing industry. The onion breeders must develop more sophisticated and efficient approaches in selecting and testing the parents, which will produce superior hybrids or varieties. Genetic diversity plays an important role in plant breeding either to exploit heterosis or to generate productive recombinants. The choice of parents is of paramount importance in breeding programme. Assessment of a large number of genotypes for a genetic diversity is the first step in this direction. In heterosis breeding programme, large number of hybrids produced and evaluated to exploit hybrid vigour, which usually requires more resources and manpower. It is possible to select parents/inbreds based on morphological diversity with good combining ability for economic traits and producing superior hybrids. The analysis of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) helps in identifying potential line/inbreeds for the production of superior hybrids for yield and yield attributing characters.
The line tester analysis (Kempthrone, 1957) is one of the simplest and efficient method of evaluating large number of inbreds for their combining ability and per se performance. Analysis of GCA and SCA also helps to know the type of gene action controlling various characters and in the development of suitable breeding strategies. At present, onion hybrids are not predominantly cultivated in India. There is a need to develop hybrids in onion for obtaining uniform size bulbs with more shelf life and higher yield. In this background, the present study on onion was initiated with the following objectives. 1. To assess the genetic divergence in onion genotypes. 2. To estimate the best heterotic combination for bulb yield and its attributes and 3. Identification of productive F1 combinations.
2.1
GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetically diverse parents are expected to give hybrid vigour (Harrigton, 1940) and hence, it necessitates to assess the genetic divergence among the existing varieties and germplasm collection for identification of parents for hybridization. D2 statistics developed by Mahalanobis (1936) actually provides a measures of magnitudes of divergence between two groups and individually under comparison. It considers the variation produced by any characters and their consequent effect that it bears on other character. The technique was first used by Mahalanobis is an anthropometric survey of the united province in India. Its application to the field of botany was started with the work of Nair and Mukharji (1960) who applied this method in classifying the natural population and plantation teak. Latter, its application was extended to field crops. Murthy and Pavate (1962) observed that D2 analysis can be extended to the situations where overlapping species need to be discriminated and also to the fact that discrimination at subspecies level is needed. They used it for testing the genetic divergence among 13 flue cured tobacco varieties, which could be classified into four clusters considering four characters together. Following this study the technique has been applied in several vegetable crops. Patil (1983) applied Mahalanobis D2 statistics to data for 20 bulb character in 37 cultivars of onion collected from different parts of India. Based on this, they grouped cultivars into 18 clusters. The largest cluster had five varieties and there were 10 solitary clusters. The clustering pattern was not directly associated with the geographical distribution. Lokhande et al. (1987) based on D2 values obtained from analysis of agronomic traits, 33 divergent varieties of garlic were grouped into 14 cluster. The clustering patterns were not correlated with geographical diversity. Patil et al. (1987) grouped 45 varieties of onion into 12 clusters on the basis of bulb, biochemical and storage character. Hwang (1993) carried out multivariate analysis to study 10 quantitative characters in 64 local (Korea) and 32 exotic cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum). Based on bolting habit of varieties the cultivars the groups were corresponded with the geographical distribution. Leecultai and Chungdonghee (1996) applied Euclidan D2 statistics to measure the distances among 60 onion varieties and were grouped into four groups. These groups were
not associated with geographical origin and yield and bulb weight contributed largely to the D2 statistics. Patil (1997) D analysis indicated enormous diversity among the collections. Twenty five onion genotypes were assigned to seven clusters. The clustering pattern obtained in the present investigation revealed that geographic diversity did not seen to have a direct association with genetic diversity. Mohanty et al. (2001) reported the genetic diversity among 12 garlic cultivars for yield and yield components. Based on genetic affinity, the cultivars were grouped into five clusters. The clustering pattern indicated the lack of significant correlation between geographic origin and genetic divergence. Tanikawa et al. (2002) examined 22 onion (A. cepa) cultivars by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Cluster analysis reveals six clusters. Comparison between cluster and various characteristics did not demonstrated any relationship. Mota et al. (2004) have conducted experiment to determine the genetic diversity of 11 garlic cultivars, the cultivars were divided into noble (requires vernelization for bulb formation) and half noble (does not require vernelization for bulb formation). These groups showed 57.1 and 54.2 per cent similarity, respectively. Kambiz (2006) observed cluster analysis on morphological and phytochemical characters arranged the 24 garlic ecotypes in five main groups, but did not indicate significant relationship between genetic diversity and geographical origins. Panthee et al. (2006) studied the diversity in garlic genotypes collected from different places of Nepal. Data were analysed by using principal component and cluster analysis procedure to reveal three major clusters. Four principal components were identified explaining more than 85 per cent of total variation. Major contributing characters were bulb weight, diameter, yield and number of cloves per bulb.
2
2.2
HETEROSIS
Heterosis refers to superiority of F1 hybrids in general vigour, yield and adoption. The magnitude of heterosis depends on accumulation of favourable dominant alleles in the F1 population. If parental population differ from each other for more favourable dominant alleles the magnitude of heterosis will also be proportionately higher. This relationship is evidenced in the basic formula for heterosis (Falconer, 1981). Heterosis in F1 = dy Where, d is magnitude of dominance and y is difference between the parental populations for allelic frequencies at the locus. Onion was the first vegetable crop to exploit heterosis commercially (Jones and Clarke, 1943), when they found out cytoplasmic genetic male sterility Italian red since, the classic paper by Jones and Davis (1944) demonstrating inbreeding depression and recovery of vigour of hybrids after crossing among inbred lines, there has been constant efforts to develop hybrid onion cultivated in the public and private sectors. Heterosis has been exploited in onion breeding for the past four decades except in India where very little research has been done. An attempt has been made to present information available on heterosis for individual character.
2
Vadivel et al. (1982) have evaluated 30 hybrids and their parents. The results showed that both positive and negative heterosis for bulb weight. Whereas, one cross recorded significant heterosis for yield and most yield components. Aghora (1985) observed that the seven crosses of onion were having significant heterosis over better parent and 13 crosses over mid parent. Veeregowda (1988) also observed significant positive heterosis for onion bulb weight in seven crosses out of 55 crosses over better parent. Doruchowsk (1986) crossed eight male sterile line with 8 pollen parents and heterosis was observed only for bulb weight in onion. Divakar (2001) in his study involving 10 10 half diallel observed that out of 45 crosses, 8 crosses were found to be significant positive heterosis over mid parent, 30 crosses over better parent and 15 crosses found significant over standard check for bulb weight.
2.3
COMBINING ABILITY
The genetic values of parents are expressed in terms of combining abilities. Spargue and Tatum (1942) defined general combining ability (gca) as the average performance of the progeny of an individual when it is mated to a number of other individuals in a population. Specific combining ability (sca) which is a term that refers to the average performance of the progeny of a cross between two specific parents that are different from what would be expected on the basis of their general combining ability alone. Estimation of combining abilities provide quite relevant and vital information that is of direct utility to plant breeding programmes. Hybridization is one of the means of obtaining increased yield and choice of parents in such a programme is difficult owing to the differential behaviour of the inbreds in relation to combining ability. A measures of general and specific combining ability of the parents in terms of additive and non-additive portions of genetic variance would be of immense value in the choice of parents and of effective crosses for plant improvement. Generally, general combining ability is associated with genes, which are additive in their effects, while specific combining ability is attributed to deviation from the additive scheme caused by dominance and epistasis. General combining ability involves both additive effects as well as additive additive, additive dominance and dominance dominance type of interactions (Griffing, 1956). The extent of hybrid vigour is dependent on the combining ability of the lines used as parents. If a line with an outstanding combining ability could be found, it might be used as a common parent for obtaining superior combinations. Generally, top crossing, line tester analysis and diallel crossing technique are employed for this purpose. Following review presents the available genetic information on combining ability for different characters in onion. Srivastava et al. (2005) studied combining ability in 45 crosses along with 18 chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) for eight characters. The ratio of 5/8 suggested that non-additive gene has greater role in the inheritance of all the characters except for fruit length and ripe fruit yield per plant, where additive gene action played an important role.
additive gene effects which were also have a significant role in the inheritance of these characters. Madalageri (1983) evaluated forty five hybrids and parents for their sca and gca effect in which, he found the significance of gca and sca variance revealed additive and nonadditive effect playing a role in the inheritance of this trait. Divakar (2001) studied combining ability effect. For number of leaves per plant and found that magnitude of GCA variance was higher than SCA variance for the trait indicating the major influence of additive genetic variance. Significant and positive sca effect was found in 29 crosses. Sundari et al. (2003) observed the components of variance due to sca were greater than those due to gca for number of leaves per plant was found to be the good general combiner and the cross L-3 T-14 is found to be good specific combiner for this character.
Generally, the parents with tapedo (very high shape index) and flat (very low index) shape have exhibited. Significantly positive and negative gca effects, respectively. Sundari et al. (2003) have noticed the estimated components of variance due to sca were greater than those due to gca for shape index. Arun et al. (2005) in his study of heterosis for qualitative characters observed that the cross CLN1462A x FT-5 has recorded highest significant value over the check (Noween).
3.1
The experiment was conducted in the red clay soils (Inceptisols) of the Olericulture Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Geographically, Dharwad is located at 15 26' North latitude, 76 07' east longitude at an altitude of 678 m above the mean sea level. Dharwad is situated in the agro-climatic zoneVIII. The mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature during hot months (March 0 0 and April) and cold months (December and January) ranges from 36.30 C to 18.90 C and 0 0 29.90 C to 12.90 C, respectively. The annual rainfall of 1006.30 mm was received during the month of May to October. The details of the weather data are presented in Appendix I.
0 0
Totally, 34 genotypes of both red and white coloured were collected from various sources like National Research Centre on Onion and Garlic (NRCOG) at Rajagurunagar (Pune, Maharashtra), Arka series from IIHR, Hesarghatta, Bangalore and local varieties. The list and sources of the 34 genotypes are presented in Table 1. Out of 34 genotypes, only superior genotypes of both red and white types were selected for further study, whereas for present research work only red types were choosen (Plate 1, 2 and 3).
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
Genotype Arka Pitamber Telagi Red PBR-5 RHRO White Local White PRO-6 NRCOG-W-217 NRCOG-W-130 NRCOG-W-149 NRCOG-W-395 NRCOG-155 NRCOG-659 NRCOG-W-102 Phule Safed Pusa White round NRCOG-W-416 NRCOG-W-272 NRCOG-W-208 NRCOG-536 NRCOG-596 NRCOG-642 NRCOG-934 NRCOG-937 NRCOG-205 NRCOG-608 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-588 Rose onion N-53 Royal selection Arka Bindu Arka Kalyan Arka Pragati Bellary Red
Source IIHR, Hesarghatta Collections from Bijapur Germplasm unit Olericulture section, UAS, Dharwad UAS, Dharwad NRCOG Rajagurunagar ------ " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " -----IARI NRCOG Rajagurunagar ------ " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " ----------- " -----UAS, Dharwad Seminis IIHR, Hesarghatta ------ " ----------- " -----UAS, Dharwad
The experiment was carried out during 2004-06 and the recommended package of practices were followed.
3.4
OBSERVATIONS RECORDED
The following observations were recorded and used for genetic diversity study and evaluation of hybrids. The five randomly selected plants from each entry and the average from these five plants was worked out for the purpose of statistical computation. The details of observations recorded in each experiment and techniques adopted for recording the observations were as follows. The observations for plant height, number of functional leaves and neck thickness were collected on 60 days after transplanting. The data on remaining characters were collected after the harvest from the total bulbs harvested. Five competitive bulbs were selected randomly for recording the bulb weight, bulb dimension, total soluble solids. Another lot of 10 bulbs were kept for storage studies. These bulbs were initially weighed and bagged in a cloth bag. They were kept for 30 days in a room. After 30 days, the observations on loss in weight was recorded.
3.5
CROSSING PROGRAMME
Among 34 genotypes, best 12 genotypes were selected based on divergence study (Table 2). The bulbs of the selected parents were planted in a crossing block on 30th August, 2005 and started flowering in October and ended in November.
3.6
The experiment was carried out by using RBD design with three replications. The seeds of all the 36 hybrids were sown in a seed bed on 16th March 2006. Since some of the hybrids did not germinate only 15 hybrids were taken for further study and were transplanted in a main field after one month of sowing.
3.7
CULTURAL PRACTICES
Recommended package of practices were followed for raising onion crop.
Table 2. Genotypes used for hybridization and their source and features
Sl. No.
Genotypes
Source
Features
Lines 1. Bellary red UAS, Dharwad Light red, medium size, 30-40 g weight 4-5 cm in size, red colour, 30-35 g UAS, Dharwad NRCOGRajagurnagar ------"-----------"-----Light red, medium sized, 46 kg/bulb Medium sized bulb, average yield 30 t/ha, red colour Dark red, medium size, 20 t/ha Average size, light pink, 22 t/ha
2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
------"------
Medium sized bulbs, average yield 30 t/ha, red in colour Light red, medium to large bulbs, 20 t/ha Red colour, medium sized, flat to stobular, red in colour 50-70 g, 20 t/ha, red in colour Medium sized bulb, average yield 20 t/ha, red in colour Bulbs 4-6 cm across, 33 t/ha, red in colour
NRCOG-205
------"------
NRCOG-327
------"------
------"-----IIHR, Hesarghatta
Arka Kalyan
IIHR, Hesarghatta
3.8
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Since the formula for computation requires inversion of higher order determinant, transformation of the original correlated unstandardized character mean (Xs) to standardized 2 uncorrelated variable (Ys) was done to simplify the computational procedure. The D values were obtained as the corresponding uncorrelated (Ys) values of any two uncorrelated genotypes (Rao, 1952). 3.8.1.2 Clustering of D2 values All the (n-1)/2 D values were clustered using Tochers methods as described by Rao (1952). 3.8.1.2.1 Intracluster distance The intracluster distance were calculated by formula given by Singh and Choudhary (1977). Square of the intra cluster distance =
2 2
D2i n
D i is the sum of distance between all possible combinations of the entries included in the cluster. n - number of possible combinations 3.8.1.2.2 Inter cluster distance The inter cluster distance were calculated by the formula described by Singh and Choudhary (1977). D2i Square of intra cluster distance = nn
i j
Where, D2i is the sum of distance between all possible combinations (ninj) of the entries included in the cluster study.
ni nj
3.8.2.2 Estimation of heterosis The magnitude of heterosis was estimated in relation to mid parental and better parental values. They were thus calculated as percentage increase or decrease of F1s over the mid parent value (MP) and better parental value (BP). a. Heterosis over mid parent
MP = Where,
F1 MP MP P1 + P2
100
MP =
BP =
F1 BP BP
100
The significance of F1 heterosis value were tested by comparing them with CD values obtained separately for MP and BP employing the formula given below.
CD for MP = 3/2
eMSS r
t value
Where, eMSS = Error mean sum of squares r t = Number of replications = Table t value at error degree of freedom of freedom
3.8.2.3 Combining ability analysis The variation among the hybrids was further partitioned in to genetic components attributes to general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) following the method suggested by Kempthrone (1957). Estimation of combining ability effects The combining ability effects were estimated as follows. = X... ltr Xi . . tr X.j. lr Xij. r X... - ltr X... - ltr Xi . . - tr X.j. - lr X... + ltr
gi =
gj =
Sij =
Where, X. . .: Total of all hybrids Xi. . : Total of i line over all testers and replications X.j. : Total of j tester over all lines and replications Xij. : Total of ijth cross over all the replications
th th
Standard errors of the effects The variance of the estimates were calculated following formula given below. The standard error of the estimates are the square of their variances. i. S.E. (gca for line) = M4 rt
M4 rl M4 r
The critical differences were calculated by multiplying the standard error with table t value at 5 and 1 per cent levels of probabilities for error degrees of freedom.
The analysis was based on the following mathematical model. YijK = + gi + gj + Sij + rK + eijK Where, YijK gi gj Sij rk eijK i j k : Any characters measured of the cross (i j) in the kth replication : Population mean : gca effect of ith parent : gca effect of jth parent : sca effect of (i j)th cross : Effect due to k replication : Random error effect associated with (ijk) observation in k replication : Number of female parent : Number of male parent : Number of replications
th th th
ANOVA for combining ability Source of variation Replication Hybrids Lines Testers Line tester Error d.f. (r-1) (lt-1) (l-1) (t-1) (l-1) (t-1) (r-1) (lt-1) MSS M1 M2 M3 M4 Expectations e + r [Cov(FS) - 2Cov(HS) + rt [Cov(HS)] e + r [Cov(FS) - 2Cov(HS) + rl [Cov(HS)] e + r [Cov(FS) - 2Cov(HS)] e
Genetic divergence along with variability are of greatest interest to plant breeders as they play a vital role in forming a successful breeding programme. Analysis of genetic divergence has been used to quantify the genetic distance between the genotypes and to identify the promising types to initiate crossing programme.
4.1.2
D2 analysis was carried out using all the 12 characters and generalized distance (D2) was calculated for each pair genotypes.
Cluster
Number of genotypes 6
Name of genotypes
NRCOG-W-102, NRCOG-W-208, NRCOG-W-416, NRCOG-W-272, Phule safed and Pusa white round. PBR-5, RHRO-White, Local white, PRO-6, NRCOG-W217, NRCOG-W-130, NRCOG-W-149, NRCOG-W-395, NRCOG-155 and NRCOG-659. Arka Pitamber and Telagi Red. NRCOG-536, NRCOG-596 and NRCOG-642. Arka Bindu, Arka Kalyan and Arka Pragati. NRCOG-608, NRCOG-327 and NRCOG-588. NRCOG-934, NRCOG-937 and NRCOG-205. Rose onion, N-53 and Royal selection. Bellary Red.
II
10
2 3 3 3 3 3 1
Characters Number of leaves at 60 DAT Height of plant at 60 DAT (cm) Number of leaves at 90 DAT Height of plant at 90 DAT (cm) Neck thickness (cm) Length of the bulb (cm) Width of the bulb (cm) Shape index TSS (OB) Storage loss (%) Bulb weight (gm) Yield (t/ha)
Per cent contribution 3.03 0.53 4.46 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 12.30 76.83
Cluster I II
I 4.564
II 102.90 3.819
IV 44.87 136.13
V 42.25 137.49
VI 42.66 134.66
IX 40.12 130.23
III IV V
1.00
136.30 1.91
VI VII VII
3.16
18.85 2.53
IX Diagonal value indicates intra cluster distance Above the diagonal values indicates inter cluster distance
00.00
For cluster IV, cluster IX (6.00) has shown nearest value and the farthest was cluster III (136.30). To the cluster V nearest cluster was IV cluster (8.63) and farthest cluster was III cluster (137.63). For the cluster VI, cluster IX (9.00) was nearest, whereas cluster III (134.80) was farthest. Cluster VII showed minimum cluster distance with cluster VIII (15.81) and maximum distance with III cluster (120.52). For VIII and IX cluster, the cluster IX (18.00) and cluster IV (6.00), respectively have shown minimum difference whereas cluster III (113.89) and I (130.00), respectively have shown highest difference. The cluster means in respect of 12 characters and over all characters were score across the nine clusters are presented in Table 7. In case of number of leaves at 60 DAT, the genotypes of cluster IX exhibited the highest mean leaf number (10.26) followed by cluster VIII (10.24). Cluster V compared of lowest number of leaves (9.18). The mean values of remaining cluster were intermediate. The number of leaves thus ranged from lowest in cluster V to 9.18 to highest in cluster IX (10.26). With regard to height of plant at 60 DAT, cluster means ranged from 56.80 cm (cluster I) to 45.80 cm in cluster V. The highest height of plants at 30 DAT was observed in cluster I (56.80 cm) followed by cluster IX (53.66 cm). The lowest plant height at 60 DAT was observed in cluster V (45.80 cm). Cluster mean for number of leaves at 90 DAT ranged from as low as 8.46 to as high as 11.20. Cluster V gas given the highest numbers of leaves at 90 DAT (11.20) followed by cluster IV (10.23), whereas the cluster VII has shown least number of leaves at 90 DAT (8.46). Remaining clusters shown intermediate cluster mean. Again for height of plant at 90 DAT, the cluster mean ranged from 58.05 to 48.98 cm. The cluster VII has shown lowest height of plant at 90 DAT (48.90) and the highest height was shown by cluster IV (58.05) followed by cluster VI (57.98). Cluster means for length of the bulb ranged from as low as 3.3 (cluster IX) and as high as 4.42 in cluster I, followed by the cluster VIII (4.20). Remaining clusters have shown intermediate value of cluster mean. With regard to width of the bulb, cluster means ranging from 2.86 to 4.37 cm was observed. The highest width of bulb was observed in the cluster I (4.37 cm) followed by the cluster V (4.24 cm). However, the lowest width of bulb was observed in cluster IV (2.86 cm). For shape index, the cluster mean ranged from 1.15 to 0.94. The genotypes comprising of cluster V shown lowest shape index (0.94). The highest shape index was observed in cluster IX (1.15) followed by cluster II (1.08). With regard to total soluble solids, cluster means ranging from 11.79 to 6.02 was observed. The highest total soluble solids was observed in the cluster V (11.790B) comprising of three genotypes followed by cluster IX (10.1) with one genotype. All other cluster means are having intermediate value except cluster VI, which is having lowest cluster mean 0 (11.79 B). Range of value varied from 1.10 to 0.79 cm in case of neck thickness of bulbs. The highest neck thickness of bulb obtained in the cluster VI (1.01 cm) and lowest neck thickness of bulb obtained in cluster VIII (0.79). Cluster mean varied from highest of 20.81 to 19.40 per cent in case of storage loss of onion bulbs. Cluster VI exhibited highest cluster mean value (20.81%). The lowest storage loss was observed in cluster IX (19.40) followed by cluster III (19.61%). In case of bulb weight, the mean cluster value ranging from 117.33 to 66.27 g. The highest value of 117.33 g was observed in cluster IV followed by cluster VI (107.22). The lowest value in cluster III (66.27 g). Remaining cluster showed intermediate results.
Table 6. The nearest and farthest cluster from each cluster based on D2 value
Cluster No.
Farthest cluster with D value II (103.12) V (137.49) V (137.63) III (136.30) III (137.63) III (134.80) III (120.52) III (113.89) III1 (30.42)
VIII (22.33) III (6.00) II (6.00) IX (6.31) IV (8.63) IX (9.00) VIII (15.81) IX (18.00) IV (6.00)
No of leaves 60 DAT
No of leaves 60 DAT
Cluster
No Of Entries
Overall Score 57 67 73 43 56 65 83 49 47
Sl. No
Yield (t/ha)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 10 2 3 3 3 3 3
9.50 (7) 9.69 (6) 10.10 (4) 9.73 (5) 9.18 (9) 10.20 (3) 9.35 (8) 10.24 (2) 10.26 (1)
56.80 (1) 50.01 (7) 52.10( (5) 53.10 (3) 45.80 (9) 50.23 (6) 46.40 (8) 52.75 (4) 53.66( ) (2)
9.20 (8) 9.36 (7) 9.90 (5) 10.23 (2) 11.20 (1) 10.12 (3) 8.46 (9) 9.74 (6) 10.03 (4)
54.83 (5) 50.60 (8) 52.4 (7) 58.05 (1) 54.60 (6) 57.98 (2) 48.90 (9) 57.63 (3) 55.30 (4)
4.42 (1) 3.76 (7) 3.43 (8) 3.90 (6) 3.99 (3) 3.91 (5) 4.20 (2) 3.96 (4) 3.31 (9)
4.37 (1) 3.46 (7) 3.33 (8) 3.62 (6) 4.24 (2) 4.00 (4) 3.99 (5) 4.02 (3) 2.86 (9)
1.01 (6) 1.08 (2) 1.03 (5) 1.07 (3) 0.94 (9) 0.97 (8) 1.05 (4) 0.98 (7) 1.15 (1)
9.96 (3) 9.27 (4) 8.09 (7) 8.30 (6) 11.79 (1) 6.02 (9) 7.81 (8) 8.88 (5) 10.1 (2)
1.04 (8) 0.97 (3) 1.00 (5) 0.99 (4) 0.96 (2) 1.10 (9) 1.02 (7) 0.79 (1) 1.01 (6)
19.67 (3) 19.68 (4) 19.61 (2) 20.40 (5) 20.50 (7) 20.81 (9) 20.46 (6) 20.51 (8) 19.40 (1)
16.33 (7) 16.65 (6) 12.05 (8) 24.38 (1) 24.02 (2) 17.66 (5) 11.44 (9) 21.68 (3) 20.05 (4)
92.20 (7) 95.65 (6) 66.27 (9) 117.33 (1) 97.37 (5) 107.22 (2) 86.33 (8) 105.33 (3) 97.96 (4)
IX
Rank 5 7 8 1 4 6 9 3 2
In case of bulb yield the range varied from 11.44 to 24.38 t per ha. The cluster IV comprising of three genotypes recorded highest value (24.38 t/ha) followed by cluster V (24.02 t/ha). The lowest value was recorded by cluster VII comprising of three genotypes (11.44 t/ha). While, characteristics scoring for cluster means, the most desirable magnitude of the trait is given score one and the least desirable as nine. Hence, the cluster with least desirable score across 12 characters gets first rank and that the cluster with highest overall score gets the ninth rank.
The analysis of variance for 12 characters are presented in Table 8. It is clear from the table that all the entries comprising parents showed significant difference for most of the characters except for width of the bulb and storage loss. Among the parents, lines (females) exhibited significant differences for the many of the characters viz., number of leaves at 60 DAT and 90 DAT, neck thickness, length of the bulb, bulb weight, TSS and bulb yield. Testers (males) also differed significantly for half of the characters except for plant height at 60 DAT, neck thickness, length and width of the bulb, shape index and storage loss. The contribution of female Vs males showed highly significant variation for six characters viz., number of leaves at 60 DAT and at 90 DAT, plant height 90 DAT, TSS and bulb yield. The variance for hybrids was highly significant for almost all characters except for plant height at 60 DAT. The variance due to parents Vs hybrids was also significant for most of the characters except for plant height at 90 DAT, neck thickness, width and shape of the bulb.
No of leaves 60 DAT
No of leaves 60 DAT
Shape Index
TSS of Bulb 0 ( B)
Yield (t/ha)
Replication Parents
2 7
0.1875
0.0441 8.8179**
6.3030 106.7305*
0.0065 0.0248
0.0329 0.3447*
12.5273
0.3374
0.0041 1.7971
Lines
9.5510**
83.7793
0.0425*
3.0377
10.9200**
142.1544*
0.0014
0.2007
0.0161 271.3822**
0.1233
4.5114**
1.6810*
127.6871*
0.0008
0.1525
0.1000 0.0427
117.4433
0.1823
14 10.923** 4.4977**
5.3404**
57.2662*
0.0595** 0.5458**
2.5910 0.0996 15.1176* 23.0504* 30.1383* 177.7556** * ** * * * 83.8533* 35.2565* 81.5329* * * * 0.5609 1.7841 3.3109
1.9726*
0.1565
0.0011
44
0.4685
11.6500
0.5498
23.6035
0.0119
0.1220
0.7350 0.0106
49.0831
Table 9. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for number of leaves at 60 DAT
The range of mid parent heterosis varied from 8.59 (NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan) to 36.67 (NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327) per cent. Out of 15 hybrids, four crosses showed significant positive heterosis and none of them showed significant negative heterosis. Heterosis in F1s over their better parent ranged from 15.24 (NRCOG-659 NRCOG327) to 18.75 per cent (NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327). Four crosses exhibited significant negative heterosis and three of them showed significant positive heterosis.
Table 10. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for plant height 60 DAT
Plant height (cm) at 60 DAT Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers 1. 2. 3. NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 47.00 42.00 49.48 47.00 46.00 49.00 45.30 47.00 55.00 43.00 43.07 43.30 57.00 50.00 47.00 1.97 5.60 7.46 17.50 ** 9.40 20.67** 0.88 3.14 5.15 -0.37 5.62 18.28 ** -7.26 -5.07 -8.59 26.67 13.64 2.17 2.41 6.66 8.78 ** 12.90 * 6.67 12.45* -6.50 -6.50 -0.41 -1.48 -4.08 12.24* -15.24** -15.11* -14.65* 18.75** 4.17 -2.08 2.79 5.53 10.11 42.00 40.00 44.00 38.00 49.20 49.00 50.73 48.00 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 11. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for number of leaves at 90 DAT
Number of leaves Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers 1. 2. 3. NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 8.13 12.20 9.97 8.30 8.90 8.13 10.00 8.90 9.30 11.00 9.30 12.30 10.00 11.00 9.77 0.428 1.220 1.629 -17.15 ** 35.30 ** -8.70 -3.49 14.10 * -16.15 ** 6.38 3.49 -11.43 * 2.64 -6.22 4.09 16.28 * 41.03 ** 0.69 0.5243 1.053843 1.405124 -18.94 ** 21.59 ** -15.54 ** -13.54 * 11.25 -31.07 ** 4.17 -3.26 -21.19 ** -7.04 -21.41 ** 3.94 4.17 37.50 ** -17.23 ** 0.6054 1.216854 1.622472 9.60 8.00 11.80 10.03 7.60 9.20 11.83 7.60 Entries Per se value F1s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 12. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for plant height 90 DAT
Plant height (cm) at 90 DAT Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers 1. 2. 3. NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 52.67 48.00 50.00 50.33 56.00 52.00 50.00 56.00 51.00 49.00 58.10 50.00 52.00 52.00 64.90 2.805 7.993 10.67 -10.71 -7.87 -9.88 -9.04 15.58 * 0.32 -14.19 * 8.98 -6.88 -17.09 ** 11.27 -10.07 -2.07 12.51 30.85 ** 3.4354 6.905154 9.206872 -16.14 * -12.99 -10.39 -19.85 ** 14.21 -6.81 -20.38 ** 4.22 -8.60 -21.97 4.87 -10.39 -17.20 ** 6.05 16.31 * 3.9668 7.973268 10.631024 62.80 49.03 55.80 55.17 47.87 53.73 55.40 43.40 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 13. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for neck thickness
Neck thickness (cm) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 0.68 0.84 1.17 0.80 1.17 0.92 1.10 1.10 0.95 1.11 1.02 1.00 0.95 1.02 1.11 0.063 0.179 0.239 -32.01 ** -14.58 17.06 * -12.73 30.35 ** 1.28 1.54 3.61 -11.63 11.93 5.50 1.69 -3.39 5.72 13.85 0.0770 0.15477 0.20636 -32.34 ** -16.83 15.51 -20.00 * 21.95 * -6.44 -5.71 -5.71 -18.57 * 11.00 4.07 1.69 -5.00 5.17 12.88 0.0889 0.178689 0.238252 1.00 0.96 0.98 1.01 0.83 1.17 0.98 0.97 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 14. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for length of bulb
Length of bulb (cm) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 3.27 3.53 4.03 3.20 4.10 3.80 3.70 4.17 4.97 3.90 3.76 4.20 4.17 3.77 3.81 0.202 0.575 0.767 -7.89 4.48 10.91 -9.35 21.84 ** 4.97 3.64 22.37 ** 35.70 ** -2.46 -1.91 2.73 12.06 6.00 0.13 0.2469 0.496269 0.661692 -13.58 2.42 1.85 -15.34 * 18.84 * -4.04 -2.12 20.77 * 25.42 ** -7.51 -10.83 -0.40 10.23 3.01 -3.70 0.2851 0.57305 0.764068 3.78 3.45 3.96 3.31 3.28 3.36 4.22 3.66 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 15. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for width of bulb
Width of bulb (cm) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers 1. 2. 3. NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 2.18 4.47 3.15 4.57 3.37 3.97 3.17 4.80 3.07 3.83 2.27 5.07 2.90 4.73 4.37 0.496 1.412 1.886 -41.39 * 17.96 -20.32 39.02 * 0.60 12.90 -6.86 38.66 * -15.48 5.55 -38.54 * 31.26 -24.84 20.75 6.85 0.6062 1.218462 1.624616 -44.02 * 14.53 -21.38 28.64 -8.35 -1.00 -10.80 30.67 -23.46 3.23 -38.87 * 26.46 -30.40 13.60 4.80 0.7000 1.407 1.876 3.90 3.02 3.25 3.71 4.17 3.55 3.67 4.01 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 16. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for shape index
Shape index Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers 1. 2. 3. NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 0.97 0.76 1.02 0.75 1.24 1.05 0.91 1.01 1.44 1.21 1.06 1.03 0.97 0.92 0.85 0.059 0.168 0.224 -9.06 -31.22 ** -1.45 -24.83 ** 20.52 ** 9.91 -9.75 -3.82 48.29 ** 23.89 ** 4.76 9.73 -10.36 -17.31 * -18.21 * 0.0727 0.146127 0.194836 -15.90 * -34.10 ** -11.85 -25.83 ** 17.67 * 4.64 -12.22 -4.73 39.23 ** 23.47 ** 0.63 6.16 -17.85 * -21.53 ** -27.48 ** 0.0839 0.168639 0.224852 0.98 1.06 0.91 1.15 1.01 1.04 0.97 1.18 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 17. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for bulb weight
Bulb weight (g) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 89.00 85.00 82.00 81.67 81.67 76.00 89.67 98.00 111.19 76.00 91.00 97.67 95.67 81.00 92.50 4.04 11.49 15.33 28.40 ** 12.48 4.26 4.48 -3.26 -13.14 * 23.68 ** 24.44 ** 29.36 ** -4.76 5.75 9.58 37.11 * 6.55 16.30 * 4.95 13.68 18.00 25.53 ** 1.79 -8.55 -4.30 -4.30 -15.24* 21.17 ** 17.36 * 24.00 ** -14.21 * 2.72 8.92 34.74 ** -3.00 2.60 5.72 15.80 20.80 71.00 83.50 89.69 67.63 85.33 74.00 88.59 68.54 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 18. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for total soluble solids
Total soluble solids ( Brix) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers 1. 2. 3. NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 17.00 13.66 14.00 10.73 13.10 14.10 12.26 13.03 14.00 8.30 11.16 9.83 9.30 12.16 13.16 0.423 1.205 1.610 85.52 ** 22.88 ** 24.48 ** 13.58 * 14.83** 22.25 ** 56.33 ** 32.93 ** 40.99 ** -10.09 -3.19 -13.09 ** 5.78 13.18 * 21.07 ** 0.5296 1.064496 1.419328 69.83 ** 11.72 * 12.15 * 1.42 7.08 12.95 * 47.49 ** 6.54 12.1 * -18.20 ** -11.44 * -21.23 ** 0.36 -0.54 5.47 0.6115 1.229115 1.63882 8.32 12.23 12.48 10.01 10.58 7.38 10.15 9.27 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Testers
Entries
F1 s
Fig. 1 : Per se performances of parents and hybrids for total soluble solids (0Brix)
Fig. 1: Per se performances of parents and hybrids for total soluble solids (0Brix)
The heterosis was ranged from 13.09 (NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan) to 85.52 per cent (Bellary red NRCOG-327) over mid parent. Among the 15 hybrids, 11 crosses showed significant positive heterosis, while only one cross had significant negative heterosis over mid parent, With respect to better parent, the variation of per cent of heterosis was from 18.20 (NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327) to 69.83 (Bellary red NRCOG-327). Among the total hybrids, six crosses have shown the positive significant heterosis. The cross Bellary red NRCOG327 has shown highest value over better parent for TSS of bulb.
4.3
Analysis of variance with respect to 12 characters are presented in Table 21. Differences in female (lines) were significant for the characters viz., number of leaves at 60 DAT, plant height at 60 DAT and TSS. Males (testers) differed significantly only for number of leaves at 60 DAT. The differences were significant for most of the character in female Vs males (lines Vs testers) variance except for plant height at 90 DAT and length of bulb. Female male (line tester), contribution was of higher magnitude for all the characters. Females (lines) contribution was more for all the characters except for width of the bulb, while male (tester) contributed more for character width of the bulb. The GCA and SCA variance was less than one for all the characters indicating the preponderance of non-additive gene effects.
Table 19. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for storage loss
Storage loss (%) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 18.07 18.37 23.40 23.33 19.23 21.67 23.37 19.50 18.33 26.00 24.50 23.00 25.33 24.47 19.63 0.771 2.197 2.934 -9.14 -7.41 18.68 ** 15.23 ** -5.10 7.88 15.49 ** -3.70 -8.64 22.45 ** 15.29 ** 9.18 * 23.98 ** 19.64 ** -3.12 0.0445 1.898445 2.53126 -11.29 * -9.97 16.81 ** 14.57 ** -5.72 7.62 14.73 ** -4.41 -8.79 17.65 ** 10.86 * 4.07 23.58 ** 19.35 ** -4.23 1.0906 2.192106 2.922808 20.37 20.40 20.03 19.40 20.13 20.10 22.10 20.50 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
Table 20. Per se performances of parents and hybrids and magnitude of heterosis for bulb yield
Bulb yield (t/ha) Sl. No. Lines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bellary Red PRO-6 Telagi Red NRCOG-659 NRCOG-937 Testers NRCOG-327 Arka Pragati Arka Kalyan F1 hybrids Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Bellary Red Arka Pragati Bellary Red Arka Kalyan PRO-6 NRCOG-327 PRO-6 Arka Pragati PRO-6 Arka Kalyan Telagi Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Pragati Telagi Red Arka Kalyan NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati NRCOG-659 Arka Kalyan NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan SEm+ CD at 5% CD at 1% 25.20 26.70 21.50 23.10 24.20 25.03 19.00 24.10 29.53 18.30 24.93 19.00 24.13 21.27 20.11 1.051 2.993 3.997 33.08 ** 16.64 ** -6.15 13.92 * -0.21 3.23 -6.45 -0.75 21.62 ** -1.82 10.26 -15.98 ** 62.22 ** 12.82 6.68 1.2866 2.586066 3.448088 25.66 ** 3.62 -16.56 ** 1.61 -6.08 -2.85 -16.67 -6.47 14.62 * -5.96 -3.23 -26.26 ** 35.43 ** -17.46 ** -21.95 ** 1.4857 2.986257 3.981676 17.82 25.77 25.80 20.05 22.73 22.80 19.46 11.93 Entries Per se value F1 s Heterosis percentage over Mid parent Better parent
30
25
15
10
0 Bellary Red
Testers
Entries
F1 s
Fig. 2 : Per se performances of parents and hybrids for storage loss (%)
Fig. 2 : Per se performances of parents and hybrids for storage loss (%)
30
25
20 Bulb yield
15
10
0 Bellary Red
Testers
Entries
F1 s
Fig. 3 : Per se performances of parents and hybrids for bulb yield (g)
Fig. 3: Per se performances of parents and hybrids for bulb yield (g)
Table 21. Analysis of variance (mean sum of squires) for combining ability for 12 characters in onion No of leaves 60 DAT 0.2334 Ht of plant 60 DAT (cm) 17.2486 No of leaves 60 DAT 4.4282 Ht of plant 90 DAT (cm) 6.1447 Length of bulb (cm) 0.1672 0.5458** 0.6050 1.0062 0.4011 0.1344 0.0051 0.0889 0.0573 31.67 Width of Bulb (cm) 0.3727 Neck thicknes s (cm) 0.0023 Bulb weight (gr) 18.6889
Source of variation Replication Cross Female Male Female Vs. male Error GCA SCA GCA/SCA Contributio n of females Contributio n of males Contributio n of F X M
Df
14 10.9230* * 4 2 1 28
19.3789 53.48.02 ** 57.2662 43.4272 45.7260 67.0707 36.6609 -0.3466 10.1366 0.0341 21.67
2.5910 * 0.0996 ** 15.1176 ** 0.0505 ** 23.0504 ** 0.7792 1.7722 0.0869 0.0556 33.7561 ** 8.8580 7.3633 ** 0.8618 0.2741 2.1672 0.1264 63.80 0.0386 0.0507 32.8947 20.2007
17.6025 * 37.4582* 85.2660 ** 22.8453 * 13.3230 4.6028 * * 0.5692 0.2234 1.3445 0.1161 46.04 11.8533 22.0682 0.2661 -3.4050 -0.0781 55.23 34.8092 42.2551 * 15.4668 0.3968 8.9294 0.0444 45.54
3.7016** 0.1169 ** 0.9521 -0.0393 -0.9165 -0.428 8.59 0.0150 -0.0006 0.0340 0.0176 24.93
0.0721 ** 18.8407 ** 0.0080 -0.0004 0.0214 0.0186 18.53 2.1992 0.1488 5.5472 0.0268 40.77
236.7611* 35.1330** 76.2365 -2.0861 51.5082 0.0839 21.91 4.5916 -0.1766 10.1790 0.0173 24.03
29.88 24.08
9.82 34.95
9.30 46.15
11.41 66.93
26.34 41.99
9.77 81.64
7.98 67.09
8.37 27.83
12.17 69.30
12.52 46.71
1.98 76.19
9.36 66.61
4.4
Estimation of general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) effects for all the characters are presented in Table 22 and 23, respectively.
Among the 15 hybrids, only one cross (NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan) showed positive significant sca effect, rest all showed significant among them five crosses showed towards positive direction.
Out of 15 hybrids, only one cross had significant positive sca effect and that was NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327 and none of the hybrid showed significant negative sca effect.
For sca effect, two crosses had negative significant value, highest value was showed by cross Telagi red NRCOG-327 (-4.08) towards positive direction, the significant values was given by three crosses. Highest value was with cross Telagi red Arka Kalyan (5.36) followed by the cross NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327 (3.42) and cross NRCOG-659 Arka Pragati (3.02).
V. DISCUSSION
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important commercial vegetable crop grown and exported from India. Many varieties of onion have been released, yet 70 per cent of production is from local types which are inferior in quality and yield. The released varieties also lack in qualities such as uniformity in shape and colour, high per cent of bolting and splits, susceptibility to diseases and poor shelf life. In recent years single cross hybrids are gaining greater importance owing to their high yield and uniformity of the product. The utilization of heterosis in plant breeding depends upon valuable genetic stock, evaluation of the stock and finding out diverse ones and identifying suitable cross combinations, which helps in predicting the promising hybrids. Therefore, development of high yielding superior quality hybrids is very much essential to improve the productivity of onion crop. In this chapter, results of genetic diversity, heterosis and combining ability studies have been discussed.
5.1
GENETIC DIVERGENCE
Selection of genetically distant parents for hybridization is a basic need for generation of genotypes with desirable characters. Genetic diversity between genotypes indicate difference in the gene frequencies. Mahalanobis generalized distance is the most widely used technique in plant breeding to know the distance between the genotypes. This statistical tool has been employed widely to resolve genetic divergence at their varietal and species level in classifying crop plants. This is possible by clustering the entries based on D2 values, as it represents the index of genetic diversity among genotypes and clusters. Based on the D2 values, 34 genotypes were grouped into nine clusters. There were six genotypes in the cluster I and 10 genotypes were present in cluster II. In cluster III, two genotypes were present, three genotypes were present in each cluster IV to VIII, while cluster IX was solitary one. The formation of solitary cluster may be due to total isolation preventing the gene flow or intensive natural/human selection for diverse adoptive complexes. The intra cluster distance varies from 1.00 in cluster III to maximum distance of 4.564 in cluster I. This reveals 2 the presence of divergent genotypes within different clusters. The inter cluster D values also ranged widely with minimum value of 6.12 between cluster IV and cluster IX and maximum values of 137.63 between cluster III and cluster V indicating high diversity among the genotypes. Cluster III with two genotypes and cluster V with three genotypes were the most divergent groups with a maximum inter cluster distance (137.63). It is desirable to select accessions from clusters showing high inter cluster distance (cluster III and cluster V) and also with high bulb yields as parents in heterosis breeding programme for obtaining desirable crosses. The most divergent genotypes are Arka Pitambar and Talagi Red from cluster III and Arka Bindu, Arka Kalyan and Arka Pragati from cluster V. Among the 12 characters studies, the most important character contributing to the divergence was yield of bulbs. This was followed by bulb weight, number of leaves, storage loss, height of the plant and neck thickness of the bulb. Similar results were noticed by Panthee (2006) in garlic, where bulb weight, diameter and yield were the major contributor to the genetic diversity.
5.2
HETEROSIS BREEDING
Heterosis is the superiority of F1 hybrid over both of its parents in terms of yield and or other characters. Utilization of hybrids vigour as a means of improving the yield of horticultural crops has become one of the most important technique in vegetable breeding. The advent of onion hybrids in India has less impact. In many of the places local varieties have been substituted by some varieties, which are not enough potential in yield and quality parameters. In view of this it is essential to identify the parents which can produce better hybrids, which perform better than local varieties grown in the particular areas. By keeping this objective in view the diverse selected parents are crossed in a L T manner and F1s are evaluated. Combining ability analysis helps in diagnosing the additive and non-additive gene action which inturn leads to identification of suitable parents and cross combination that could be exploited for crop improvement. The results of this experiment on heterosis and combining ability have been discussed here. There were five and three crosses which showed significant heterosis over mid parent and better parent, respectively suggesting dominant gene action. The highest heterosis for bulb yield was noticed in crosses over better parent are NRCOG-937 NRCOG327 (35.43%) (Plate 4) followed by Bellary Red NRCOG-327 (25.66%) (Plate 5) and Telagi Red Arka Kalyan (14.62%). This might be due to higher bulb weight was noticed in the above crosses. The per cent heterosis for bulb weight in these hybrids was 34.74 per cent (NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327), 25.35 per cent (Bellary Red NRCOG-327) and the cross Telagi Red Arka Kalyan has shown 24.00 per cent of heterosis. Similar results were also recorded by Veeregouda (1988), Vinutha (2000), Divakar (2001). The plant height and number of leaves recorded higher value in the above crosses. These growth parameters directly helped for increased bulb weight and yield. These results were confirmative with Madalageri (1983), Vadivel et al. (1982), Aghora (1985) and Vinutha (2000). The negative heterosis is welcoming in the quality parameters like neck thickness and storage loss. There were only three crosses, which showed negative significant heterosis for neck thickness. The highest value (-32.34%) was given by the cross (Bellary Red NRCOG327) followed by the cross PRO-6 NRCOG-327 (-20.00%) and NRCOG-659 NRCOG-327 (-18.57%). For the storage loss only one cross (Bellary Red NRCOG-327) showed significant negative heterosis (-11.29%) and the cross Bellary Red Arka Pragati and Telagi Red Arka Kalyani showed highest non-significant negative heterosis of the value (-9.97%) and (-8.79%), respectively. The negative heterosis for these characters were also observed by Hosfield et al. (1977) and Divakar (2001). Shape index is also the important quality parameter. The highest heterosis value for this trait was observed in the cross Telagi Red Arka Kalyan (39.23%) followed by NRCOG659 NRCOG-327 (23.47%) and PRO-6 Arka Pragati (17.67%). Similarly, Vadivel (1982) and Vinutha (2000) observed heterosis over mid parent and better parent for shape index in onion. For the character TSS, among the hybrids there were six hybrids to show positive and significant heterosis. The highest value was showed by the cross Bellary Red NRCOG327 (69.83%). The cross Telagi Red NRCOG-327 and PRO-6 Arka kalyan showed the value 47.49 and 12.95 per cent, respectively. Haey and Randle (1996), Vinutha (2000) observed significant positive heterosis for total soluble solids.
Sl. No. 1.
Values 1.39 1.17 1.14 3.38 2.04 1.82 2.52 0.65 0.73 -1.94 -1.48 -0.67 -0.67
2.
3.
4.
Table 25. Per se performance and combining ability effects of top 5 hybrids for higher yield and their corresponding bulb weight
Bulb weight (g) Sl. No. Crosses Per se performance Combining ability effect GCA SCA Line 1. NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327 Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Kalyan Bellary Red Arka Pragati PRO-6 NRCOG-327 95.67 3.38 Tester -0.22 5.89 24.13 Per se performance
Yield (t/ha) Combining ability effect GCA SCA Line -1.24 Tester -1.13 3.42
2.
89.00
-0.84
-0.22
3.44
25.20
1.39
-1.13
1.86
3.
111.19
1.82
-1.38
-10.29
29.53
1.14
-0.04
5.36
4.
85.00
-0.84
1.16
-1.96
26.70
1.39
1.17
-2.93
5.
81.67
-6.40
0.22
1.67
23.10
1.04
-1.13
0.12
Table 26. Per se performance of top 5 hybrids for higher yield and their corresponding TSS and storage loss
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Crosses NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327 Bellary Red NRCOG-327 Telagi Red Arka Kalyan Bellary Red Arka Pragati PRO-6 NRCOG-327
Yield
(t/ha) Storage loss (%) 24.13 25.20 29.53 26.70 23.10 25.33 18.07 18.33 18.37 23.33
VI. SUMMARY
Studies on Heterosis and combining ability studies in onion was undertaken during 2004-06 in Olericulture Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The study was mainly contemplated to develop best hybrids and also to find the best general and specific combiner for higher yield and other yield attributing characters. The study was initiated with a total of 34 genotypes collected from different sources and were evaluated for their performance and genetic divergence during 2004. In continuation of that study a total of 12 genotypes were selected as parents for hybridization programme. These selected genotypes were crossed in line tester method by using six as lines and six as testers but only 15 hybrids were got from five line and three testers. Genotypes viz., Bellary Red, PRO-6, Telagi red, NRCOG-659 and NRCOG-937 were used as lines. NRCOG-327, Arka Pragati and Arka Kalyan were used as testers and have given hybrids. Fifteen hybrids were evaluated along with eight parents during 2006 for estimation of heterosis and combining ability.
Genetic divergence
Using Mahalanobis D statistics method, 34 genotypes were grouped into nine clusters. There were six genotypes in the cluster I and 10 genotypes were present in cluster II. In cluster III, two genotypes were present. Three genotypes were present in each cluster IV to VII, while cluster IX was solitary cluster. The intra cluster distance varies from 1.00 in 2 cluster III to maximum distance of 4.564 in cluster I. The inter cluster D values ranged from minimum value of 6.123 between cluster IV and cluster IX and maximum value of 137.630 between cluster III and cluster V. Cluster III with two genotypes and cluster V with three genotypes were the most divergent groups with maximum intercluster distance (137.630). It is desirable to select accessions from cluster showing high intercluster distance. Based on D analysis and group clustering, the genotype Arka Pitamber and Telagi red from cluster III and from cluster V Arka Bindu, Arka Kalyan and Arka Pragati were most divergent genotypes. Among the 12 characters studied, the most important contributing to the divergence was yield of bulbs followed by bulb weight.
2 2
Heterosis
Significant heterosis was observed for the hybrids Bellary Red Arka Pragati and NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati over mid and better parent respectively for the traits number of leaves and plant height, but none of them were significant. For the number of leaves at 90 DAT, the cross NRCOG-937 Arka Pragati showed highest significant value. The cross NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan was the only one hybrid to show significant heterosis for the character plant height at 90 DAT. As we are more interested in negative heterosis for the neck thickness as the bulb character. Bellary Red NRCOG-327 showed highest negative heterosis over better parent. For length of the bulb, Telagi red Arka Kalyan cross showed highest significant positive heterosis over better parent and for the width of the bulb though no one hybrid have shown significant heterosis the highest non-significant heterosis was given by Telagi red Arka Pragati shape index is also important characters of the bulb hence this has been also studied. For this, the cross Telagi red Arka Kalyan showed highest significant heterosis.
For bulb weight character, the cross Telagi red NRCOG-327 showed highest significant heterosis over mid parent but no cross showed heterosis over better parent. Since processing industries are more interested in TSS of bulb this character also studied. The cross Bellary Red NRCOG-327 showed highest value over better parent. For storage loss also, we are interested for negative heterosis the cross Bellary Red NRCOG-327 showed significant heterosis over better parent in favourable direction. For bulb yield, the highest heterosis over better parent was noticed in cross NRCOG937 Arka Pragati (35.34%).
Combining ability
Bellary Red was found to be a good general combiner for neck thickness, TSS of bulb and storage loss and Arka Pragati for number of leaves at 60 DAT. Telagi red was found good general combiner for length of the bulb, shape index and bulb weight whereas NRCOG659 and Arka Pragati were found good general combiner for number of leaves at 90 DAT and for bulb yield, respectively. With regard to specific combining ability which is more important for exploitation of heterosis. The Bellary Red Arka Pragati showed highest positive SCA for number of leaves at 60 DAT, plant height at 60 DAT and number of leaves at 90 DAT. For plant height at 90 DAT, the cross NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan showed highest sca effect. For neck thickness as we need a cross which show negative sca effect and that was found to be Bellary Red NRCOG-327. The cross NRCOG-937 NRCOG-327 showed highest sca effect for length of the bulb. Whereas, for width of the bulb the cross NRCOG-937 Arka Kalyan showed highest sca value. For the shape index, Telagi red Arka Kalyan was found to be the best specific combiner. For bulb weight and TSS the cross Telagi red NRCOG-327 and Bellary Red NRCOG-327 showed highest sca value, respectively. The Bellary Red NRCOG-327 was the cross to show highest negative sca effect and finally for the yield Telagi red Arka Kalyan were found to be good specific combiners.
VII. REFERENCES
AGHORA, T. S., 1985, The heterosis and combining ability studies in onion (Allium cepa L.) using tester analysis. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. ANONYMOUS, 2005, Horticultural Crop Statistics of Karnataka State at a Glance 2002-03. ANONYMOUS, 2005, The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture, The Hindu Publications. ARUN, J., THAKUR, A. K. AND KOHLI, U. K., 2005, Heterosis and correlation studies for polygalacturonase activity and others shelf life governing traits in tomato. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 34(1/2) : 99-103. BORGAONKAR, S. B., VADDORI, A., DHADUK, H. L. AND POSHIYA, V. K., 2005, Heterosis in okra (Abelmoscus esculentus (L.) Moench). Agricultural Science Digest, 25(4) : 251-253. DIVAKAR, D. S., 2001, Heterosis and combining ability studies for bulb yield, its components and quality parameters in onion. M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. DORUCHOWSK, R. W., 1986, Variability, heterosis, inheritance, heritability and inter dependence of some economic characters in the parental forms of F1 and F2 generations in onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Breeding Abstract, 156 : 9135. FALCONER, D. S., 1981, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 2nd Edition, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburg, London, p. 316. GRIFFING, B., 1956, Concept of general combining ability in relation to diallel crossing system. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 9 : 463-493. HARRINGTON, J. B., 1940, Yielding capacity of wheat crosses as indicated by bulb hybrid tests. Canadian Journal of Research, 18 : 578-584. HAYES, M. J. AND RANDLE, W. M., 1996, Combining ability for yield and bulb quality among long and intermediate day open pollinated onion population. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 121 (4) : 604-608. HOSFIELD, G. L., VEST, G. AND PETERSON, C. E., 1975, Usefulness of the diallel cross to evaluate combining ability and inbred line performance in hybrid onion breeding programme. HortScience, 10 : 313. HOSFIELD, G. L., VEST, G. AND PETERSON, C. E., 1976, A ten parent diallel cross to evaluate inbred line performance and combining ability in onions. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 101 : 324-329. HOSFIELD, G. L., VEST, G. AND PETERSON, C. E., 1977a, A seven parent diallel cross in onions to evaluate general and specific combining ability and their interaction with years and locations. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 102 : 56-61. HOSFIELD, G. L., VEST, G. AND PETERSON, C. E., 1977b. Heterosis and combining ability in diallel cross of onions. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 102 : 355-360. HWANG, T. M., 1993, Genetic divergence and classification of garlic cultivation by multivariate analysis. Journal of Korean Society for Horticultural Sciences, 34 : 257-264.
JONES, H. A. AND CLARKE, A. E., 1943, Inheritance of male sterility in the onion and production of hybrid seed. Proceedings of American Society of Horticulture Sciences, 43 : 189-194. JONES, H. A. AND DAVIS, G. N., 1944, Inbreeding and heterosis and their relation to the development of new varieties of onions. United States Department of Agricultural Technology Bulletin, p. 874. JOSHI, H. C. AND TANODOM, J. P., 1976, Heterosis for yield and its genetic basis in onion. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 46 : 88-92. KAMBIZ, B., NAGHAVI, M. R., ZIAI, S. A. AND BADE, H. N., 2006, Post-planting evaluation of morphological characters and allicin content in Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) ecotypes. Scientia Horticulturae, 107(4) : 405-410. KEMPTHRONE, O., 1957, An Introduction to Genetic Statistics, New York, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 456-457. LEECULIAI AND CHUNGDONGHEE, 1996, Varietal classification by multivariate analysis in onion (Allium cepa L.). Journal of Korean Society for Horticultural Sciences, 37 : 37-41. LOKHANDE, G. D., PAWAR, B. B. AND DOMBRE, A. D., 1987, Genetic divergence in garlic. Current Research Reporter, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, 3 : 98-99. MADALAGERI, B. B., 1983, Studies on heterosis, combining ability and gene actions for quantitative character in bulb onions. Ph. D Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. MAHALANOBIS. P. C., 1936, On the generalised distance in statistics. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, (India), 2 : 49-55. McCOLLUM, G. D., 1968, Heritability and genetic correlation of soluble solid, bulb size and shape in white sweet Spanish onion. Canadian Journal of Genetic Cytology, 19 : 508-514. MOHANTY, B. K. AND PRVSTI, A. M., 2001, Genetic diversity of the cultivars of garlic (Aillum sativum L.) for molecular marker RAPO. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Research Journal, 34(1/2) : 15-19. MOTA, J. H., SOUZA, R. J. DE., YURI, , RESESANDE, D. M. de., AND PAIVA, L. V., 2004, Genetic diversity of the cultivars of gachic (Allium sativum L.) for molecular marker. RA Cienciae-Agrotecno logia, 28(40 ) : 763-770. MURTHY, G. S. AND PAVATE, M. V., 1962, Studies on quantitative inheritance in Nicotiana tabaccum L. varietal classification and selection by multivariate analysis. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 22 : 68. NAIR, K. R. AND MUKHERJI, H. K., 1960, Classification of natural and plantations teak (Tectona grandis) grown at different locations of India, Burma with respect to its physiological and mechanical properties. Sankhyaa, 22 : 1-20. NETRAPAL, 1988, Heterosis for yield and storage parameters in onion. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 69(12) : 826-829. NETRAPAL, NARENDRA SINGH AND CHOUDHURY, B., 1988, Heterosis for yield and its components, dehydration qualities and storage in onion (Allium cepa). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 58(9) : 687-692.
PADDA, D. s., SINGH, G. AND SAIMBHI, M. S., 1973, Genetic variability and correlation studies in onion. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 30 : 391-393. PANTHEE, D. R., REGMT, H. N., SUBEDI, P. P., BHATTARAI, S. AND DHAKAL, J., 2006, Diversity analysis of garlic (Allium sativum L.) germplasm available in Nepal based on morphological characters. Genetic Resource and Crop Evaluation, 53(1) : 205-212. PATIL R. S., 1983 Genetic divergence with special reference to strare characters in onion. Ph. D. Thesis, Mahatama Phule Krish Vidya Peeth Rahuri, Mahashtra. PATIL, J. D., DESALE, G. Y. AND KALE, P. N., 1987, Genetic divergence in onion. South Indian Horticulture, 35 : 241-44 PATIL, P. S., 1997, Genetic variability and diversity in onion (Allium cepa var. Cepa L.). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. RAO, C. R., 1952, Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrical Research, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 357-369. SAYED, A. M., ATIA, A. M., HAK, S. H. G., AGAB, A. M, AND MOHAMED, M. Y. 1999, Studies on heterosis, gene action and combining ability of some traits in onion. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 26 : 85-95. SINGH, R. K. AND CHAUDHARY, B. D., 1977, Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. SPRAGUE, G. F. AND TATUM, L. A., 1942, General versus specific combining ability in single crosses of corn. Journal of American Society of Agronomy, 3 : 923932. SRIVASTAVA, J. P., SRIVASTAVA, D. K. AND PONDEY, S. K., 2005, Combining ability studies in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Farm Science Journal, 4(1) : 40-43. SUCIV, Z., MAREA, R., BOTAN, E. AND ONLU, M., 1988, Heterosis in onion. Agronoie, 21 : 73-78. SUNDARI, N. S., NETRAPAL AND NARENDRA SINGH, 2003, Line x tester analysis of combining ability in onion. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 60(4) : 356-362. TANI KAWA, T, TAKAGI, M. AND ICHII, M., 2002 Cultivar identification and genetic diversity in onion (Allium cepa L.) as evaluated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) ANALYSIS. Journal of the Japanese Society of Horticultural Sciences, 71 (2) : 249-251. VADIVEL, B., MUTHURKISHANA, C. R. AND IRULAPPAL, I., 1982, Line tester analysis in aggregatum onion. I. Heterosis in seed to bulb generations. South Indian Horticulture, 29 : 198-191. VAVILOV, N. I., 1951, The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants. Chronica Botanica, Waltham, Man, USA. VEEREGOWDA, 1988, Studies on the genetics of yield and quality characters in bulb and seed crop of onion (Allium cepa L.) Ph. D. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. VINUTHA, B., 2000, Heterosis in relation to parental diversity in onion (Alium cepa L.). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Appendix I. Monthly meteorological data for experiment year 2004-05 of Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Temperature (0C) Months December, 2004 January, 2005 February, 2005 March, 2005 April, 2005 May, 2005 June, 2005 July, 2005 August, 2005 September, 2005 October, 2005 November, 2005 December, 2005 Total Rainfall (mm) 4.80 Trace 75.00 29.40 151.00 290.20 138.80 194.50 89.40 38.00 Trace 1006.3 No. of rainy days Mean maximum 1 5 3 10 19 15 14 9 1 29.4 30.7 33.2 36.0 36.3 37.0 30.9 27.4 27.1 27.5 29.6 29.4 28.9 Mean minimum 12.5 15.0 16.3 18.9 21.3 21.5 21.5 21.5 20.4 20.3 19.1 14.9 13.1
ABSTRACT
An investigation was taken to decipher the magnitude of diversity, heterosis and combining ability in onion. The material for the study consisted of 34 genotypes. These were collected from National Research Center on Onion and Garlic (NRCOG) Rajaguru nagar, IIHR Hesarghatta and local varieties maintained at Olericulture section, Department of Horticulture, UAS Dharwad were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications during 2004-05 to study the diversity, magnitude of heterosis and combining ability using Line X Tester analysis. Genetic diversity for yield and yield contributing traits was carried out involving 34 genotypes. Based on D2 value the total genotypes assigned in to 9 clusters indicating the presence of appreciable amount of diversity. The cluster III with two genotypes and cluster V with three genotypes were most divergent groups with maximum inter cluster distance (137.63). Out of 12 characters, bulb yield contributed maximum to the divergence The study on heterosis revealed that, significant heterosis was found for all the characters studied. For yield five hybrids exhibited significant positive heterosis over mid parent. Three crosses viz., NRCOG-937 x NRCOG-327, Bellary Red x NRCOG-327 and Telagi Red x Arka Kalyan have exhibited significant positive heterosis over better for yield. The Bellary Red proved as good general combiner for TSS and storage loss. For yield, Arka Pragati has found to be good general combiner for yield the crosses Telagi Red x Arka Kalyan and NRCOG-937 xNRCOG327 were found specific combiners for bulb yield.