STATE UNIVERSITY OF ZANZIBAR (SUZA)

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (CS 330).
ASSIGNMENT No. 1 PREPARED BY: NAME: AMANI MUSSA ALI. DATE DUE: REGISTRATION No. S.SEAS.CS/3/08/034. 21/02/2011.

Exercise Ethics within Science and Technology field still in the Debate of the Modern Society. However the distinction between science and technology rapidly increase in our society. Produce a well documented report with citation and references of the distinction between science and technology in your area.

Science is the concerted human effort to understand better, the history of the natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. According to Badawy M. K(2001) Science is an intellectual activity carried on by humans that is designed to discover information about the natural world in which humans live and to discover the ways in which this information can be organized into meaningful patterns. A primary aim of science is to collect facts (data). An ultimate purpose of science is to discern the order that exists between and amongst the various facts. It is done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions. Consider some examples. An ecologist observing the territorial behaviors of bluebirds and a geologist examining the distribution of fossils in an outcrop are both scientists making observations in order to find patterns in natural phenomena. They just do it outdoors and thus entertain the general public with their behavior. An astrophysicist photographing distant galaxies and a climatologist sifting data from weather balloons similarly are also scientists making observations, but in more discrete settings. The examples above are observational science, but there is also experimental science. A chemist observing the rates of one chemical reaction at a variety of temperatures and a nuclear physicist recording the results of bombardment of a particular kind of matter with neutrons are both scientists performing experiments to see what consistent patterns emerge. A biologist observing the reaction of a particular tissue to various stimulants is likewise experimenting to find patterns of behavior. BY Steven W. (2001)

All these people are making and recording observations of nature, or of simulations of nature, in order to learn more about how nature, in the broadest sense, works. Therefore Science can broadly be defined as the study of "things" such as Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Genetics, Geology, Psychology, Sociology, and other fields of study that analyze interactions, behaviors, physical properties, effects, causes, etc. In order to rationalize or establish given properties, behaviors and interactions about such "things". The basis of Science is the conducting of experiments. Basically, a theory is made (stated), analysis and testing are performed with the use of various controls, and when a specific, measurable result occurs, and can be reproduced or proven time and time again, the theory then become scientific law. Technology is the process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants. Most people, however, think of technology in terms of its artifacts: computers and software, aircraft, pesticides, water-treatment plants, birth-control pills, and microwave ovens, to name a few. But technology is more than these tangible products. Technology includes the entire infrastructure necessary for the design, manufacture, operation, and repair of technological artifacts, from corporate headquarters and engineering schools to manufacturing plants and maintenance facilities. The knowledge and processes used to create and to operate technological artifacts that are engineering know-how, manufacturing expertise, and various technical skills are equally important part of technology. Technology is a product of engineering and science, the study of the natural world. Science has two parts: 1. A body of knowledge that has been accumulated over time and 2. A process-scientific inquiry-that generates knowledge about the natural world. Engineering, too, consists of a body of knowledge-in this case knowledge of the design and creation of human-made products-and a process for solving problems. Engineering, therefore, could be called "design under constraint," with science-the laws of nature-being one of a number of limiting factors engineers must take into account. Other constraints include cost, reliability, safety, and environmental impact, ease of use, available human and material resources, manufacturability, government regulations, laws, and even politics. While Technology necessarily involves science and engineering. Technology refers generally to items of use, created from "Applied Science".
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A good example of this is the production of Solar panels. Solar Panels are used in a variety of different technologies, but the simplest example is a Solar Powered Calculator. It was proposed long ago that the Sun emits 2 types of energy, heat energy and light energy. The Sun's heat energy is what warms the Earth's atmosphere so that life as we know it can exist, by warming the atmosphere to a tolerable temperature that the human body can function in. The sun's light energy is absorbed by Solar Panels (and Solar Cells), and converts that energy to electricity so that the calculator can perform mathematical functions. To test this, put a piece of electrical tape over your calculator for 15 minutes, and then see if you can turn it on. If you can't then you know the light energy is being converted to electricity. The major distinction between Science and Technology is science studies the forces and interactions between different "things", both animate and inanimate. That is to say science aims to understand the "why" and "how" of nature, engineering seeks to shape the natural world to meet human needs and wants. Science usually involves the development of a hypothesis, the testing of that hypothesis by controlled experimentation or observation, the collection and analysis of data to produce results and the drawing of valid conclusions based on those results. The main difference is that whatever research is done in technology It should be such that it is fruitful to humanity.According to Linton, Jonathan D.
and Thongpapanl, Narongsak (Tek),(2004)

But science tries to find out the facts related to an event, it has no any purpose. In general science is the study of how things work. WHILE Technology uses science to make things work therefore science is primary and technology which is the product of science is secondary. Technology can be referred to as things which we make, but were developed by applying scientific law, knowing what such "things" are capable of doing. Technology usually involves the design and development of a solution to a problem and yields a product, process or environment that serves a real need.

REFERENCES
Alderidge, M.D., "Technology Management: Fundamental Issues for Engineering Education?", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 6, Nos. 3/4, May, 1990. Anderson, P., "Toward Exemplary Research in the Management of Technology - An Introductory Essay", Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2, June, 1993. Babcock, D.L. and Sarchet, B.R., "Is Engineering Management a Profession?", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-28, No. 4, November, 1981. Badawy, M.K., "Technology Management Education: Alternative Models", California Management Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Summer, 2001 Glassman, E., "Managing for Creativity: Back to Basics in R&D", R&D Management, Vol. 16, No. 2, April, 1986. Golson, H.L., "The Technically-Oriented Personality in Management", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. EM-32, No. 1, February, 1985. Koza, Henrique and Richter, P.J., "Development of Engineering Managers: An Alternative Approach", Engineering Management Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, January, 1988. Linton, Jonathan D. and Thongpapanl, Narongsak (Tek), "Ranking the Technology Innovation Management Journals", Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, March, 2004. Steven W., Interaction Of Arts, Science And Technology 2002 Cambridge.