EducationOutlayonHigherEducationincreased9foldintheEleventhFiveYearPlan.Ordinance promulgatedforestablishing15CentralUniversities.Inadditionto6newIndianInstitutesofTechnology(IITs) inBihar,AndhraPradesh,Rajasthan,Orissa,PunjabandGujratwhichstartedfunctioningin200809,twomore IITsinMadhyaPradeshandHimachalPradeshareexpectedtocommencetheiracademicsessionin200910.5 IndianInstituteofScienceEducationandResearch(IISER)announcedearlierhavebecomefunctional.2new schoolsofPlanningandArchitectureatVijayawadaandBhopalhavestartedfunctioning.Teachingisexpected tocommencefromacademicyear200910infouroutofsixnewIndianInstituteofManagementproposedfor theEleventhPlaninHaryana,Rajasthan,JharkhandandTamilNadu. 500ITIsupgradedintocentersofexcellence.NationalSkillDevelopmentCorporationcreatedinJuly,2008with initialcorpusofRs1,000crore. SocialSector22StatesandUnionTerritoriesinitiatedprocesstoimplementRashtriyaSwasthyaBimaYojana forBPLfamilitiesintheunorganisedsectorand60lakhthirtytwothousandpersonscoveredfordeathand disabilityunder'AamAdmni'BimaYojana(AABY).PublicSectorEnterprises.146lakhpersonsbenefitedunder IndiraGandhiNationalOldAgePensionSchemeinthecurrentfinancialyear.

FinancialsectorAsaresultofinitiatingprocessofamalgamationandrecapitalizationofRegionalRuralBanks (RRBs)withnegativenetworth,196RRBsmergedinto85RRBs. BudgetEstimatesRs.30,100croreallocatedforNationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeSchemefortheyear 200910.In200809employmentof138.76crorepersondayscovering3.51crorehouseholdalready generated.Rs8,000croreallocatedforMiddayMealsSchemefortheyear200910.Rs.7,400croreallocatedfor RajivGandhiRuralDrinkingWaterMission,Rs1,200croreforRuralSanitationProgramme,Rs12,070crore forNationalRuralHealthMission,Rs40,900croreallocatedforBharatNirmanfortheyear200910.Major subsidiesincludingfood,fertilizerandpetroleumestimatedatRs95,579crore. GERMANYHISTORY MiddleAges InthefirstcenturiestheMerovingiankingsofGaulconqueredmanyGermantribes,theseColonistsofGaul werealsofocusedinchangethereligion.ThemissionaryactivityfundedmonasteriesatWrzburg,Regensburg, Reichenau,andotherplaces.Manyyearslater,from772to814,thekingCharlemagneextendedhisempireinto northernItalyandtheterritoriesofallwestofGermany,includingSaxonsandBavarians.WhenCharlemagne wasconfirmedasemperorofRome,theHolyRomaEmpirewasestablished.Theyearspassedandtheempire wasdividedintoseveralpartsbecauseofthemanyfightsbetweenCharlemagnesgrandchildren,thisdivision gaveplacetothebeginningoftheFrankishKingdomunderthegovernmentofDukeHenryofSaxony.Thetime between1096and1291wastheageofthecrusadesandknightlyreligiousorderswereestablished:The Templars,theKnightsofSt.JohnandtheTeutonicOrder,manytowns,castles,bishopspalacesand monasterieswerefoundedinthisage.Butfrom1300TheEmpirestartedtoloseterritoryonallitsfrontiers.In the15thcenturythekingMaximilianItriedtoreformtheEmpirebutitwasfrustratedbythecontinued territorialfragmentationoftheEmpire. GermanyReformation Inthe16thcenturybegantheGermanyreformationunderthephilosophyofMartinLutherandhis95theses againsttheabuseofindulgencestothechurch.LuthertranslatedtheBibleestablishingthebasisofmodern German.By1555theeraofreligioustensionsseemedtoendwiththePeaceofAugsburg.Inthe17thcentury theThirtyYearsWardevastatedGermany,andthereligioustensionscontinued,andtheconflictwaswidened

intoaEuropeanWarbytheinterventionofKingChristianIVofDenmark,GustavusAdolphusofSwedenand FranceunderCardinalRichelieu,theregentoftheyoungLouisXIV.Germanybecamethemaintheatreofwar andthesceneofthefinalconflictbetweenFranceandtheHabsburgsforthepredominanceofEurope.Thewar resultedinlargeareasofGermanybeinglaidwaste,inalossofsomethinglikeathirdofitspopulation,andina generalimpoverishment.Finally,thewarendedwiththePeaceofWestphaliaandtheGermanterritorywaslost toFranceandSweden;NetherlandsalsolefttheHolyRomanEmpire.TheHolyRomanEmpirewasformally dissolvedon6August1806whenthelastHolyRomanEmperorFrancisIIresignedandtheConfederationofthe RhinewasestablishedunderNapoleon'sprotection.LaterwiththeWarsofLiberationbeganthedestructionof NapoleonsarmyandGermanywasliberatedfromFrenchrule. GermanyConfederation AfterthefallofNapoleon,EuropeanmonarchsandstatesmenconvenedintheViennain1814forthe reorganizationofEuropeanaffairs.Ontheterritoryoftheformer"HolyRomanEmpireoftheGermanNation", theGermanConfederation(DeutscherBund)wasfounded,alooseunionof39states(35rulingprincesand4 freecities)underAustrianleadership,withaFederalDiet(Bundestag)meetinginFrankfurtamMain.In1867 theGermanConfederationwasdissolved.InitsplacetheNorthGermanConfederation(GermanNorddeutscher Bund)wasestablished,undertheleadershipofPrussia.Austriawasexcluded,andwouldremainoutsideGerman affairsformostoftheremaining19thandthe20thcenturies.TheNorthGermanConfederationwasatransitory groupthatexistedfrom1867to1871,betweenthedissolutionoftheGermanConfederationandthefoundingof theGermanEmpire,ledbyOttoVonBismarckwhowasdeclaredchancellor.Withit,Prussiaestablishedcontrol overthe22statesofnorthernGermanyand,viatheZollverein,southernGermany. GermanEmpire In1871TheGermanEmpirewasfundedwith25states,threeofwhichwereHanseaticfreecities,andthe ChancellorwasBismarck.Itwasdubbedthe"LittleGerman"solution,sinceAustriawasnotincluded. Bismarck'sdomesticpoliciesasChancellorofGermanywerecharacterizedbyhisfightagainstperceived enemiesoftheProtestantPrussianstate.OtherBismarck'sprioritywastoprotectGermany'sexpandingpower throughasystemofalliancesandanattempttocontaincrisesuntilGermanywasfullypreparedtoinitiatethem, thenin1879BismarckformedaDualAllianceifGermanyandAustriaHungary,laterItalyjoinedtotheDual AlliancetoformaTripleAllianceagainstFrancecolonialpolicy.InspiteofBismarckpolicies,the29yearold WilhelmIIremovedBismarckofhischancellorposition.In1898theTripleAlliancewasdissolvedby differencesbetweenAustriaandItalyandGermanywasincreasinglyisolated. FirstWorldWar Imperialistpowerpoliticsandthedeterminedpursuitofnationalinterestsultimatelyledtotheoutbreakin1914 oftheFirstWorldWar,sparkedbytheassassinationoftheAustrianheirapparentFranzFerdinandandhiswife. GermanyfoughtonthesideofAustriaHungary,BulgariaandtheOttomanEmpireagainstRussia,France, GreatBritain,Italy,Japanandseveralothersmallerstates.FightingalsospreadtotheNearEastandtheGerman colonies.TheentryoftheUnitedStatesintothewarin1917followingGermanysdeclarationofunrestricted submarinewarfaremarkedadecisiveturningpointagainstGermany.OnNovemberKaiserWilhelmIIandall GermanrulingprincesabdicatedandtheSocialDemocratPhilippScheidemannproclaimedaRepublicwho signedtheendofthewaratCompigne.AfterFirstWorldWar,Germanywasobligatedtocedemanyareas, alliedtroopsoccupiedtheleftGermanBankoftheRhineforaperiodof515years,andtheGermanarmywas tobelimitedto100,000officers.Furthermore,Germanyanditsalliesweretoacceptthesoleresponsibilityof

thewar,andweretopayfinancialreparationsforalllossanddamagesufferedbytheAllies.Thehumiliating peacetermsprovokedbitterindignationthroughoutGermany,andseriouslyweakenedthenewdemocratic regime. WeimarRepublic In1919,undertheWeimarconstitution,FriedrichEbertwasnamedasthefirstGermanPresident,butthe WeimarrepublicwasnotacceptedbytheNationalSocialistGermanWorkers'PartyandGermanCommunist Party.In1923beganothertheproblemswhenGermanydefaultedonitsreparationpaymentsFrenchand BelgiantroopsoccupiedtheheavilyindustrializedRuhrdistrict.TheGermangovernmentencouragedthe populationtopassiveresistanceandlatertheoccupationbecamealossmakingdealforFrenchgovernment.As consequenceofthis,manylostalltheirfortuneandtheywouldbecomebitterenemiesoftheWeimarRepublic. Fortunately,in1928Germanysindustrialproductionimproved.Atthistime,Hitlermadehisfirstappearance withstormtroopersinMunichandafterthenationalelectionsin1932,thenewpresidentHindenburgappointed himChancellor. NaziRevolution WithHitler,theCommunismwasbegun.Healsoformedaslimmajoritygovernmentandobtainedthefull legislativepowerwiththeEnablingActof1933,onlytheSocialDemocratswereagainstthisact.TheEnabling Actformedthebasisforthedictatorship,dissolutionofthetradeunionsandallpoliticalpartiesotherthanthe Nazipartyweresuppressed.Acentralizedtotalitarianstatewasestablished,nolongerbasedontheliberal Weimarconstitution.In1938,HitlerenteredintoAustriaandhewasacclaimed,manyAustriansvotedforthe annexationoftheircountrytoGermany. SecondWorldWar In1939,aftersixyears,TheNaziregimepreparedthecountryforWorldWarII.TheNazileadershipoccupied countriesthroughforceddeportationandgenocide,nowknowsastheHolocaust.By1945,Germanyandits partners(ItalyandJapan)hadbeendefeated,chieflybytheforcesoftheSovietUnion,theUSA,Britain,and Canada.ManypeoplehadbeenkilledbetweensixmillionJewsandfivemillionnonJews,andmuchofEurope layinruins.WorldWarIIresultedinthedestructionofGermany'spoliticalandeconomicinfrastructureandled directlytoitspartition,considerablelossofterritory,andhistoricallegacyofguiltandshame.Germanywas dividedintofourmilitaryoccupationzonesbytheAllies;thethreewesternzoneswouldformtheFederal RepublicofGermany(WestGermany)whilepartoftheSovietZonebecametheGermanDemocraticRepublic (EastGermany).TheGermanswererepatriatedtotheEasternEurope(Germanexodus).Inthisprocessof expulsion,millionsofGermansdied. After1945 Afterwar,Germanypopulationlivedonnearstarvationlevels.Intheearly1950s,WestGermanyeventually cametoenjoyprolongedeconomicgrowth.Therecoveryoccurredlargelybecauseofthepreviouslyforbidden currencyreformofJune1948andfrom1949onpartlybyU.S.assistancethroughMarshallPlanloans.Across theborder,EastGermanysoonbecametherichest,mostadvancedcountryintheWarsawPact,butmanyofits citizenslookedtotheWestforpoliticalfreedomsandeconomicprosperity.In1970,WestGermanyunder Brandt'sOstpolitikwasintentonholdingtoitsconceptof"twoGermanstatesinoneGermannation."Relations improved,andin1973,EastGermanyandWestGermanywereadmittedtotheUnitedNations.German reunificationhappenedin1990whenEastGermanauthoritiessuddenlyallowedEastGermancitizenstoenter

WestBerlinandWestGermany.Hundredsofthousandsofpeopletookadvantageoftheopportunity;new crossingpointswereopenedintheBerlinWallandalongtheborderwithWestGermany. NewGermany,FranceandotherEuropeancountriesformedtheEuropeanUnion.Afterall,Germanybecame intoacountryofremarkablediversity,withculturaldifferences,althoughGermanswillneverforgetthedark past. DEUTSCHELITERATUR HeinrichTheodorBll(December21,1917July16,1985)wasoneofGermany'sforemostpostWorldWar IIwriters.BllwasawardedtheGeorgBchnerPrizein1967andtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1972.Bll wasborninCologne,Germany,toaCatholic,pacifistfamilythat,later,opposedtheriseofNazism.He successfullyresistedjoiningtheHitlerYouthduringthe1930s.Hisworkshavebeendubbed "Trmmerliteratur"theliteratureoftherubble.ThisisfittinginthattypicalpostwarGermanusageof"rubble" implicitlyreferstotherubbleofWorldWarIIairraiddamagewhichgraduallydiminishedovertwodecadesas WestGermanyemergedfromsaid"rubble".HewasaleaderoftheGermanwriterswhotriedtocometogrips withthememoryoftheWar,theNazis,andtheHolocaustandtheguiltthatcamewiththem.Bllwas particularlysuccessfulinEasternEurope,asheseemedtoportraythedarksideofcapitalisminhis books.HeinrichBlldiedin1985attheageof67.Hismemorylivesonat,amongotherplaces,theHeinrich BllFoundation.AspecialHeinrichBllArchivewassetupintheCologneLibrarytoholdhispersonalpapers, boughtfromhisfamily,butlargeamountsofthematerialweredamaged,possiblyirreparably,whenthebuilding collapsedinMarch2009. KarlGeorgBchner(17October181319February1837)wasaGermandramatistandwriterofprose.In 1835,hisfirstplay,DantonsTod(Danton'sDeath),abouttheFrenchrevolution,waspublished,followedby Lenz(firstpartlypublishedinKarlGutzkow'sandWienberg'sDeutscheRevue,whichwasquicklybanned); LenzisanovellabasedonthelifeoftheSturmundDrangpoetJakobMichaelReinholdLenz.In1836his secondplay,LeonceandLenaportrayedthenobility.Hisunfinishedandmostfamousplay,Woyzeck,wasthe firstliteraryworkinGermanwhosemaincharactersweremembersoftheworkingclass. WalterBendixSchnfliesBenjamin(15July189227September1940)wasaGermanJewishMarxist literarycritic,essayist,translator,andphilosopher.HewasattimesassociatedwiththeFrankfurtSchoolof criticaltheoryandwasalsoinfluencedbythewritingsofhisyoungercontemporariesBertoltBrecht,In1932, duringtheturmoilprecedingAdolfHitler'selectionasChancellor,WalterBenjaminleftGermanytospenda fewmonthsontheSpanishislandofIbiza.ThenhemovedtoNice,whereheconsideredcommittingsuicide. WiththeReichstagfire,in1933,asHitlerassumedpowerandstartedthepersecutionoftheJews, FaustorFaustus(Latinfor"auspicious"or"lucky")istheprotagonistofaclassicGermanlegendwhomakesa pactwiththeDevilinexchangeforknowledge.Faust'staleisthebasisformanyliterary,artistic,cinematic,and musicalworks,suchasthosebyChristopherMarlowe,JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,ThomasMann,Hector Berlioz,FranzLiszt,CharlesGounod,GustavMahlerandF.W.Murnau.Themeaningofthewordandname hasbeenreinterpretedthroughtheages."Faust"(andtheadjective"Faustian")hastakenonaconnotation distinctfromitsoriginaluse,andisoftenusedtodaytodescribeapersonwhoseheadstrongdesireforself fulfillmentleadshimorherinadiabolicaldirection. TheodorFontane(IPA:[t? eodonta? n?] f ;30December181920September1898)wasa Germannovelistandpoet,regardedbymanytobethemostimportant19thcenturyGermanlanguagerealist writer. ImmanuelKant(IPA:[ manulkant] ;22April172412February1804)wasan18thcenturyGerman

philosopherfromthePrussiancityofKnigsberg(nowKaliningrad,Russia).Heisregardedasoneofthemost influentialthinkersofmodernEuropeandofthelateEnlightenment.Kantbelievedhimselftobecreatinga compromisebetweentheempiricistsandtherationalists.Theempiricistsbelievedthatknowledgeisacquired throughexperiencealone,buttherationalistsmaintainedthatsuchknowledgeisopentoCartesiandoubtand thatreasonaloneprovidesuswithknowledge.Kantargues,however,thatusingreasonwithoutapplyingitto experiencewillonlyleadtoillusions,whileexperiencewillbepurelysubjectivewithoutfirstbeingsubsumed underpurereason. BorisFranzBecker(born22November1967,inLeimen,WestGermany)isaformerWorldNo.1professional tennisplayerfromGermany.HeisasixtimeGrandSlamsingleschampion,anOlympicgoldmedalist,andthe youngesteverwinnerofthemen'ssinglestitleatWimbledonattheageof17.Sinceheretiredfromthe professionaltour,mediaworkandhispersonallifehavekepthimintheheadlines. JohannWolfgangvonGoethe(helpinfo)(IPA:[johanvlfgafngt],inEnglishgenerally pronounced/gt/;[1]28August174922March1832)wasaGermanwriterandaccordingtoGeorge Eliot,"Germany'sgreatestmanoflettersandthelasttruepolymathtowalktheearth."[2]Goethe'sworksspan thefieldsofpoetry,drama,literature,theology,philosophy,humanismandscience.Goethe'smagnumopus, laudedasoneofthepeaksofworldliterature,isthetwopartdramaFaust.[3]Goethe'sotherwellknownliterary worksincludehisnumerouspoems,theBildungsromanWilhelmMeister'sApprenticeshipandtheepistolary novelTheSorrowsofYoungWerther(Germantitle:"DieLeidendesjungenWerther"). GoethewasoneofthekeyfiguresofGermanliteratureandthemovementofWeimarClassicisminthelate18th andearly19thcenturies;thismovementcoincideswithEnlightenment,Sentimentality(Empfindsamkeit),Sturm undDrangandRomanticism.TheauthorofthescientifictextTheoryofColours,heinfluencedDarwinwithhis focusonplantmorphology.[4] HealsoservedatlengthasthePrivyCouncilor("Geheimrat")oftheduchyof [5] Weimar. GoetheistheoriginatoroftheconceptofWeltliteratur("worldliterature"),havingtakengreatinterestinthe literaturesofEngland,France,Italy,classicalGreece,Persia,theArabworld,andothers.Hisinfluenceon Germanphilosophyisvirtuallyimmeasurable,havingmajoreffectespeciallyonthegenerationofHegeland Schelling,althoughGoethehimselfexpresslyanddecidedlyrefrainedfrompracticingphilosophyintherarefied sense. HermannHeeseFirstWorldWarbrokeout,andeachyearbroughtmemoreandmoreintoconflictwith Germannationalism;eversincemyfirstshyprotestsagainstmasssuggestionandviolenceIhavebeenexposed tocontinuousattacksandfloodsofabusivelettersfromGermany.ThehatredoftheofficialGermany, culminatingunderHitler,wascompensatedforbythefollowingIwonamongtheyounggenerationthatthought ininternationalandpacifistterms,bythefriendshipofRomainRolland,whichlasteduntilhisdeath,aswellas bythesympathyofmenwhothoughtlikemeevenincountriesasremoteasIndiaandJapan.InGermanyIhave beenacknowledgedagainsincethefallofHitler,butmyworks,partlysuppressedbytheNazisandpartly destroyedbythewar;havenotyetbeenrepublishedthere.nfluencemeasmuchasIndianand,later,Chinese philosophy.Siddhartha,alsoTheNobelPrizeinLiterature1946. Einstein,1921nobelprize,physicsAlbertEinsteinwasbornatUlm,inWrttemberg,Germany,onMarch 14,1879.HebecameaGermancitizenin1914andremainedinBerlinuntil1933whenherenouncedhis citizenshipforpoliticalreasonsandemigratedtoAmericatotakethepositionofProfessorofTheoretical PhysicsatPrinceton*.HebecameaUnitedStatescitizenin1940andretiredfromhispostin1945.

AfterWorldWarII,EinsteinwasaleadingfigureintheWorldGovernmentMovement,hewasofferedthe PresidencyoftheStateofIsrael,whichhedeclined,hisspecialtheoryofrelativitystemmedfromanattemptto reconcilethelawsofmechanicswiththelawsoftheelectromagneticfield.Heinvestigatedthethermalproperties oflightwithalowradiationdensityandhisobservationslaidthefoundationofthephotontheoryoflight.He gainednumerousawardsinrecognitionofhiswork,includingtheCopleyMedaloftheRoyalSocietyofLondon in1925,andtheFranklinMedaloftheFranklinInstitutein1935. StefanieMariaGraf(bornJune14,1969,inMannheim,BadenWrttemberg,WestGermany)isaformer WorldNo.1rankedfemaletennisplayerfromGermany.BillieJeanKingisquotedassayingin1999,"Steffiis definitelythegreatestwomen'stennisplayerofalltime."[2]MartinaNavratilovahasincludedGrafonherlistof greatplayers.[3]InDecember1999,Grafwasnamedthegreatestfemaletennisplayerofthe20thcenturybya panelofexpertsassembledbytheAssociatedPress.[4]TenniswriterSteveFlink,inhisbookTheGreatest TennisMatchesoftheTwentiethCentury,namedherasthebestfemaleplayerofthe20thcentury.[5] Grafwon22GrandSlamsinglestitles,secondamongmaleandfemaleplayersonlytoMargaretCourt's24.Graf istheonlyplayertohavewonallfourGrandSlamsinglestournaments(Wimbledon,theUSOpen,theFrench Open,andtheAustralianOpen)atleastfourtimeseach.In1988,GrafwontheOlympicgoldmedalinsingles andallfourGrandSlamsinglestitlesthatyear,becomingthefirstandonlyplayertowinthe"GoldenSlam". GrafwasrankedbytheWomen'sTennisAssociationasWorldNo.1forarecord377totalweeksthelongest ofanyplayer,maleorfemale,sincerankingsbegan SturmundDrang(theconventionaltranslationis"StormandStress";amoreliteraltranslation,however,might bestormandurge,stormandlonging,stormanddriveorstormandimpulse)isthenameofamovementin Germanliteratureandmusictakingplacefromthelate1760sthroughtheearly1780sinwhichindividual subjectivityand,inparticular,extremesofemotionweregivenfreeexpressioninresponsetotheconfinesof rationalismimposedbytheEnlightenmentandassociatedaestheticmovements. ThephilosopherJohannGeorgHamannisconsideredtobetheideologueofSturmundDrang,andJohann WolfgangvonGoethewasanotableproponentofthemovement,thoughheandFriedrichSchillerendedtheir periodofassociationwithit,initiatingwhatwouldbecomeWeimarClassicism. BrechtBetweentheyears1938and1945Brechtwrotehisfourgreatplays.LEBENDESGALILEI(193839, TheLifeofGalileo),whichdidfollowtooslavishlytheactualhistoricalperson,dealtwiththehero'sself condemnationforgivinguphisheliocentrictheoryinfrontoftheInquisition.Originallyitwasaimedat BroadwaywithPeterLorreandLotteLenyaplayingthecentralroles.MUTTERCOURAGEUNDIHRE KINDER(1939)wasanattempttodemonstratethatgreedysmallentrepreneursmakedevastatingwarspossible. "Whattheycoulddowithroundhereisagoodwar.Whatelsecanyouexpectwithpeacerunningwildallover theplace?Youknowwhatthetroublewithpeaceis?Noorganization."DERGUTEMENSCHVONSEZUAN (193840)examinedthedilemmaofhowtobevirtuousandatthesametimesurviveinacapitalistworld,and DERKAUKASICHEKREIDEKREIS(194445),demonstratingthatownershipbelongsbesttothosewhocan makehumaneuseofit. After15yearsofexileBrechtreturnedtoGermanyin1948.Fearingpersecution,BrechtleftGermanyin February1933,whenHitlertookpower. StudentRevolutionBythetimethattheFirstWorldWarbrokeoutin1914,studentsweresosteadfastly conservativeandnationalisticthatmanyofthemwenttowarvoluntarily.Whenthewarendedinhumiliationfor Germanyin1919,students,likemanyinGermany,placedtheblameforGermany'sdefeatandsubsequent

economiccollapsesonthenewlyformedWeimarRepublic,itsfoundersandtheTreatyofVersailles.Resulting fromthis,andbecauseGermanstudentsweresousedtobeinggovernedbyasinglefigurehead,itwasnothard fortheGermanNationalSocialistGermanWorkers'Party(NSDAP)headedbyAdolfHitlertoconvincemost studentstojoinitsstudentorganization(theNSDStBNationalSocialistGermanStudents'League)andto abandondemocracy.WhenHitlergainedfullcontrolofGermanyin1933,theuniversitiesweregenerallypliant towardsNazipolicies.Thisexplainsinlargepartwhysomanystudentsandprofessorsworkedtogetherwiththe Naziregime. FollowingtheendoftheSecondWorldWarin1945,studentsreturningfromtheEuropeanbattlefieldsandtheir professorswantedtoresumenormalacademicactivityasquicklyaspossible.TheAlliedforcesagreedthat everydaylifeshouldberestoredquickly,andsoremovedonlyafewprofessorsfromthepoststheyhadalready heldduringtheNaziregime.Germanstudentswerehenceallowedtoreturntoworkveryquickly,butthe universitysystemwasnotfullydenazified.Asaresult,studentskepttheirnationalistandconservativetraditions instudentfraternitieswhileleftiststudentorganizationsliketheSDS(GermanSocialistStudentUnion) remainedinsignificant,andthissituationcontinueduntilthe1960s. Consequently,bytheadventofthe1960stheuniversitysystemwasstilldeeplyconservativeinitspolitical leanings,withtheseattitudesbeingreflectedinthelackofasayforstudentsinthegovernanceoftheir universities.Similarly,incentralgovernment,manypoliticiansandadministratorsfromtheNazierahad survived,leadingtoatendencytowardsauthoritariangovernmentandsuccessiveconservativeadministrations.