Burrack Anointed Biography Aristotle. The Categories. Translator: E. M. Edghill. Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg eBook. 2008. Web.

8 May 2012. Aristotle in The Categories looked at qualifiers related to human existence and subdivided the examination by specific classified actions, feelings, conditions, moods, and other references. In Part 11 he discusses interesting qualifier cases of human conditions such as contraries, an example is the classification of healthy or not healthy as it can only be one or the other for any human. Bacon, Francis. The Advancement of Learning. Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg eBook. 2010. Web. 9 May 2012.

Bacon introduces his concept of natural philosophy. He relates that an individual being must be interdependent in their environment as cause is to effect. The capacity and potential for learning relies on multiple factors include the media itself, the environment and the unique individual who will be learning. This learning done by the individual must alter that individuals perspective upon the acceptance of the realization of the outside environments influences. The individuals personality is dynamic and accrues subjective perceptions. Broad, C. D. The Philosophy of Francis Bacon: An Address delivered at Cambridge on the Occasion of the Bacon Tercentenary. 5 October 1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Web. 10 May 2012. Bacons viewpoint on the science of human nature is examined in this speech. The reexamination of bacons idea of an individual being both body and soul. Separate categorization of traits is based on examination of the individual separate and the changes based on grouping into communities is highlighted. An individual has positive and negative characteristics by nature this forms a human composite of body, soul and the sum of all together. An interested individual can use logic to discover methods for self knowledge. Logic can be misused by the individual as a destructive not constructive or auxiliary methodology. Bentham, Jeremy. Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London:1823. Kitchener: Batoch Books.2000.Web. 8 May 2012. Bentham wrote about human behavior and its interpretations relative to pain and pleasure. He examined the many human values that comprise the principles all people learn and use to live. These are a product of the principle of unity. This is a process whereas a human learns cultural values through the choice of inhibition or reinforcement. Berkeley, George. A Treatise Concerning The Principles of Human Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. Project Gutenberg EBook. Web. 8 May 2012.

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George Berkeley wrote on the physical and physiological details on how a human mind perceives an concept or idea. The steps to make this idea are relative to the external information available filtered by the personal interpretation which is always coupled with potential prejudice. The true reality as opposed to the subjective is not so easily found. Bloom, Irene. Mencian Arguments on Human Nature (Jen-hsing). Philosophy East and West Vol. 44, No. 1 Jan., 1994. (pp. 19-53). University of Hawaii Press . JSTOR Web. 2 May 2012. Specific human experience reflects the environment of that individual. These is a history of Confucian dialogues which relate the existence of good as a natural substance internalized in all humans. Reflection on a ordinary life yields the most information as to the consequences of the held ethics of the individual. This article examines the Mencian Theory of Human Nature as a religious oversight in human tendencies. Brown, Donald. Human Nature and History. History and Theory, Vol. 38, No. 4, Theme Issue 38: The Return of Science: Evolutionary Ideas and History (Dec., 1999), pp. 138-157. Accessed 10 May 2012. An examination of the subjective logic behind specific features of human nature that influence, motivate and facilitate events in historical time. The human will is also shaped as a reactive created product of the cycle of human evolution and events. The individual when grouped as congregate masses influences actions beneficial to that group. Questions of rebellion by youth are examined. Clawson, Joseph., and Donald E. Vinson. "Human value: A Historical and Interdisciplinary Analysis. Advances in Consumer Research (1978)Volume 05, Kent Hunt, Ed. Ann Abor : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 396-402. Web. 9 May 2012. In marketing to the consumer, the consumers end point behavior has significant correlation between that individuals human value structure and the results. A individuals consumer behavior is often the fulfillment of an individuals wants as opposed to needs. This internal individual negotiation is subject to influences by internal and external forces that the individual accepts as valid.

Einstein, Albert. The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infield). London: http://www.scribd.com/doc/8984605/The-Evolution-of-Physics-Einstein-and-Infeld. 5 May 2012. Einstein explains physics from a realist belief structure. Einstein wrote about objective reality as a true limiting factor in the advancement of understanding of the natural worlds processes. He wrote that the function of an individuals belief in finding the

Burrack potential answer is the motivator that can eventually make an individual achieve their goal of understanding the currently incomprehensible. Goswami, Amit. Physics within Nondual Consciousness. Philosophy East and West, Vol. 51, No. 4, Nondualism, Liberation, and Language: The Infinity Foundation Lectures at Hawai'i, 1997-2000 (Oct., 2001), pp. 535-544. 7 May 2012. Monistic idealism, material realism and logical positivism are examined for relevance to human existence and behavior. The science of physics can be examined from a perspective of the philosophy of monistic idealism. The idea of a individuals consciousness being the center of that individuals existence making that person real. Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Republished 2010. Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg eBook. Web. 5 May 2012.

Humes philosophy relates to seeking wisdom and truth. This is a philosophical work that examined and defined the reality of moral distinctions. Rational human beings derive reasoning from knowledge and self perception. A general foundation of an individuals good and imperfect judgments comprise their accepted moral structure. Some external elements like air and water exist but do not have human ownership. Some internal elements common to every individual must be true for all individuals and these common elements give a level of calmness and serenity to the pursuit of more knowledge. Man has a natural tendency towards uncertainty leading to an inclination of imperfection in understanding. Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Republished 2010. Project Gutenberg: Project Gutenberg eBook. Web. 2008. 2 May 2012. Human experience is relative as it evaluated by an individuals human thought processes. The idea of utilizing pure reason is classified as both metaphysics and philosophy by subject. Pure reason needs to depend on steps of logical validation to qualify as an expansion of acceptable reasoning in progression. Kants consideration of known categories in the human cognition process lead to his explanation of as a subjective function of appearance.It was proposed that understanding of the individuals reality is done only to the level that the individual can personally process. Emanuel Kant (humanities philosophy) put forth the idea that an individuals reasoning process needs certain specific logical validations. To know to judge to reason Reason should be applied to all activities Understanding and reason do not jurisdictions over experience

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Jones (social science - anthropology) created a perspective hypothesis about inherited fear of specific symbols as a instinct for survival affecting human behaviors =======================

======= Kant Immanuel The Critique of Pure Reason

======================== Minkov, Svetozar . Francis Bacon's Inquiry Touching Human Nature : Virtue, Philosophy, and the Relief of Man's Estate. Blue Ridge Summit. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. 2010. An examination of Bacon ideas about human nature with a new approach about judging truth Bacon's intention -- Bacon on the human good -- Bacon on courage and wisdom -- Bacon on justice and death -- Bacon on love -- Bacon's wise ancients and the future of his project. Conquest of nature for the completion of an inquiry

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Al-Rodha,..Dr Nayef Emotional amoral egoism: A Neurophilosophical Theory of Human Nature and its Universal Security Implications. Transaction Publishers; First Edition . Berlin . 2008 Al-Rodhan (natural sciences - neuroscience) wrote that an individuals human nature chooses when to be amoral as this choice is a product of biological subjective self interest and contrary to their normal belief structure.

n basically argues that humans are amoral. In other terms, as long as their basic needs are not satisfied, they will act without morality, only aiming at fulfilling their egoist, basic needs. This is why strong governance structures are required in order to contain and regulate these traits of human nature. Furthermore, Dr Al-Rodhan challenges the underlying assumptions of conventional International Relations and Economic Theories by holding that Human Nature is much more emotional rather than rational. While the assumption of rationality of man has been frequently criticized in recent months, little effort has been made to provide new approaches. This book fills this gap by scientifically demonstrating that humans are emotional, amoral and egoist beings. The enduring assumption that human behaviour is governed by innate morality and reason is at odds with the persistence of human deprivation, injustice, brutality, inequality and conflict. This book offers a fresh look at human nature and universal security by proposing a new general theory of human nature, "emotional amoral egoism", and a specific theory of human motivation that draws on a wide range of philosophical, psychological and evolutionary approaches to human nature as well as neuroscientific research. It argues that human behaviour is governed primarily by emotional self-interest and that the human mind is a predisposed tabula rasa. The author argues that most human beings are innately neither moral nor immoral but rather amoral. Circumstances will determine the survival value of humankind's moral compass. This insight has profound implications for the re-ordering of governance mechanisms at all levels with a strong emphasis on the role of society and the global system. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the substrates of human nature and its universal security implications in relation to identity, conflict, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, morality and global governance. Philosophy of Human Nature: "emotional amoral egoism" Nayef Al-Rodhan published his neuro-chemically based theory of human nature in 2008. In this, he argues that the enduring assumption that human behaviour is governed by innate morality and reason is at odds with the persistence of human deprivation, injustice, brutality, inequality and conflict.[18] He draws on a wide range of philosophical, psychological and evolutionary approaches to human nature as well as neuroscientific research. He argues that human behaviour is governed primarily by "emotional self-interest" and that the human mind is a "predisposed tabula rasa". Al-Rodhan argues that "most human beings are innately neither moral nor immoral but rather amoral and that circumstances and needs will determine the survival value of humankind's moral compass". He suggests that this has profound implications for the re-ordering of governance mechanisms at all levels with a strong emphasis on the role of society and the global system in relation to stability, security, peace, cooperation, justice, human security, identity construction, transcultural relations, conflict, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, morality and global governance.[19] Al-Rodhans theory of human nature challenges the views of Hobbes and Rousseau and lays the foundation for a hopeful and pragmatic approach. It also advocates that the moral compass of man can be influenced positively by constructive behaviors of the society and its various mechanisms and frameworks. He also proposes a concept he calls Fear-Induced Pre-emptive aggression and

Burrack cautions us against being complacent about the virtues of human nature. This book is entitled: "emotional amoral egoism": A Neurophilosophical Theory of Human Nature and its Universal Security Implications (Berlin, LIT, 2008).[20] ================ Maslow Maslow, Abraham H. (1987). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper Collins. Maslows Theory of Motivation and Hierarchy of Human Needs: A Critical Analysis Allison Ruby Reid-Cunningham, MSW University of California 2008 Human behavior is motivated by the satisfaction or frustration of needs, which are arranged in a hierarchy of prepotency from physiological, to safety, to social, to esteem, to self-actualization. Maslow, Abraham H. (1987). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper Collins.

In Maslows book Motivation and Personality he described a psychological hierarchy of needs that apply to an individual from childhood through adulthood. These need levels are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. I have added another psychology book to my references list. This text is a major modern work identifying human behavior from a humanist psychology perspective. In Maslows book Motivation and Personality, he described a psychological hierarchy of needs that apply to an individual from childhood through adulthood. These need levels are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. ============== Von Misses Ludwig von Mises Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Review by: C. W. Guillebaud International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) , Vol. 26, No. 2 (Apr., 1950), pp. 246-247 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2605641

Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek of the Austrian school of Economics (social sciences economics) both wrote of an individuals choice as a psychological action influencing the economic markets with the aggregate total of all individuals actions not subject to mathematical predictive calculations.

Burrack Whereas John Maynard Keynes (social sciences economics) considered the individuals behavior only from the perspective of that individual being a part of large groups making aggregate demands that are mathematically predicable and therefore influenced. Friedrich von Hayek

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the motivators of consumer demand are worthy of note. Aristotle argued that man obtains greater pleasure from an object when it is his own, =========================

Rousseau

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Wiley Norbert F. Wiley The Congruence of Weber and Keynes Sociological Theory, Vol. 1 (1983), pp. 30-57Published by: John Wiley & Sons

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Mencian Arguments on Human Nature (Jen-hsing) ---------

These are my choices for three texts from the list in Adler and Van Doren. They are Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason, Francis Bacons The Advancement of Learning, and Albert Einsteins The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infield). Together these three can be considered for their use of investigatory processes to advance subjective human perception and knowledge in achieving understanding as to what comprises the natural world. These three texts can be integrated because of some common ground. When combined these three texts form a philosophical interdisciplinary viewpoint with each authors investigation into natural world processes. Each Author chose to show something of themselves and their intellectual curiosity by writing in their own style on a topic that for a time was of their own personal interest. Each Author used their writing as a mode of communication to promote an underlying philosophical methodology. The wording in each text shows the development of progressing enlightened perspective of each Author as they worked through personal processes to expand their understanding of the encompassing natural world. Albert Einsteins The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infield) explained physics from the realist belief structure. Einstein wrote about objective reality as a true limiting factor in the advancement of understanding of the natural worlds processes. He wrote that the function of an individuals belief in finding the potential answer is the motivator that can eventually make an individual achieve their goal of understanding the currently incomprehensible. Immanuel Kants Critique of Pure Reason is classified as both metaphysics and philosophy by subject. Pure reason needs to depend on steps of logical validation to qualify as an expansion

Burrack of acceptable reasoning in progression. Kants consideration of known categories in the human cognition process lead to his explanation of human experience as a subjective function of appearance.It was proposed that understanding of the individuals reality is done only to the level that the individual can personally process.

In Francis Bacons The Advancement of Learning the Author wrote about learning being qualified as being subjective relative to the actual environment. The Author proposed the idea that a natural philosophy must include everything. This natural philosophy contains two necessities of visible interdependent action cause and effect. Learning is qualified by the Author as found in the combination of three factors to create a dynamic environment. This dynamic environment is described as the specific book, the location of learning, and the individual. This Author noted that the eventual perspective of the individual must change as the inquirer realizes the surrounding dynamic environment of the natural world controls any attempt to learn. The topic is the nature of man. Can it ever be completely known? Is there a usefulness and validity about the individuals perception as a motivator to examine the natural worlds reality? The scope would cover both an individuals perception and the creation of the aggregate accepted perception of the natural worlds reality. Questions on the nature of subjective perception and what is being perceived need to be considered. Is this search for answers limited by the investigatory language used? An individual may use an objective logic chain as a methodology to build a progression of acceptable concepts to gain understanding but does this objective logic progression break down as more subjective information is inserted into the process as compared to using only objective data for the logic chain? How does the subjective or objective perception by the individual influence their opinion at the end point? How does this fit into the larger picture that there is an overall accepted and standardized view of the natural worlds reality? Can individuals achieve complete understanding of the natural processes that surround them since they are an internal subset of the bigger natural world picture? Would it not take an external perspective for a true understanding of the nature of the natural worlds reality? (Note: I believe this topic category is still too broad for a final paper so I will be condensing it after more thoughtful consideration.)

James, David. "The Role of Evil in Kants Liberalism." Inquiry 55.3 (2012): 238. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 11 May 2012. James examines Kants theories relative to humans being evil or good by nature. or on the anthropological assumption that man is, good by nature Carl Schmitt distinguishes between political theories in terms of whether they rest on the anthropological assumption and he claims that liberal political theory is based on the latter assumption. Contrary to this claim, I show how Kant's liberalism is shaped by his theory of the radical evil in human nature, and that his liberalism corresponds to the characterization of liberalism that Schmitt himself offers. My discussion of this issue will be shown to have certain implications with respect to the view that for Kant evil is the product of society. I show that this

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view is mistaken insofar as it fails to recognize that Kant's political philosophy implies that human beings require the type of society that best suits their radically evil natures, namely, a commercial one in which the "vices of culture" largely have free play, while the state's role is limited to that of preventing the antagonisms found in society leading to the mutual destruction of its members. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]