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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide Table of Contents

Title, Disclaimer of Warranty and Liability Preface Topics in This Manual Topics in Other ANSYS Manuals Conventions This Manual Uses The ANSYS Product Family 1 Overview of Structural Analyses 1.1 Definition of Structural Analysis 1.2 Types of Structural Analysis 1.3 Elements Used in Structural Analyses 1.4 Types of Solution Methods 2 Structural Static Analysis 2.1 Definition of Static Analysis 2.2 Loads in a Static Analysis 2.3 Linear vs. Nonlinear Static Analyses 2.4 Commands Used in a Static Analysis 2.5 Overview of Steps in a Static Analysis 2.5.1 Build the Model 2.5.1.1 Points to Remember 2.5.2 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 2.5.2.1 Enter the ANSYS Solution Processor 2.5.2.2 Define the Analysis Type and Options
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2.5.2.3 Apply Loads to the Model 2.5.2.4 Load Types 2.5.2.5 Specify Load Step Options 2.5.2.6 General Options 2.5.2.7 Nonlinear Options 2.5.3 Review the Results 2.5.3.1 Postprocessors 2.5.3.2 Points to Remember 2.5.3.3 Reviewing Results Data 2.5.3.4 Option: Display Deformed Shape 2.5.3.5 Option: List Reaction Forces and Moments 2.5.3.6 Option: List Nodal Forces and Moments 2.5.3.7 Option: Line Element Results 2.5.3.8 Option: Error Estimation 2.5.3.9 Option: Structural Energy Error Estimation 2.5.3.10 Option: Contour Displays 2.5.3.11 Option: Vector Displays 2.5.3.12 Option: Tabular Listings 2.5.3.13 Other Capabilities 2.6 A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method) 2.6.1 Problem Description 2.6.2 Problem Specifications 2.6.3 Problem Sketch 2.6.3.1 Set the Analysis Title 2.6.3.2 Set the System of Units
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2.6.3.3 Define Parameters 2.6.3.4 Define the Element Types 2.6.3.5 Define Material Properties 2.6.3.6 Create Hexagonal Area as Cross-Section 2.6.3.7 Create Keypoints Along a Path 2.6.3.8 Create Lines Along a Path 2.6.3.9 Create Line from Shank to Handle 2.6.3.10 Cut Hex Section 2.6.3.11 Set Meshing Density 2.6.3.12 Set Element Type for Area Mesh 2.6.3.13 Generate Area Mesh 2.6.3.14 Drag the 2D Mesh to Produce 3D Elements 2.6.3.15 Select BOTAREA Component and Delete 2D Elements 2.6.3.16 Apply Displacement Boundary Condition at End of Wrench 2.6.3.17 Display Boundary Conditions 2.6.3.18 Apply Pressure on Handle 2.6.3.19 Write the First Load Step 2.6.3.20 Define Downward Pressure 2.6.3.21 Write Second Load Step 2.6.3.22 Solve from Load Step Files 2.6.3.23 Read First Load Step and Review Results 2.6.3.24 Read the Next Load Step and Review Results 2.6.3.25 Zoom in on Cross-Section 2.6.3.26 Exit ANSYS 2.7 A Sample Static Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
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2.8 Where to Find Other Examples 2.9 Calculating Inertia Relief 2.9.1 Inertia Relief 2.9.2 Inertia Relief Output 2.9.3 Partial Inertia Relief Calculations 2.9.4 Using a Macro 3 Modal Analysis 3.1 Definition of Modal Analysis 3.2 Uses for Modal Analysis 3.3 Commands Used in a Modal Analysis 3.4 Overview of Steps in a Modal Analysis 3.4.1 Build the Model 3.4.1.1 Points to Remember 3.4.2 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 3.4.2.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 3.4.2.2 Option: Analysis Type: Modal [ANTYPE] 3.4.2.3 Option: Mode Extraction Method [MODOPT] 3.4.2.4 Option: Number of Modes to Extract [MODOPT] 3.4.2.5 Option: Number of Modes to Expand [MXPAND] 3.4.2.6 Option: Mass Matrix Formulation [LUMPM] 3.4.2.7 Option: Prestress Effects Calculation [PSTRES] 3.4.2.8 Additional Modal Analysis Options 3.4.2.9 Listing Loads 3.4.2.10 Damping (Dynamics Options) 3.4.2.11 Participation Factor Table Output
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3.4.3 Expand the Modes 3.4.3.1 Points to Remember 3.4.3.2 Expanding the Modes 3.4.3.3 Option: Expansion Pass On/Off [EXPASS] 3.4.3.4 Option: Number of Modes to Expand [MXPAND, NMODE] 3.4.3.5 Option: Frequency Range for Expansion [MXPAND, FREQB, FREQE] 3.4.3.6 Option: Stress Calculations On/Off [MXPAND, Elcalc] 3.4.4 Review the Results 3.4.4.1 Points to Remember 3.4.4.2 Reviewing Results Data 3.4.4.3 Option: Listing All Frequencies 3.4.4.4 Option: Display Deformed Shape 3.4.4.5 Option: List Master DOF 3.4.4.6 Option: Line Element Results 3.4.4.7 Option: Contour Displays 3.4.4.8 Option: Tabular Listings 3.4.4.9 Other Capabilities 3.5 A Sample Modal Analysis (GUI Method) 3.5.1 Problem Description 3.5.2 Problem Specifications 3.5.3 Problem Sketch 3.5.3.1 Specify the Title and Set Preferences 3.5.3.2 Define Element Types 3.5.3.3 Define Material Properties 3.5.3.4 Create Keypoints at Given Locations
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3.5.3.5 Create Lines and Splines between Keypoints 3.5.3.6 Create Cross-Sectional Area 3.5.3.7 Define the Mesh Density and Mesh the Area 3.5.3.8 Set the Number of Line Divisions 3.5.3.9 Extrude the Meshed Area into a Meshed Volume 3.5.3.10 Enter Solution and Specify Analysis Type and Options 3.5.3.11 Deselect PLANE42 Elements 3.5.3.12 Apply Constraints to the Model 3.5.3.13 Specify the Number of Modes to be Expanded and Solve 3.5.3.14 List the Natural Frequencies 3.5.3.15 View the Five Modes 3.5.3.16 Exit ANSYS 3.6 A Sample Modal Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 3.7 Where to Find Other Examples 3.8 Prestressed Modal Analysis 3.9 Prestressed Modal Analysis of a Large Deflection Solution 3.10 Modal Analysis of a Cyclically Symmetric Structure 3.10.1 The Basic Sector 3.10.2 Nodal Diameters 3.10.3 Standard (Stress-free) Modal Cyclic Symmetry 3.10.3.1 Overview 3.10.4 Prestressed Modal Cyclic Symmetry 3.11 Mode Extraction Methods 3.11.1 Subspace Method 3.11.2 Block Lanczos Method
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3.11.3 PowerDynamics Method 3.11.4 Reduced Method 3.11.5 Unsymmetric Method 3.11.6 Damped Method 3.11.6.1 Damped Method-Real and Imaginary Parts of the Eigenvalue 3.11.6.2 Damped Method-Real and Imaginary Parts of the Eigenvector 3.12 Matrix Reduction 3.12.1 Theoretical Basis of Matrix Reduction 3.12.1.1 Guidelines for Selecting Master DOF 3.12.1.2 A Note About Program-Selected Masters 4 Harmonic Response Analysis 4.1 Definition of Harmonic Response Analysis 4.2 Uses for Harmonic Response Analysis 4.3 Commands Used in a Harmonic Response Analysis 4.4 The Three Solution Methods 4.4.1 The Full Method 4.4.2 The Reduced Method 4.4.3 The Mode Superposition Method 4.4.4 Restrictions Common to All Three Methods 4.5 How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis 4.5.1 Full Harmonic Response Analysis 4.5.2 Build the Model 4.5.2.1 Points to Remember 4.5.3 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
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4.5.3.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 4.5.3.2 Option: Analysis Type: Harmonic Response [ANTYPE] 4.5.3.3 Option: Solution Method [HROPT] 4.5.3.4 Option: Solution Listing Format [HROUT] 4.5.3.5 Option: Mass Matrix Formulation [LUMPM] 4.5.3.6 Option: Equation Solver [EQSLV] 4.5.3.7 Listing Loads 4.5.3.8 General Options 4.5.3.9 Dynamics Options 4.5.3.10 Output Controls 4.5.4 Review the Results 4.5.4.1 Postprocessors 4.5.4.2 Points to Remember 4.5.4.3 Option: Display Deformed Shape 4.5.4.4 Option: Contour Displays 4.5.4.5 Option: Vector Plots 4.5.4.6 Option: Tabular Listings 4.6 Sample Harmonic Response Analysis (GUI Method) 4.6.1 Problem Description 4.6.2 Problem Specifications 4.6.3 Problem Diagram 4.6.3.1 Set the Analysis Title 4.6.3.2 Define the Element Types 4.6.3.3 Define the Real Constants 4.6.3.4 Create the Nodes
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4.6.3.5 Create the Spring Elements 4.6.3.6 Create the Mass Elements 4.6.3.7 Specify the Analysis Type, MDOF, and Load Step Specifications 4.6.3.8 Define Loads and Boundary Conditions 4.6.3.9 Solve the Model 4.6.3.10 Review the Results 4.6.3.11 Exit ANSYS 4.7 Sample Harmonic Response Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 4.8 Where to Find Other Examples 4.9 Reduced Harmonic Response Analysis 4.9.1 Apply Loads and Obtain the Reduced Solution 4.9.2 Review the Results of the Reduced Solution 4.9.3 Expand the Solution (Expansion Pass) 4.9.3.1 Points to Remember 4.9.3.2 Expanding the Modes 4.9.3.3 Option: Expansion Pass On/Off [EXPASS] 4.9.3.4 Option: Number of Solutions to Expand [NUMEXP,NUM] 4.9.3.5 Option: Frequency Range for Expansion [NUMEXP, BEGRNG, ENDRNG] 4.9.3.6 Option: Phase Angle for Expansion [HREXP] 4.9.3.7 Option: Stress Calculations On/Off [NUMEXP or EXPSOL] 4.9.3.8 Option: Nodal Solution Listing Format [HROUT] 4.9.4 Review the Results of the Expanded Solution 4.9.5 Sample Input 4.9.6 Mode Superposition Harmonic Response Analysis 4.9.7 Obtain the Modal Solution
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4.9.8 Obtain the Mode Superposition Harmonic Solution 4.9.9 Expand the Mode Superposition Solution 4.9.10 Review the Results 4.9.11 Sample Input 4.10 Other Analysis Details 4.10.1 Prestressed Harmonic Response Analysis 4.10.1.1 Prestressed Reduced Harmonic Response Analysis 4.10.2 Prestressed Mode Superposition Harmonic Response Analysis 5 Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.1 Definition of Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.2 Commands Used in a Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.3 Preparing for a Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.4 The Three Solution Methods 5.4.1 The Full Method 5.4.2 The Reduced Method 5.4.3 The Mode Superposition Method 5.5 How to Do a Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.5.1 Full Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.5.2 Build the Model 5.5.2.1 Points to Remember 5.5.3 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 5.5.3.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 5.5.3.2 Option: Analysis Type [ANTYPE] 5.5.3.3 Option: Solution Method [TRNOPT]
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5.5.3.4 Option: Mass Matrix Formulation [LUMPM] 5.5.3.5 Option: Large Deformation Effects [NLGEOM] 5.5.3.6 Option: Stress Stiffening Effects [SSTIF] 5.5.3.7 Option: Newton-Raphson Option [NROPT] 5.5.3.8 Option: Equation Solver [EQSLV] 5.5.3.9 Applying Loads Using Commands 5.5.3.10 Applying Loads Using the GUI 5.5.3.11 Listing Loads 5.5.3.12 Dynamics Options 5.5.3.13 General Options 5.5.3.14 Nonlinear Options 5.5.3.15 Output Control Options 5.5.4 Review the Results 5.5.4.1 Postprocessors 5.5.4.2 Points to Remember 5.5.4.3 Using POST26 5.5.4.4 Other Capabilities 5.5.4.5 Using POST1 5.5.4.6 Option: Display Deformed Shape 5.5.4.7 Option: List Reaction Forces and Moments 5.5.4.8 Option: List Nodal Forces and Moments 5.5.4.9 Option: Line Element Results 5.5.4.10 Option: Print Error Estimation 5.5.4.11 Option: Display Contour of Error Estimation 5.5.4.12 Option: Contour Displays
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5.5.4.13 Option: Vector Displays 5.5.4.14 Option: Tabular Listings 5.5.4.15 Other Capabilities 5.5.5 Sample Input 5.6 Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.6.1 Obtain the Reduced Solution 5.6.1.1 Dynamics Options 5.6.1.2 General Options 5.6.1.3 Output Control Options 5.6.2 Step 3: Review the Results of the Reduced Solution 5.6.3 Expand the Solution (Expansion Pass) 5.6.3.1 Points to Remember 5.6.3.2 Expanding the Solution 5.6.3.3 Option: Expansion Pass On/Off [EXPASS] 5.6.3.4 Option: Number of Solutions to be Expanded [NUMEXP] 5.6.3.5 Option: Single Solution to Expand [EXPSOL] 5.6.3.6 Output Controls 5.6.4 Review the Results of the Expanded Solution 5.7 Sample Transient Dynamic Analysis (GUI Method) 5.7.1 Problem Description 5.7.2 Problem Specifications 5.7.3 Problem Sketch 5.7.3.1 Specify the Title 5.7.3.2 Define Element Types 5.7.3.3 Define Real Constants
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5.7.3.4 Define Material Properties 5.7.3.5 Define Nodes 5.7.3.6 Define Elements 5.7.3.7 Define Analysis Type and Analysis Options 5.7.3.8 Define Master Degrees of Freedom 5.7.3.9 Set Load Step Options 5.7.3.10 Apply Loads for the First Load Step 5.7.3.11 Specify Output 5.7.3.12 Solve the First Load Step 5.7.3.13 Apply Loads for the Next Load Step 5.7.4 Solve the Next Load Step 5.7.4.1 Set the Next Time Step and Solve 5.7.4.2 Run the Expansion Pass and Solve 5.7.4.3 Review the Results in POST26 5.7.4.4 Review the Results in POST1 5.7.4.5 Exit ANSYS 5.8 A Sample Transient Dynamic Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 5.9 Where to Find Other Examples 5.10 Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.10.1 Obtain the Modal Solution 5.10.2 Obtain the Mode Superposition Transient Solution 5.10.2.1 Points to Remember 5.10.2.2 Obtaining the Solution 5.10.2.3 Dynamics Options 5.10.2.4 General Options
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5.10.2.5 Output Control Options 5.10.2.6 General Options 5.10.2.7 Output Control Options 5.10.3 Expand the Mode Superposition Solution 5.10.4 Review the Results 5.10.5 Sample Input 5.11 Prestressed Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.11.1 Prestressed Full Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.11.2 Prestressed Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.11.3 Prestressed Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis 5.12 Other Analysis Details 5.12.1 Guidelines for Integration Time Step 5.12.2 Automatic Time Stepping 5.12.3 Damping 6 Spectrum Analysis 6.1 Definition of Spectrum Analysis 6.2 What is a Spectrum? 6.2.1 Response Spectrum 6.2.1.1 Single-point Response Spectrum (SPRS) 6.2.1.2 Multi-Point Response Spectrum (MPRS) 6.2.2 Dynamic Design Analysis Method (DDAM) 6.2.3 Power Spectral Density 6.2.4 Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Analyses 6.3 Commands Used in a Spectrum Analysis 6.4 Steps in a Single-point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Analysis
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6.4.1 Build the Model 6.4.1.1 Points to Remember 6.4.2 Obtain the Modal Solution 6.4.3 Obtain the Spectrum Solution 6.4.3.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 6.4.3.2 Option: Analysis Type: Spectrum [ANTYPE] 6.4.3.3 Option: Spectrum Type: Single-point Response Spectrum [SPOPT] 6.4.3.4 Option: Number of Modes to Use for Solution [SPOPT] 6.4.3.5 Spectrum Options 6.4.4 Damping (Dynamics Options) 6.4.5 Expand the Modes 6.4.6 Combine the Modes 6.4.6.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 6.4.6.2 Option: Analysis Type: Spectrum [ANTYPE] 6.4.7 Review the Results 6.4.7.1 Option: Display Deformed Shape 6.4.7.2 Option: Contour Displays 6.4.7.3 Option: Vector Displays 6.4.7.4 Option: Tabular Listings 6.4.7.5 Other Capabilities 6.5 Sample Spectrum Analysis (GUI Method) 6.5.1 Problem Description 6.5.2 Problem Specifications 6.5.3 Problem Sketch
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6.5.4 Procedure 6.5.4.1 Set the Analysis Title 6.5.4.2 Define the Element Type 6.5.4.3 Define the Real Constants 6.5.4.4 Define Material Properties 6.5.4.5 Define Keypoints and Line 6.5.4.6 Set Global Element Density and Mesh Line 6.5.4.7 Set Boundary Conditions 6.5.4.8 Specify Analysis Type and Options 6.5.4.9 Solve the Modal Analysis 6.5.4.10 Set Up the Spectrum Analysis 6.5.4.11 Define Spectrum Value vs. Frequency Table 6.5.4.12 Solve Spectrum Analysis 6.5.4.13 Set up the Expansion Pass 6.5.4.14 Expand the Modes 6.5.4.15 Start Expansion Pass Calculation 6.5.4.16 Set Up Mode Combination for Spectrum Analysis 6.5.4.17 Select Mode Combination Method 6.5.4.18 Combine the Modes 6.5.4.19 Postprocessing: Print Out Nodal, Element, and Reaction Solutions 6.5.4.20 Exit ANSYS 6.6 Sample Spectrum Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 6.7 Where to Find Other Examples 6.8 How to Do a Random Vibration (PSD) Analysis 6.8.1 Expand the Modes
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6.8.2 Obtain the Spectrum Solution 6.8.3 Combine the Modes 6.8.3.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 6.8.3.2 Option: Analysis Type: Spectrum [ANTYPE] 6.8.4 Review the Results 6.8.4.1 Reviewing the Results in POST1 6.8.4.2 Calculating Response PSDs in POST26 6.8.4.3 Calculating Covariance in POST26 6.8.5 Sample Input 6.9 How to Do DDAM Spectrum Analysis 6.10 How to Do Multi-point Response Spectrum (MPRS) Analysis 7 Buckling Analysis 7.1 Definition of Buckling Analysis 7.2 Types of Buckling Analyses 7.2.1 Nonlinear Buckling Analysis 7.2.2 Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis 7.3 Commands Used in a Buckling Analysis 7.4 Procedure for Nonlinear Buckling Analysis 7.4.1 Applying Load Increments 7.4.2 Automatic Time Stepping 7.4.3 Important 7.4.4 Points to Remember 7.5 Procedure for Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis 7.5.1 Build the Model 7.5.1.1 Points to Remember
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7.5.2 Obtain the Static Solution 7.5.3 Obtain the Eigenvalue Buckling Solution 7.5.3.1 Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] 7.5.3.2 Option: Analysis Type: Eigen Buckling [ANTYPE] 7.5.3.3 Option: Eigenvalue Extraction Method [BUCOPT] 7.5.3.4 Option: Number of Eigenvalues to be Extracted [BUCOPT] 7.5.3.5 Option: Shift Point for Eigenvalue Calculation [BUCOPT] 7.5.3.6 Option: Number of Reduced Eigenvectors to Print [BUCOPT] 7.5.4 Expand the Solution 7.5.4.1 Points to Remember 7.5.4.2 Expanding the Solution 7.5.4.3 Option: Expansion Pass ON/OFF [EXPASS] 7.5.4.4 Option: Number of Modes to Expand [MXPAND] 7.5.4.5 Option: Stress Calculations On/Off [MXPAND] 7.5.5 Review the Results 7.6 Sample Buckling Analysis (GUI Method) 7.6.1 Problem Description 7.6.2 Problem Specifications 7.6.3 Problem Sketch 7.6.3.1 Set the Analysis Title 7.6.3.2 Define the Element Type 7.6.3.3 Define the Real Constants and Material Properties 7.6.3.4 Define Nodes and Elements 7.6.3.5 Define the Boundary Conditions 7.6.3.6 Solve the Static Analysis
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7.6.3.7 Solve the Buckling Analysis 7.6.3.8 Review the Results 7.6.3.9 Exit ANSYS 7.7 Sample Buckling Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 7.8 Where to Find Other Examples 8 Nonlinear Structural Analysis 8.1 What is Structural Nonlinearity? 8.1.1 Causes of Nonlinear Behavior 8.1.1.1 Changing Status (Including Contact) 8.1.1.2 Geometric Nonlinearities 8.1.1.3 Material Nonlinearities 8.1.2 Basic Information About Nonlinear Analyses 8.1.2.1 Conservative versus Nonconservative Behavior; Path Dependency 8.1.2.2 Substeps 8.1.2.3 Load and Displacement Directions 8.1.2.4 Nonlinear Transient Analyses 8.2 Using Geometric Nonlinearities 8.2.1 Stress Stiffening 8.2.2 Spin Softening 8.3 Modeling Material Nonlinearities 8.3.1 Nonlinear Materials 8.3.1.1 Plasticity 8.3.1.2 Multilinear Elasticity 8.3.1.3 Hyperelasticity 8.3.1.4 Determining and Applying Mooney-Rivlin
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Constants 8.3.1.5 Dimension the Arrays 8.3.1.6 Fill the Input-Data Arrays 8.3.1.7 Determine the Mooney-Rivlin Constants 8.3.1.8 Evaluate the Quality of the Mooney-Rivlin Constants 8.3.1.9 Using the Mooney-Rivlin Constants 8.3.1.10 Creep 8.3.1.11 Viscoplasticity 8.3.1.12 Viscoelasticity 8.3.1.13 Swelling 8.4 Running a Nonlinear Analysis in ANSYS 8.4.1 Build the Model 8.4.2 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 8.4.2.1 Advanced Analysis Options 8.4.2.2 Advanced Load Step Options 8.4.3 Review the Results 8.4.3.1 Points to Remember 8.4.3.2 Reviewing Results in POST1 8.4.3.3 Option: Display Deformed Shape 8.4.3.4 Option: Contour Displays 8.4.3.5 Option: Tabular Listings 8.4.3.6 Other Capabilities 8.4.3.7 Reviewing Results in POST26 8.4.3.8 Other Capabilities 8.4.4 Terminating a Running Job; Restarting
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8.5 Sample Nonlinear Analysis (GUI Method) 8.5.1 Problem Description 8.5.2 Problem Specifications 8.5.3 Problem Sketch 8.5.3.1 Set the Analysis Title and Jobname 8.5.3.2 Define the Element Types 8.5.3.3 Define Material Properties 8.5.3.4 Define and Fill Kinematic Hardening table (KINH) 8.5.3.5 Label Graph Axes and Plot Data Tables 8.5.3.6 Create Rectangle 8.5.3.7 Set Element Size 8.5.3.8 Mesh the Rectangle 8.5.3.9 Assign Analysis and Load Step Options 8.5.3.10 Monitor the Displacement 8.5.3.11 Apply Constraints 8.5.3.12 Solve the First Load Step 8.5.3.13 Solve the Next Six Load Steps 8.5.3.14 Review the Monitor File 8.5.3.15 Use the General Postprocessor to Plot Results. 8.5.3.16 Define Variables for Time-History Postprocessing 8.5.3.17 Plot Time-History Results 8.5.3.18 Exit ANSYS 8.6 Sample Nonlinear Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 8.7 Where to Find Other Examples 8.8 Doing a Nonlinear Transient Analysis
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8.8.1 Build the Model 8.8.2 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 8.8.3 Review the Results 8.9 Sample Input 8.10 Restarts 8.11 Using Nonlinear (Changing-Status) Elements 8.11.1 Element Birth and Death 8.12 Tips and Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis 8.12.1 Starting Out with Nonlinear Analysis 8.12.1.1 Be Aware of How the Program and Your Structure Behave 8.12.1.2 Keep It Simple 8.12.1.3 Use an Adequate Mesh Density 8.12.1.4 Apply the Load Gradually 8.12.2 Overcoming Convergence Problems 8.12.2.1 Tracking Convergence Graphically 8.12.2.2 Using Automatic Time Stepping 8.12.2.3 Using Line Search 8.12.2.4 Using the Arc-Length Method 8.12.2.5 Artificially Inhibit Divergence in Your Model's Response 8.12.2.6 Turn Off Extra Element Shapes 8.12.2.7 Using Birth and Death Wisely 8.12.2.8 Read Your Output 8.12.2.9 Graph the Load and Response History 9 Contact
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9.1 Contact Overview 9.1.1 Explicit Dynamics Contact Capabilities 9.2 General Contact Classification 9.3 ANSYS Contact Capabilities 9.3.1 Surface-to-Surface Contact Elements 9.3.2 Node-to-Surface Contact Elements 9.3.3 Node-to-Node Contact Elements 9.4 Performing a Surface-to-Surface Contact Analysis 9.4.1 Using Surface-to-Surface Contact Elements 9.4.2 Steps in a Contact Analysis 9.4.3 Creating the Model Geometry and Mesh 9.4.4 Identifying Contact Pairs 9.4.5 Designating Contact and Target Surfaces 9.4.6 Asymmetric Contact vs. Symmetric Contact 9.4.7 Defining the Target Surface 9.4.7.1 Pilot Nodes 9.4.7.2 Primitives 9.4.7.3 Element Types and Real Constants 9.4.7.4 Using Direct Generation to Create Rigid Target Elements 9.4.7.5 Using ANSYS Meshing Tools to Create Rigid Target Elements 9.4.8 Defining the Deformable Contact Surface 9.4.8.1 Element Type 9.4.8.2 Real Constants and Material Properties 9.4.8.3 Generating Contact Elements
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9.4.9 Set the Real Constants and Element Key Options 9.4.9.1 Real Constants 9.4.9.2 Element Key Options 9.4.9.3 Selecting a Contact Algorithm 9.4.9.4 Determining Contact Stiffness 9.4.9.5 Choosing a Friction Model 9.4.9.6 Selecting Location of Contact Detection 9.4.9.7 Adjusting Initial Contact Conditions 9.4.9.8 Determining Contact Status and the Pinball Region 9.4.9.9 Avoiding Spurious Contact in Symmetric Contact Problems 9.4.9.10 Selecting Surface Interaction Models 9.4.9.11 Modeling Contact with Superelements 9.4.9.12 Accounting for Thickness Effect 9.4.9.13 Using Time Step Control 9.4.9.14 Using the Birth and Death Option 9.4.10 Controling the Motion of the Rigid Target Surface (Rigid-to-Flexible Contact Only) 9.4.11 Applying Necessary Boundary Conditions to the Deformable Elements 9.4.12 Defining Solution and Load Step Options 9.4.13 Solving the Problem 9.4.14 Reviewing the Results 9.4.14.1 Points to Remember 9.4.14.2 Reviewing Results in POST1 9.4.14.3 Option: Contour Displays 9.4.14.4 Option: Tabular Listings
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9.4.14.5 Option: Animation 9.4.14.6 Other Capabilities 9.4.14.7 Reviewing Results in POST26 9.4.14.8 Other Capabilities 9.5 Performing a Node-to-Surface Contact Analysis 9.5.1 Using Node-to-Surface Contact Elements 9.5.2 Steps in a Node-to-Surface Contact Analysis 9.5.2.1 Create the Geometry and Mesh 9.5.2.2 Identify the Contact Pairs 9.5.2.3 Generate the Contact Elements 9.5.2.4 Set the Element Key Options and Real Constants 9.5.2.5 Applying Necessary Boundary Conditions 9.5.2.6 Defining Solution Options 9.5.2.7 Solving the Problem 9.5.2.8 Reviewing the Results 9.5.2.9 Using CONTAC26 9.6 Performing a Node-to-Node Contact Analysis 10 Fracture Mechanics 10.1 Definition of Fracture Mechanics 10.2 Solving Fracture Mechanics Problems 10.2.1 Modeling the Crack Region 10.2.1.1 2-D Fracture Models 10.2.1.2 3-D Fracture Models 10.2.2 Calculating Fracture Parameters 10.2.2.1 Stress Intensity Factors
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10.2.2.2 J-Integral 10.2.2.3 Energy Release Rate 11 Composites 11.1 Definition of Composites 11.2 Modeling Composites 11.2.1 Choosing the Proper Element Type 11.2.2 Defining the Layered Configuration 11.2.2.1 Specifying Individual Layer Properties 11.2.2.2 Defining the Constitutive Matrices 11.2.2.3 Sandwich and Multiple-Layered Structures 11.2.2.4 Node Offset 11.2.3 Specifying Failure Criteria 11.2.4 Additional Modeling and Postprocessing Guidelines 12 Fatigue 12.1 Definition of Fatigue 12.1.1 What the ANSYS Program Does 12.1.2 Basic Terminology 12.2 Doing a Fatigue Evaluation 12.2.1 Enter POST1 and Resume Your Database 12.2.2 Establish the Size, Fatigue Material Properties, and Locations 12.2.3 Store Stresses and Assign Event Repetitions and Scale Factors 12.2.3.1 Storing Stresses 12.2.3.2 Listing, Plotting, or Deleting Stored Stresses 12.2.3.3 Assigning Event Repetitions and Scale Factors
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12.2.3.4 Guidelines for Obtaining Accurate Usage Factors 12.2.4 Activate the Fatigue Calculations 12.2.5 Review the Results 12.2.6 Other Approaches to Range Counting 12.2.7 Sample Input 13 p-Method Structural Static Analysis 13.1 Definition of p-Method Analysis 13.2 Benefits of Using the p-Method 13.3 Using the p-Method 13.3.1 Select the p-Method Procedure 13.3.2 Build the Model 13.3.2.1 Define the Element Types 13.3.2.2 Specify Material Properties and/or Real Constants 13.3.2.3 Define the Model Geometry 13.3.2.4 Mesh the Model into Solid or Shell Elements 13.3.3 Additional Information for Building Your Model 13.3.3.1 Viewing your element model 13.3.3.2 Coupling 13.3.4 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 13.3.5 Helpful Hints for Common Problems 13.3.6 Review the Results 13.3.6.1 The p-Element Subgrid 13.3.7 Querying Subgrid Results 13.3.8 Printing and Plotting Node and Element Results 13.3.8.1 Specialized p-Method Displays and Listings
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13.4 Sample p-Method Analysis (GUI Method) 13.4.1 Problem Description 13.4.2 Problem Specifications 13.4.3 Problem Diagram 13.4.3.1 Set the Analysis Title 13.4.3.2 Select p-Method 13.4.3.3 Define the Element Type and Options 13.4.3.4 Define the Real Constants 13.4.3.5 Define Material Properties 13.4.3.6 Create Plate with Hole 13.4.3.7 Mesh the Areas 13.4.3.8 Define Symmetry Boundary Conditions 13.4.3.9 Define Pressure Load along Right Edge. 13.4.3.10 Define Convergence Criteria 13.4.3.11 Solve the Problem 13.4.3.12 Review the Results and Exit ANSYS 13.5 Sample p-Method Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 14 Explicit Dynamics Analysis 14.1 Overview of ANSYS/LS-DYNA Explicit Dynamics 14.2 Commands Used in an Explicit Dynamics Analysis 14.3 Overview of Steps in an Explicit Dynamics Analysis 14.3.1 Build the model 14.3.1.1 Points to Remember 14.3.2 Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution 14.3.2.1 Loads
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14.3.2.2 Initial Velocities 14.3.2.3 Constraints 14.3.2.4 DOF Coupling 14.3.2.5 Data Smoothing 14.3.3 Review the Results 14.3.3.1 Postprocessors 14.3.3.2 Points to Remember 14.3.3.3 Reviewing Results Using POST26 14.3.3.4 Other Capabilities 14.3.3.5 Reviewing Results Using POST1 14.3.3.6 Option: Display Deformed Shape 14.3.3.7 Option: Display Animated Shapes 14.3.3.8 Option: Contour Displays 14.3.3.9 Option: Vector Displays 14.3.3.10 Option: Tabular Listings 14.3.3.11 Other Capabilities 14.4 Where to Find Explicit Dynamics Example Problems 14.5 Sequential Solutions 14.5.1 Explicit-to-Implicit Sequential Solution 14.5.2 Implicit-to-Explicit Sequential Solution 14.6 Additional Information

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