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INTRODUCTION
Two-way slab system, with edge-supported panels - NOT a flat slab Two-way slab system, with no edge supports to interior panels - IS a flat slab
Flat slab = a continuous two-way solid or ribbed slab, with or without drop-panels, having at least two spans in each direction, supported internally by columns without beams and supported externally by walls, or columns with or without spandrel beams, or both. AS3600 - 2001 cl. 1.6.3.21. Flat Plate = particular type of flat slab, without either drop panels or capitals. AS3600 cl. 7.1.1 :
(c) RC two-way multiple spans (flat slabs). (d) RC and PC frames with two-way slab systems.
Simplified method
cl. 7.4
Suitable generally, but particularly for un-braced frames, in which sway action imposes moment actions in slab to column connections.
If supporting walls and/or supporting beams are not used, the slab must both carry its load, and transfer the loading actions to the supporting columns. There are advantages in this system, but also some concerns which must be addressed:
Advantages :
1. Downward beam protrusion is eliminated, reducing ceiling congestion, and probably reducing floor-to-floor heights. 2. Simplified formwork and construction generally.
Concerns :
1. Thicker slab is needed, hence . . 2. Heavier overall structure. 3. Serious attention required to deflection control. 4. Very serious attention required to punching shear problem at slab to column connections.
Example: 3 spans each way, shown without drop panels, i.e flat plate
B
A
SECTION B
PLAN
SECTION A
A
SECTION B
PLAN
SECTION A
Failure could be in either an E-W span or a N-S span. Potential bending failure, in an E-W span:
. . . or in a N-S span :
So failure can occur either E-W or N-S, with yield lines thus:
Positive (underside crack) yield lines at mid-spans Localised circumferential and radial topside cracking at column heads
All this assumes that punching shear fracture has not occurred.
Severe curvature at columns (umbrella-like), and moderate deflection at mid-span Much smaller curvature, but greater deflection at mid-span
SECTION AT COLUMNS
Punching Shear? . . .
Punching Shear Problem (shown for square column): d om c fracture surface critical perimeter u = 4 (c + dom) Vuo is function of u AND dom Also Vu involves M*v Now Vu must exceed V* where V* is load from floor slab If not, what can we do? 1. Increase column dimensions, or 2. Provide a capital to the column, or 3. Provide a drop panel, etc.
fracture surface
capital
drop panel
critical perimeter, much larger than for flat plate of same slab thickness and column.
Increased strength comes from increased dom and critical perimeter for inner, and increased critical perimeter for outer.
Ds : Recommend Prof. Rangans method of approximating slab thickness, but suggest use w = g + q in the formulas. Minimum steel Ast.min : Lower ductility Crack control Max. bar spacing 0.0025 b d minor, moderate or major, per Code {2.0 Ds; 300 mm}min
Thickness must be later checked for deflection (see later lecture) and for punching shear strength (Steps 3 and 7).
Step 2. . . .
Step 3. . .
Remember that this decision remains tentative until checked at Step 7, at which time some adjustment may be required.
Step 4. . .
Generally, the width of a design strip comprises the sum of one-half of the column spacing either side of the subject column. Design strips may be Edge design strips, or Interior design strips.
Each design strip is designed to resist the positive and negative bending moments much like a one-way slab.
The bending moments in a design strip, both positive and negative, are calculated by reference to a total static moment Mo :
Mo = Fd Lt Lo2 / 8
effective span length of subject span m. width of design strip m. ultimate load on slab kPa
Step 5. . .
Mo 0.35 Mo
0.65 Mo
Mo MM Lo
Moments depend on restraint offered by support, eg simple support, integral column, column and edge beam, or ful restraint. Table 7.4.3(A)
These moments are not evenly distributed across the strip. Step 6 . . .
Step 6. Apportion moments to column strips and middle strips, and design rebar for each.
Bending moment is not distributed uniformly across a design strip : Negative moment is highly concentrated within the critical perimeter at column. Positive moment is much more uniform, with max. at column centreline.
Width of design strip Edge of column Moment per unit width
So the design strip moments are apportioned between Column Strips, and Half-middle Strips.
The actual moments sustained depends somewhat on the areas of steel allocated. So some flexibility is available in these distributions, as shown by Table 7.5.5: DISTRIBUTION OF BENDING MOMENTS TO THE COLUMN STRIP
Bending moment under consideration Column strip moment factor Negative moment at an interior support Negative moment at an exterior support Positive moment in all spans 0.60 to 1.00 0.75 to 1.00 0.50 to 0.70
The residual moments are then assigned to the half-middle strips which comprise the rest of the design strip width. Regardless of the above, ensure that 25% of the negative steel in cloumn and edge strips is concentrated in the column head region.
top rebar
bottom rebar
Step 7. . .
u = (c + dom)
c2 Y
CIRCULAR COLUMN
M M
x - direction
M M
R V2 V1 M2
c2 c1
T1
dom/2
The vertical force V is transferred by shear along the surfaces of the critical perimeter, so that V = 2 V1 + 2 V2
M2 V2 V1 Critical shear stresses occur here, where stresses due to vertical shear and torsional shear are additive. The out-of-balance moment Mv is transferred partly by moments M2 and M2, and partly by torsional moments T1 Vu is diminished to Vu = Vuo M*v u 1+ 8 V* dom a
T1
R+V