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All contents of this document are the property of Actix and are provided for information purposes only. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Actix will not be held liable for technical or editorial omissions made herein, and will not be held liable for incidental, consequential or other similar damages resulting from the use of its products. Copyright Actix 2006. All Rights Reserved
Con t e n t s
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 SCOPE OF THE COURSE ................................................................................................................................. 5 WHO SHOULD ATTEND THIS TRAINING COURSE?.......................................................................................... 6 PREREQUISITES ............................................................................................................................................ 6 TOPICS TO BE COVERED ............................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1.................................................................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK DEPLOYMENT ............................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................................ 11 SCANNER THRESHOLDS, PREFERENCE & ATTRIBUTES .............................................................................. 11 UE THRESHOLDS, PREFERENCE & ATTRIBUTES ........................................................................................ 15 ATTRIBUTES .............................................................................................................................................. 23 EXERCISE 1: EXAM YOUR OWN DATA (ATTRIBUTES) ............................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................ 32 SITE AND CLUSTER INTEGRATION ............................................................................................................. 32 INTEGRATION PRE-REQUISITES ................................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................ 36 SITE INTEGRATION .................................................................................................................................... 36 POST PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS USING ACTIX SOFTWARE .................................................................... 38 EXAMPLE: HOW TO DETERMINE HARDWARE PROBLEM OR CROSSFEEDER DURING SITE INTEGRATION? . 39 EXERCISE 2: SITE INTEGRATION ................................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................ 47 CLUSTER INTEGRATION ............................................................................................................................. 47 FIRST DRIVE TEST: SC SCAN AND DEDICATED MODE ................................................................................ 49 IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR CLUSTER INTEGRATION .................................................................................. 52 MISSING NEIGHBOURS ............................................................................................................................... 58 MISSING NEIGHBOURS ATTRIBUTES .......................................................................................................... 69 SCANNER BASED NETWORK ROLLOUT ANALYSES: NEIGHBOUR LIST ANALYSIS ..................................... 71 INTERFERENCE FACTOR (F FACTOR) ......................................................................................................... 74 F FACTOR REPORT ..................................................................................................................................... 77 EXAMPLE: COVERAGE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 78 EXAMPLE: CPICH POLLUTION ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 80 SECOND DRIVE TEST: DEDICATED MODE WITH SC SCANNING ................................................................. 83 TYPES OF DROPS (RADIO AND NON-RADIO RELATED):............................................................................. 86 EXAMPLE: DROPPED CALL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 89 EXAMPLE: CALL SETUP FAILURE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 91 EXIT CRITERION DRIVE TEST .................................................................................................................... 93 EXERCISE 3: CLUSTER INTEGRATION ......................................................................................................... 96 SITE INTEGRATION IN INTEGRATED CLUSTER............................................................................................. 97 CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................................ 98 CELL RESELECTION ................................................................................................................................... 98 RESELECTION CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................ 99 MEASUREMENT RULES ............................................................................................................................ 100 INTRA FREQUENCY SOFT HANDOVER ...................................................................................................... 101 HANDOVER ATTRIBUTES AND RELATED EVENTS .................................................................................... 105
HANDOFF ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................ 108 EXERCISE 4: HANDOVER ......................................................................................................................... 111 CHAPTER 7.............................................................................................................................................. 112 REPORT.................................................................................................................................................... 112 EXERCISE 5: SINGLE FILE REPORT TEMPLATE ......................................................................................... 113 WHERE TO GET MORE HELP............................................................................................................ 116 HELP FILE ................................................................................................................................................ 116 TECHNICAL SUPPORT............................................................................................................................... 118 APPENDIX A UMTS EVENT DEFINITIONS .................................................................................. 119
Introduction
Scope of the course
Troubleshooting and Optimizing UMTS Network workshop provides a comprehensive overview of the integration and radio optimisation procedure for WCDMA networks making use of the Actix Analyzer. Our goal is to give new users an understanding of what Analyzer can do and how it can help them improve the quality of service for their network subscribers. Advanced users will be introduced to Analyzer features they may not know about and to new network applications that can be performed using Analyzer. The instructors for this course are experts in optimising 3G networks and are familiar with the challenges faced by engineers using measurement and postprocessing software.
Class size is limited to ensure that everyone receives extensive one on one instruction. Participants are given ample opportunity to ask questions relevant to their particular optimization needs. Upon completing the course, participants will be able to use what they learned in class to identify and solve real network problems.
Troubleshooting and Optimizing UMTS Network workshop begins with a highlevel presentation of the Analyzer interface and its capabilities. We will then cover how Analyzer can be customized to tailor existing optimization processes to the specific needs of the participants. We will try to establish procedures and create Analyzer customized solutions for these procedures
Prerequisites
Familiarity with network infrastructure and operation of the air interface. A general understanding of drive test and call trace collection and post-processing methodology and advantages/limitations with each dataset. Access to Actix software. Basic computer literacy, including familiarity with Windows and MS Office applications.
A computer meeting optimal (or at least minimum) requirements: Hardware Processor: Memory (RAM) Disk Space Monitor CD-ROM drive One parallel port Mouse and keyboard Optimal Performance P4 2.6 GHz 1 GB 60+ GB Available 1280x1024 64k colour resolution Minimal Performance Pentium II 440 MHz 256 MB 1 GB Available 1024x768 256 colour resolution
In addition to the hardware requirements listed above, the Actix platform performs best when the Windows Virtual Memory Paging size is set to between 1000 and 1500 MB. The method for setting this parameter varies by operating system. Please consult your OS help for specific instructions regarding this parameter.
Topics to be covered
Configuring your workspace, including map, cell site, and parameter configuration in order to display your geographic area and network cell plan. Viewing data in a variety of ways to gain insight into possible network problems. Diagnosing and solving quality of service problems with drive test and switch data. Using pre-defined and custom analyses to analyze data and devise tailored optimization solutions.
Identifying the impact of wide area network optimization changes in terms of Quality of Service, using advanced features to develop optimization process and procedures. Using some of the latest engineering processes, which highlight how to fine tune network performance and further enhance quality of service. Using the Help options and maximizing the benefit of technical support.
Chapter 1
Introduction to Network Deployment
The common practice for Network Deployment is shown below:
Design Validation
Ongoing optimization
Site Integration
Site integration is performed to test how well Node B is functioning, hardware (e.g. installation of aerials and cabling), and software (e.g. correct parameters downloaded and connection with RNC functions). A drive test can be conducted where scanner and trace mobile are used to verify if node B is functioning well.
Cluster Integration
Cluster integration is performed to maximize the coverage in the cluster with the available sites. When performing on an unloaded network, cluster integration is coverage based. After the initial tuning (cluster integration), ongoing optimization tasks, such as Dedicated Drive Test (dedicated mode with SC scanning) will be performed. The network deployment activities will deal with real traffic KPI s, and trouble tickets will be raised if necessary.
Ongoing Optimization
The ongoing optimization is performed on the growing and mature network to assure best quality of the network. Tracking and defining the optimum KPIs will be the key tasks in fine tuning and optimizing the network. If a new site or cluster is required, the site and cluster integration phases will be repeated.
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Chapter 2
Scanner Thresholds, Preference & Attributes
Thresholds are user-definable values that can be used as constants in event detection and queries. For example: Uu_Scan_Poor_RSCP_Threshold defines the minimum value which the RSCP signal is considered to be poor. This threshold has a default value of -95 dBm, but users can change this to any other value. Using a threshold (rather than a hard-coded value) in queries and event diagrams makes it is easy to adjust them for individual requirements.
Tools
Display Thresholds
UMTS
Scan_Coverage
Scanner Thresholds Uu_Scan_PilotPollutionThreshold (Scanner Pilot Pollution) Recommended value is -15 dB and value should vary between -10 and -18 dB. By changing this threshold value, it will directly affect the Uu_Scan_PilotPollution attribute. Uu_Scan_TooManyServersThreshold (Scanner Too Many Server Event) Recommended value is 5 dB and value should vary between 1 and 10 dB. By changing this threshold value, it will directly affect the Uu_Scan_TooManyServers attribute.
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Scanner Attributes (Coverage Related Events) Uu_Scan_PilotPollution (Pilot Pollution) Actix Software s event detection allows you to visualize pilot pollution on a map with drive test scanner data. The pilot pollution event occurs when 4 or more pilots with Ec/Io greater than Uu_PilotPollutionThreshold are can be seen.
Uu_Scan_TooManyServer (Too Many Servers) Due to UMTS uses relative levels to evaluate additions/removals to the active set. Actix Software has a different event that allows the engineer to visualize pilot pollution relative to the best server. The Too Many Servers event behaves similarly like the pilot pollution event except with relative levels. The event occurs when 4 or more pilots with Ec/No within Uu_Scan_TooManyServersThreshold dB of the best server (CPICH_Scan_EcIo_SortedBy_EcIo [0]).
Other Information Attributes (Emulated Active Set Module) EventCellAddition EventCellRemoval EcIo_in_ActiveSet EcIo_in_MonitoredSet
CPICH Pollution Analysis and Handoff Analysis are both based on a calculated Active Set, which is determined by the Emulated Active Set module. The Emulated Active Set module implements the 3GPP handoff algorithm and uses scanner Ec/Io measurements in conjunction with user-specific 3GPP handoff thresholds to emulate the Active Set at each point along a drive test.
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A sample set of scanner data for three SCs with individual colour and vertical lines indicating transitions of pilots into and out of the Active Set is shown below:
Using Scanner Ec/Io measurements to implement 3GPP handoff algorithms for the Active Set
Scanner Preferences The WCDMA options within the General Settings group in the Tool Preferences dialog control the simulated active set feature. When this feature is selected, Analyzer calculates a UMTS simulated active set from the scanner data, as it envisages the handset would see it. You can configure the simulated active set and specify the maximum size of the simulated active set in the range 1 8. The simulated active set feature was useful in the early days of WCDMA technology, when logging devices were not readily available. Now that they are available, you may want to turn off the feature.
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Setting 3GPP handoff algorithm attributes including Reporting Range: Hysteresis Event and Time to Trigger Event
The parameters depicted in the picture are based on the WCDMA events defined in the 3GPP TR 25.922 V4.1.0 (2001- 09) Radio Resource Management Strategies specification. Max. Active Set Size (up to 8) specifies the maximum size of the Active Set (1-8). Disable active set simulation. Select this check box to turn off the active set simulation feature. This will usually give faster file loading times and will mean that the lines to cells feature in the map will be based on the measured SC (if it's available) rather than the simulated active set. This option is off (deselected) by default.
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Tools
Display Thresholds
UMTS
UE_Coverage
Uu_EcNoInterferenceThreshold (System Interference) Recommended value is -15 dB and value should vary between -10 and -18 dB. Uu_RSCP_InterferenceThreshold (System Interference) Recommended value is -80 dBm and value should vary between -60 and -90 dBm Uu_Poor_EcNoThreshold (Coverage Limited, Poor Downlink and Poor Uplink Coverage) Recommended value is -15 dB and value should vary between -10 and -18 dB Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold (Coverage Limited, Poor Downlink and Poor Uplink Coverage) Recommended value is -95 dBm and value should vary between -85 and -105 dBm Uu_HighUE_TxPower (Poor Uplink Coverage) Recommended value is 15 dBm and value should vary between 0 and 25 dBm Uu_LowUE_TxPower (Poor Downlink Coverage) Recommended value is -15 dBm and value should vary between 0 and -30 dBm Uu_CoverageLimitedUE_TxPowerThreshold (Coverage Limited) Recommended value is 10 dBm and value should vary between 0 and 25 dBm
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Uu_PilotPollutionThreshold (Pilot Pollution) Recommended value is -15 dB and value should vary between -10 and -18 dB Uu_CallSetupFailure_Num_RRCConnReq (Call Setup Failure event) Recommended value is 3 and value should vary between 1 and 5 Uu_CallSetupFailure_TimeDelay (Call Setup Failure event) Recommended value is 2 and value should vary between 1 and 45 seconds Uu_TooManyServersThreshold (Too Many Server event) Recommended value is 5 dB and value should vary between 1 and 10 dB Uu_t309_wait_timer (CellChangeOrderfromUTRAN process) Recommended value is 5000ms (5Sec) and value should vary between 5000 and 10000. Uu_ReEstablishment_wait_timer (Reestablishment process) Recommended value is 0ms and value should vary between 0 and 15000 Note: Zero = disables this feature. Uu_wait_timer_complete (Change Reconfig process) Recomended value is 8000ms (8Sec) and value should vary between 0 and 15000 Note: Zero = disables this feature.
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UE Attributes (Coverage Related Events) Uu_SystemInterference (System Interference) The system interference event occurs when the CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet is less than Uu_EcNoInterferenceThreshold (in dB) and the CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet is greater than Uu_RSCP_InterferenceThreshold (in dBm).
Uu_PoorUL_Coverage (Poor Uplink Coverage) The poor uplink coverage event occurs when the CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet is greater than Uu_Poor_EcNoThreshold and the CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet is greater than Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold and UeTransmittedPower is greater than Uu_HighUE_TxPower threshold.
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Uu_PoorDL_Coverage (Poor Downlink Coverage) The poor downlink coverage event occurs when the CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet is less than Uu_Poor_EcNoThreshold and the CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet is less than Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold and the UeTransmittedPower is less than Uu_LowUE_TxPower threshold.
Uu_CoverageLimited (Coverage Limited) The coverage limited event occurs when the CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet is less than Uu_Poor_EcNoThreshold and the CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet is less than Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold and the UeTransmittedPower is greater than Uu_CoverageLimitedUE_TxPowerThreshold.
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Uu_PilotPollution (Pilot Pollution) Actix Software s event detection allows you to visualize pilot pollution on a map with drive test data. The pilot pollution event occurs when 4 or more pilots with Ec/No greater than Uu_PilotPollutionThreshold are in the active or monitored set. Look at each SC and try to find out what is the best way to optimize the area. See the training document for a full detailed description on optimization techniques.
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Uu_TooManyServer (Too Many Servers) Due to UMTS uses relative levels to evaluate additions/removals to the active set, RVS has a different event that allows the engineer to visualize pilot pollution relative to the best server. The Too Many Servers event acts like the pilot pollution event except with relative levels. The event occurs when 4 or more pilots with Ec/No within Uu_TooManyServersThreshold dB of the best server (Uu_ActiveSet_EcNo_0) are in the active or monitored set. Look at each SC and try to find out what is the best way to optimize the area. See the training document for a full detailed description on optimization techniques.
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UE Attributes (System Related Events) Uu_HandoverProblem (Handover Problems) Actix Software s event detection allows you to visualize handover problems on a map with drive test data. The handover problem event works as follows: o Event detection looks for a dropped call or call setup failure o It counts the number of times when the first best SC in the Monitored set is stronger than the first best SC in the Active set, within an 8-second window leading up to the drop. o If that number is greater than the number of times the Active set is stronger than the Monitored set, it sets a Handover problem (assuming we have no Active set update messages)
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Uu_MissingNeighbour (Missing Neighbours) Actix Software s event detection allows you to visualize missing neighbour on a map with drive test data. The missing neighbour event occurs when a particular SC is not in the neighbour list and forces the call to drop. The following procedure is followed to trigger the event: o When the drop call occurs, a specific function looks for the next origination and gets the value of the new SC in the active set. If the new SC is different from the SC s in the active set before the call dropped, the function looks for the last neighbour list before the call dropped. If that same neighbour list does not contain the new SC, it is a possible missing neighbour. So, in other words: If (SC in active set after drop call) <> (SC s in active set before drop call and Neighbour list before drop call) then missing neighbour Of course, in this case, the engineer needs to understand the coverage issues. If the new SC is not meant to cover the specific area, optimization is probably the best solution and the engineer should not add the specific neighbour.
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Attributes
It is important to differentiate between the scanner and UE attributes. Upon loading a UMTS data file, several data groups are created for each device contained in the file.
The UE (Samsung Mobile in above example) provides real measured values, while the scanner (Agilent in above example) provides measurements from all scanned SCs. The active and monitored set information in the following example are simulated, based on thresholds which are set in the Tools preferences. Different UE s provides different Attributes. Some provides trace mobiles log data such as BLER, but others don t. The presented attributes under the UE group are the ones provided by the UE manufacturer. Note that the UE call trace attributes sometimes do not contain what you expect. For example: The Samsung mobile gives attributes on monitored, detected and active set count. These are not totally correct by just taken from the amount of measurements in the uplink measurement report.
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Example
Example below shows that measurements obtained from an uplink measurement report might not be always correct. A measurement report gives measurement information on all detected SC of the combined neighbour list. Screenshot below shows that the attribute is not giving the expected data. On the measurement point the active set count is 6 (impossible).
The following tips should be considered when measuring the network: Always use the same trace mobiles Make sure all attributes you use contain the information you want Filter out the non-diagnostic attributes or attributes which are meaningless to you
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Downlink Measurements This group contains Uu interface measurements reported by the mobile.
Pilot Measurements This group contains signal strength measurements for individual SCs detected within the logfile.
Dedicated Radio Link Once a call has been established, parameters that are associated with the SCs serving the call, such as Handoff State, are contained here.
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Uu_RRC Radio Resource Control is the protocol layer governing air interface communication within the UMTS network. Parameters associated with protocol messaging can be found in this group. Event Data Call events triggered by the current state of the UMTS mobile. If an event is not present in the tree, it did not occur in the file. This group also contains events with user-definable thresholds, such as Uu_PilotPollution and Uu_CoverageLimited. Statistics Data This group contains statistics calculated based on UMTS protocol messaging, including Call Duration and timing components of Call Setup Time. Vendor Specific This group contains parameters unique to a specific type of data collection equipment. Rake Finger Measurements This group (Qualcomm chipset handsets only) provides individual finger measurements, including multipath measurements for the same SC.
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Other This group contains scanner measurements concerning RSSI, Chip Offset, Carrier Error and the Scan Code Group.
Nth Best This node contains ranked measurements for EcNo, RSCP, SC and PathLoss. Within each group, the 0 element contains the best performing data. For example, CPICH_Scan_EcIo_SortedBy_EcNo_0 gives the strongest EcNo of all SCs scanned.
Ec/Io This group contains the interferenceto-chip-energy measurements organized by various dimensions.
RSCP This group contains the Received Signal Code Power organized by various dimensions.
Delay Find the CPICH Scan Delay Spread for each SC in this group.
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Pilot Measurements Find the CPICH PathLoss for each SC in this group.
Active Set This group contains simulated Active Set measurements based on scanner data and the user-defined WCDMA settings in the Tools Preferences dialog.
Monitored Set This group contains simulated Monitored Set measurements based on scanner data and the user-defined WCDMA settings in the Tools Preferences dialog.
Event Data Events in this group are based on the simulated Active Set and Monitored Set SCs based on scanner data and user defined thresholds set under WCDMA in the Tools Preferences dialog.
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GPS Data This group contains mobile longitude, latitude, distance traveled, and speed.
Message Info The date and time for the start of the data stream can be found in this group. This information is useful when building report templates.
Site Data Node If a cell site database is being used in the Analyzer, the software will automatically calculate these measurements that take both the drive and the cell site information into account. Some of the measurements contained here are: ServingCellDistance Distance (in meters) to the serving sector NeighborCellDistance Distance(in meters), to non-primary serving sectors
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File Info In this node find label and timestamp information for the logfile under investigation.
Device Info This group contains settings for the mobile device on which data is logged.
Vendor Specific Vendor Specific measurements may be grouped here or under the UMTS node. In either case, this group provides measurements specific to the particular collection device used.
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Exam the attributes from the UE and scanner Find out the interaction between the values under tab Nth best and Ec/Io
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Chapter 3
Site Integration Site integration is performed to test the well functioning of the Node B, hardware (e.g. installation of aerials and cabling), and software (e.g. correct parameters downloaded, connection with RNC functioning). Cluster Integration Cluster integration is performed to maximize the coverage in the cluster with the available sites. Cluster integration is coverage based and as such it is performed in an unloaded network. After cluster integration (initial tuning), ongoing optimization tasks will be performed. These actions are based upon (real) traffic KPI s and eventually trouble tickets. If a new site is needed, the steps in site integration will be repeated.
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a) Cluster definition Cluster definition is performed at the stage of network design and according to the rules and thresholds coming from the link budget analysis. In general clusters will contain between 15 and 20 sites.
b) Radio Site definition This step is taken place before the site construction begins. The radio engineer will define the initial site configuration and decide on the followings: Node B type Sector definition Antenna type per sector Azimuths and tilts per sector Initial CPICH power setting Antenna heights and cable lengths Additional radio equipment (boosters, MHA, combiners, etc) The site will be constructed and implemented according to these definitions. It is important to keep track of this information and check the integrated site against these site definitions.
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c) Data build The RF part of the data build can be prepared just after the installation and measurement of the radio chain of the site. In this stage the following data needs to be prepared for each cell: Scrambling Code (from planning tool ) Cell Id (from local rule) Local Cell Id (can be equal to Cell Id) SAC (service area code) (can be equal to Cell Id) LAC (location area code) RAC (routing area code) CPICH power (set to 30dBm at TMA level per default) Cable loss (from installation measurements)
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Trigger for site integration The trigger for site integration can be given site per site after installation. Site integration process, as described further in this training course will lead to cluster integration. Trigger for cluster integration The trigger for cluster integration is given on a per cluster basis. Cluster integration can start when all sites in cluster for which detailed design is performed which have had a successful site integration. Any site reaching the status of ready to build , but not previously included in the frozen detailed design, will only be considered in a later phase when it is decided to retune the cluster (see later).
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Chapter 4
Site Integration
Purpose of Drive Test
When a single site or a new site is integrated, it is important to complete the I&C tests (on-line commissioning tests mainly). This verification shall be done by performing some drive tests around each site clockwise and anti-clockwise at 25-35 percent of the expected cell range (50m 100m in build up area). A scanner and a trace mobile are used to verify if Node B is functioning well.
Drive Tests
Traces are collected from the scanner and the mobiles using any measurement data collection tool. First analysis is done live on the measurement trace tool. Post processing is done with Analyzer by an optimization engineer. The purpose of the site verification is NOT to propose optimization changes for the aerial system or to propose new parameter settings. At this stage, the neighbour planning is not complete and the cluster is not completely build.
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A) Node B installation check The purpose of Node B Installation check is to ensure the Node B is installed and integrated correctly. The focus will be on the following points: Node B up and running; NO ALARMS Feeders connected correctly Antenna clearance OK B) Drive test procedure Choose position in the middle of cell 1 (main beam of antenna) at max 100m (in car or outdoor). Start up UE and scanner logging tool and start logfile Setup CS voice call or CS video call to test number Go (drive) to middle of cell 2, clockwise and check: o SHO functionality (link addition and link removal) o CPICH RSCP (should be > -70 dBm when outdoor; in the middle of the main beam of the antenna; and line of site. o UE TX pwr (should remain below 0 dBm all the time when outdoor, ) o Cell ID (should be the planned one for the SC Terminate CS call and setup new call Go to cell 3 and verify identical parameters Stop and restart CS call and go to cell 1 while checking the same parameters Redo the procedure counter clockwise but with continuous call Setup PS call (ftp download of 10 Mb file) and drive clockwise route
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Good Practice: Screen layouts are very useful to have an immediate view of how well a site is functioning. The screen shots from previous page shows: Information to look for Site environment & parameter Active set size, simulated from scanner Active set size from UE UL Tx power Attribute Display new map to view all available sites Uu_SimulatedActiveSet_EcIo_0; Uu_SimulatedActiveSet_Count (if you want to know the count) Uu_ActiveSet_EcN0 UE_TxPow
By displaying the Serving SC information (from UE and Scanner) on maps, you can quickly determine if any cross feeder (where dominant SC not in its supposed best server area) occurs. By displaying the EcIo and RSCP information from scanner, you ll obtain an overview of the quality and coverage of your network.
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The screenshot from the previous page shows: Information to look for Serving SC from UE Best SC from Scanner Best EcIo from scanner Best RSCP from scanner Attribute Uu_ActiveSet_SC_0 CPICH_Scan_RSCP_For_SC_xxx CPICH_Scan_EcIo_SortedBy_EcIo_0 CPICH_Scan_RSCP_SortedBy_EcIo_0
Things to be considered: Is the CPICH RSCP a normal value? Should it be better than -70 dBm, close to the site (< 150m) and outdoor? Is the CPICH Ec/Io a normal value? Should it be better than -8 dB, close to the site (< 150m) and outdoor?
By displaying the EcIo information from UE and scanner, you ll obtain an overview of the quality of your network. (See example above). Thing to be considered: Is the CPICH Ec/Io a normal value? Should it be better than -8 dB if it is close to the site (< 150m) and outdoor?
d) UE TX power
By displaying the UE TxPower information on a map, it will quickly and easily detect any hardware or installation issue on the downlink path (from Power Amplifier to antenna positioning). The view immediately shows that there are problems with this site. Thing to be considered: Is the UE Tx Power a normal value? Should it be less than 0 dBm if it is close to the site (< 150m) and outdoor. Note: If there are some points above 0 dBm, it may be a mobile issue or an issue on the Uplink path.
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2. Call events
By displaying the Call Events attributes, such as outgoing call, drop call, and call setup failures, you can obtain the following information: Call Setup Status PS Throughput CrossFeeder
If issues occur, it is possibly come from the Node B (hardware) or from the CS core side. Information to look for Serving SC from UE Out Going Call OK Call Setup Failure Drop Calls Attribute Uu_ActiveSet_SC_0 Uu_OutgoingCall_OK Uu_CallSetup_Failure Uu_CallDropped
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To check if a call was successfully done on each sector and soft handover from one sector to another one was good, this is done using the message logging information, checking if call setup and active set update were successful in CS and in PS.
b) PS throughput
Do we have a normal throughput under good radio conditions and low load? Is it better than 90% of maximum RAB (currently 90% of 384 kbps is 350 kbps)? Any throughput that is lower than this may come from issues on mobile / laptop configuration, or issues on the PS side.
c) Crossed feeders
A typical problem that can be, and must be detected at this stage is the crossedfeeder problem. A SC (scrambling code) plot with the designated SC per cell indicated on the antenna is sufficient to detect the problem.
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3. MHA malfunction
A MHA (TMA) malfunction will cause a very high uplink UE Tx Pwr on one cell. If the high TX power occurs on all cells of a Node B, it is more likely the Digital radio modulation (CE) unit has a malfunction. In the example below you can see this last phenomenon. A simple verification on the UL and DL coupling loss gives you an indication of the correctly applied UL Tx Pwr: Formulae: Coupling Loss Downlink (CL DL) CL DL = CPICH Tx Pwr at AE (30 dBm) CPICH RSCP
Coupling Loss Uplink (CL UL) CL UL = UE Tx Pwr sensitivity at MHA input in unloaded condition ( -120 dBm) If
|CL UL
For most measurement points over the service area of the cell, the MHA functionality needs to be checked. This criteria can be checked with the Analyzer tool.
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Example
The map below shows you the result of UE TxPower = 0 based on the criteria mentioned in the previous page. This means there is no problem.
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Chapter 5
Cluster Integration
Procedure
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Soft Handoff Boundaries Because cluster testing is important in optimising the handover boundaries, it is necessary to ensure the drive test route will have the potential to handoff between each cell and each site. Looking at simulation estimations of where soft and softer handoff is predicted can help carry this out. If an RNC boundary falls inside a cluster, this boundary should be taken into account and drive tested intensively.
Weak Coverage Areas It is essential to establish how the air interface performs in areas of predicted weak coverage. Using results gathered from the test measurement equipment will allow the user to establish what causes the weak coverage in a particular area and understand what steps can be taken to improve the situation.
Pilot Non- Dominance Areas The presence of several pilots at a similar level in a particular location can lead to pilot pollution. Areas of pilot pollution can be estimated using the RF planning tool and the person defining the drive test routes can ensure that these areas are tested thoroughly. The scanning receiver will allow the user to measure the received Ec/Io of many pilots (independent of the Ec/Io threshold) and corrective actions can be taken.
High Traffic Areas When carrying out loaded tests, it is imperative that the user includes areas of potential high traffic in the drive test route definition. This will then allow the user to analyse the drive test data and estimate what limitations of the air interface may have in these potentially high traffic areas. For cluster integration purposes only unloaded drive tests will be performed. This unloaded drive test of the tuned radio network will serve as a reference for any drivetest in loaded conditions which can be performed at later stages of the network development. As mentioned, it is necessary for the person defining the drive test routes to carry this task out in conjunction with viewing various simulation plots from the radio-planning tool.
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Drive Test 1:
Unloaded scan test & Dedicated CS
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The unloaded scan test is intended to show the basic RF performance in the best-case scenario of the cluster, i.e. when the cells portray a minimal load. A test measurement system (which normally consists of a scanning receiver, location receiver and associated software) is used for this task. Analyzing the results on the downlink is straightforward using the software supplied with the measurement system and at this stage the only needed information. We run in parallel with the scanner a UE in dedicated mode (CS 64 videophony, because this is the most limiting service in uplink) in order to detect missing neighbours at this stage. UE and scanner are connected to external (outdoor) antennas. The basic RF performance mentioned above includes: Identification of Coverage Holes Determining handoff regions and neighbour relations Detecting areas of multiple pilot coverage (pilot pollution) Detecting cell overlap The following radio quality indicators need to be measured and as such be included in the log mask of the measurement equipment: P-CPICH Ec/Io Strongest Pilot P-CPICH Ec/Io for best N pilots (above a certain threshold Ec /Io, e.g. 15dB) RSCP RSSI (Io) P-SCH Ec/Io S-SCH Ec/Io Delay Spread The outcome of the drivetest provides he RF engineer the opportunity to check the coverage quality of the CPICH. Based on this check, he/she will be able to decide what to be changed. The changes include: Antenna Type: If the chosen antenna cannot fulfil the coverage objectives of the cell Antenna Azimuth: If the coverage objectives are not met in a certain area or if the cell induces too much interference along a street (canyon effect) Antenna Tilt: If a coverage problem occurs at cell boarder: Below threshold: up tilt Too much above threshold: down tilt
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Preference is given to adapt electrical tilt above mechanical tilt. Only in special cases mechanical tilt is preferred. The optimization changes should result in an increase of the number of measurement points with good coverage. This good coverage means that the following conditions are fulfilled for the measurement point: Criteria Best CPICH RSCP > Best CPICH Ec/Io > 4 best CPICH RSCP < 2nd best CPICH RSCP <
th
SU Deep Indoor -83 dBm -8 dB best CPICH RSCP -8dB -72 dBm
SU Indoor Daylight -90 dBm -8 dB best CPICH RSCP -8dB -79 dBm
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The map above is a combination of different drive tests in the same cluster. The attribute CPICH_Scan_RSCP_Sortedby_EcIo_0 is dragged and dropped different times on the map view. Best practice: The better solution is to create a super stream of all files from one cluster and perform the analysis on the super stream. In this map, we only have problems of UL coverage outside the cluster and in the centre of the 3 sites. The next necessary step is to find out where we have the dominant servers. We can do this by displaying the CPICH_Scan_SC_Sortedby_EcIo_0 attribute on the map to find out the dominance areas.
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Not much problem for the example above, only some degraded downlink quality at the edge of the cluster. This is due to edge of coverage.
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2 x SH O_ w in dow
All measurement points fulfilling the criterion above suffer from pilot pollution and optimization changes need to be undertaken. The possible solution for pilot pollution can be: Up tilt the antenna providing the best server in the area in order to improve the CPICH RSCP Down tilt the antennas from interfering cells and as such reduce the RSSI. Change azimuth from antennas in order to create a dominant server in the polluted area. In the following graph you can detect an area of pilot pollution. The next step in this case would be to detect which of the surrounding sites is covering the area and to try to limit the amount of servers through up- and down tilting. That comes down to creating 1 or 2 dominant servers.
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In the example above, there is only some coverage overlap on area were the sites are built very close to each other. By applying the appropriate tilt and azimuth, you can avoid this problem.
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M issing neighbours
Missing Neighbour Analysis is a fundamental aspect to WCDMA network optimisation. It should be performed as part of the rollout phase of a network to construct and/or optimise the adjacency lists of each cell; and throughout the life of the network as changes to traffic and tilt affect the coverage pattern and interference interaction between the cells. Missing Neighbour Analysis in Actix RVS solution has been designed to allow engineers to generate a list of suggested Missing Neighbours and allow engineers to visualise the suggested cells on a map. Full control of the suggestion criteria is included to allow for changes in clutter, terrain and rollout phase of the network. These suggestion criteria are described as follows:
WCD Neighbour List Settings: Tools > Preferences These criteria are applied to the scanned signal measurements to build a suggested list of cells. Only cells which satisfy all criteria are included in the final list of suggested Missing Neighbours.
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Criteria Default
Value Description
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Example Scanner Measurement drive. SC 103 on Site 1 is the strongest signal at point X
In this example, at point X , SC 103 is the Nth_Best SC (CPICH_Scan_SC_SortedBy_EcIo_0). The closest cell to point X is at Site 11. Its adjacency list includes 101, 102, 201 and 202. At point X , the scanned list is as follows:
S At point X , the strongest signal is SC 103 is at -5dBm. Applying the Reporting Range of 5dB creates a short-list of SC 202, 302, 203, 402 and 301 (greater than -10dBm). The signals from SC 101 and 303 are too weak to be considered.
Note: The scanner reports SC numbers, so Actix RVS selects the closest cell to the drive route at that time, with a matching SC.
1
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SC 202 is already defined as a neighbour of SC 103, so this is eliminated too, leaving us with a suggested list of 203, 302, 402 and 301. Applying the intersite distance threshold, SC 402 is over 5Km away from SC 103, so it is removed from the suggested list, leaving us with SC 203, 302 and 301. The angle between the point X and the azimuth of the SC s is now analysed. To be considered, the azimuth must fall with +/- 90 degrees of the line-of-sight vector from the point X to that site. To allow for the spread of beamwidth, half the beamwidth is added/subtracted to the azimuth to give extra tolerance of angle.
Example of angle to site threshold for validation of SC 203, 302 and 302
When half the beamwidth is added/subtracted (depending on whether the azimuth is to the left or right of the vector connecting the scanner point and the cell) to the azimuth of the cell, the final criteria is applied to the cell. If the angle of the cell then falls within the angle setting in Tools Preferences the cell will be included in the suggested list. In the example above, SC 302 is included as a Missing Neighbour. The azimuth of SC 301 was originally outside our 90 threshold, but when subtracting half its beamwidth, it falls within our acceptable range so is therefore included as a Missing Neighbour. The azimuth of SC 203 + half its beamwidth still does not fall within our 90 threshold, so it is not included in the list.
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Our final list of Missing Neighbours is then 301 and 302. Due to the fact that SC 302 has a stronger EcIo value than SC 301 at point X , the Missing Neighbours at point X are as follows: Missing_Neighbours_0 = 302 Missing_Neighbours_1 = 301 ..relative to CPICH_Scan_SC_SortedBy_EcIo_0 = 103 at point X . This is repeated for all points in the scanned drivetest route, creating an array of SC s at each point, sorted by their EcIo value, which satisfy the selection criteria and are not currently defined as a neighbour of the Nth_Best_0 cell at that time. If the Only use Nth Best cell option is disabled, not only the Nth_Best cell will be considered. Using the principle that if cell A and cell B are within 5dB, and cell A and cell C are within 5dB, the relationship between cell B and cell C should be analysed too. This obviously increases where processing is needed at each point, and is recommended for neighbour list optimisation of more mature networks. Once the final list of suggested Missing Neighbours has been compiled, the results can be viewed in two ways: through the Accelerated Network Rollout Analysis pack report (Neighbour List Recommendations), and also by visualising them on the map/chart/table.
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In this example, SC 110 (Site123-a) was the Nth_Best measurement for 5000 samples during the scanner measurement. It s current adjacency list includes SC 112 and 113. While SC 111 was the Nth_Best cells, there were 1250 samples of SC 200, 500 samples for SC 112 and only 5 samples for SC 113 (sorted by % samples). SC 200 is not already in the adjacency list for SC 110, all criteria have been met for this cell, so it is suggested as a Missing Neighbour. SC 112 was scanned enough times to recommend to be kept in the adjacency list. SC 113 (at the same site as SC 112, 3.5Km away from SC 110) was only scanned 5 times, so it has been recommended to be removed. NOTE: It is important to drive enough routes and collect enough data to ensure these cell suggestions are statistically valid.
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The lists are sorted by signal strength and contain the SC values of the cells in the list at each point in the scanned drivetest. The strongest Missing Neighbour (Missing_Neighbour_0) should be analysed first, as it could potentially be the strongest pollution source at that time. Drag the parameter onto the map and open the Top 10 Scan Measurements stateform (optionally dock it to under the Workspace Explorer). The legend of the map gives you the list of SCs that were the strongest Missing Neighbour at any point in the drive. The most frequent SC should be targeted first, and by selecting any point in the map, the stateform will synchronise to show the top 10 scanned measurements giving the Nth_Best SC at the top of the list2. A decision needs to be made whether to add this suggested Missing Neighbour SC into the adjacency list of the Nth_Best SC.
In the case of repeated SC values, the closest cell with a matching SC to the Nth_Best_0 cell will be selected.
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Screenshot of Nth_Best SC (CPICH_Scan_SC_SortedBy_EcIo_0) plotted on the map. Missing_Neighbours_0 is added to the map, and synchronised to the Top 10 Scan Measurements stateform. The Display Cell Data view shows t he a dj a ce ncy list of ce ll e x a m ple 0 1 8 4 c (SC 242).
Once all the strongest Missing Neighbours have been analysed, the next strongest signal should be analysed. Following this process with ensure that the most important Missing Neighbours are analysed first. The same SC could appear as a Missing Neighbour for multiple Nth_Best cells, so it may be easier to create a Crosstab query with two dimensions: Missing_Neighbours_0 and Nth_Best_0, to give all occurrences of the combinations. This list can then be filtered from the Statistics Explorer to filter the map view for single SC combinations individually.
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Screenshot showing validation of intersite distance between Nth- Best SC 242 at site Example0184 and Missing Neighbour 202 at site Example0199. The map s distance tool has been used and the distance 1.7046Km is underlined.
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Screenshot showing synchronised scanner and handset traces, indicating Missing Neighbour 202 (and differences between best scanned SC 242 and Active Set SC 338.
This requires the scanner and UE traces to be collected at the same time, and for the resulting collection files to be superstreamed together (and correcting any time offset between the collection devices). See the online Help for instructions on superstreaming using Time Offsets. Once the files have been combined, parameters such as the UTRA_UE_CarrierRSSI and the Uu_CallDropped event can be dragged onto the map. By opening the UE Missing Neighbours stateform for the superstream and synchronising it with dropped call, the top 10 scanned measurements can be visually compared to the Active and Monitored sets for the UE at the time.
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Screenshot showing how dropped calls from the handset can be viewed with the Missing Neighbour attributes when the scanner and handset are synchronised. Here the Active Set and Monitored Set SC s are at very low RSCP values, and poor EcNo too. The scanner detected 3 other SCs, and a missing neighbour just before the drop.
This allows the engineer to understand whether the UE had dropped a call due to a missing neighbour not being defined in the cell s adjacency list, or whether it was a handset problem, resulting in a neighbour that had already been defined not being added to the Monitored Set, and therefore never being able to be added to the Active Set.
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Uu_UE_NbrList, Uu_UE_NbrListCount (UMTS Neighbour List) These attributes are generated from Measurement Control signaling within file. The Measurement Control messages are sent from the network to the UE during a RRC connection. They can contain the list of the available neighbours (Scrambling codes) a UE should consider in it s measurement procedures. The first of these Measurement Control messages usually is the setup Mode, meanwhile the concessive ones are modify mode (i.e. changing the list). After the RRC connection procedure the algorithm, considers the first Measurement Control message to be the Setup and builds up an internal array of Scrambling Code with their corresponding index numbers (from attributes Uu_RRC_NewIntraFreqCell_intraFreqCellID and Uu_RRC_PrimaryCPICH_Info_primaryScramblingCode). This information is then used to populate attributes Uu_UE_NbrList and Uu_UE_NbrListCount (i.e. the number of SCs in the array). Concessive Measurement Control messages then modify this list, this continues until a new RRC Setup procedure is detected at which point the array is reset. Note: If there are any missing Measurement Control messages, this neighbour list will become out of sync with the true neighbour list being measured by the UE.
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C Neighbour 2
In the figure above, Cell A is the best server by CPICH Ec/Io. Cells B and C are within a user-specified threshold of Cell A's are Ec/Io, and so are counted as potential neighbors of A. Cell D is not within the required threshold and so is not counted as a prospective neighbor, nor is Cell E which did not have a measurable signal contribution at this point in the drive test. Here is a sample symmetric prospective neighbor array using sector IDs A, B, C and D: A A B C D N/A 10 2 15 B 10 N/A 40 0 C 2 40 N/A 12 D 15 0 12 N/A
The limitations of this algorithm are: Results are only produced in areas that have been tested, so the test areas should be carefully considered before removing any Sectors from the neighbor lists. Drive test do not necessarily emulate the radio environment encountered by pedestrian and in-building users; however, walk tests and in-building test may be included in the analysis as desired.
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Perform the following steps to access the Neighbour List Recommendations report: Step Action 1 2 Ensure that a suitable UMTS scanner file and corresponding Network Element Database are loaded in the workspace. Configuration parameters for this analysis can be set by selecting Tools Preferences WCDMA Neighbour List. The configuration preferences include the reporting range, maximum list size, addition and removal thresholds and minimum number of samples to include a server in the analysis. From the main menu, select Analysis Network Rollout. UMTS Accelerated
3 4
Double-click on the Neighbour List Recommendations report icon in the lower pane of the Application Pack.
If there is no cell site database corresponding to the current dataset, or if the current cell site database does not contain neighbor list information, the report will work, though the results in the Cell , Site and Action columns will be invalid.
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The F factor is also an indication of pilot pollution, where the higher the F factor is, the more the coverage quality will suffer from an increased load.
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F Factor Report
8 7 6 F factor 5 4 3 2 1 0 -88.5 -91.5 -94.5 -97.5 -100.5 -103.5 -106.5 -109.5 -112.5 -115.5 -118.5 -121.5 -124.5 -127.5 -130.5 -133.5 -136.5 -139.5 -142.5 -145.5 -148.5 -151.5 -154.5 -157.5 -160.5 -163.5 -166.5 -169.5 -172.5 -175.5 -178.5
-5
-10 EcIo -15 -20 -25 Path Loss (dB) in 3dB steps
F Factor Report
This graph is produced by the F Factor report. It shows the distribution of EcIo and F factor for different values of the pathloss. It gives us a signature for a certain area or cell and will give us visual information if a certain area is well-optimised or not. You can open this report at: Workbook Open Workbook/Report
F_Factor Report.xls
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Attributes
Uu_ActiveSet_RSCP_0 Uu_CallDropped Uu_IncomingCallSetupFail Uu_OutgoingCallSetupFail Uu_Trch_DownlinkBlerAgg CPICH_AllSets_UE_RSCP_For_SC
Stateforms
UMTS UE Active Set + Monitor Set
Queries
Poor Mobile Receive Power, or Low Mobile Receive Power (Condition: Uu_ActiveSet_RSCP_0 < -95dBm)
Screen Layout
UMTS Coverage Analysis Flirst click on the stream name, then click on Layouts UMTS UMTS Coverage Analysis
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A Active Set
In the example above, Cells A, B and C are part of the Active Set, as determined by the Simulated Active Set module. Cell D has a CPICH Ec/Io within a user-specified pollution threshold of the Active Set s best server Ec/Io, and so is counted as a contributer to pilot pollution at this point in the drive test. Cell E has a CPICH Ec/Io that is not within this threshold and so is not a pollution source. Shown below is a sample pollution array indicating the number of points at which each sector caused pilot pollution for sector IDs A, B, C and D: Sector ID A B C D Pollution Count 0 150 45 12
Results are presented in the Pilot Pollution Analysis application report. In addition, Pilot Pollution may be geographically analyzed for each SC by accessing the Pollution_for_SC attribute in the workspace view.
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Perform the following steps to access the Pilot Pollution Analysis report: Step Action 1 2 3 4 5 Ensure that a suitable UMTS scanner file and corresponding Network Element Database are loaded in the workspace. From the main menu, select Analysis Network Rollout. UMTS Accelerated
Double-click on the Pilot Pollution Analysis report icon in the lower pane of the Application Pack. Double-click on the Pilot Pollution Analysis report icon in the lower pane of the Application Pack. Enter the Pilot Pollution Margin (dB). This margin is used to determine which pilots in the monitored set are within close proximity to the strongest pilot in the active set.
As shown below, the Pilot Pollution Analysis Report indicates the worst interferers sorted by Scrambling Code:
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Drive Test 2:
Dedicated Mode with SC Scanning
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The following results will be checked against the requirements: Criteria DU Area Urban Sub-Urban UE 1 Tx pwr < UE 1 BLER < UE 2 Tx pwr < UE 2 BLER < -2 dBm 1% -2 dBm 1% -2 dBm 1% -2 dBm 1% -2 dBm 1% -2 dBm 1%
Apart from the coverage criteria, the dropped calls will be analyzed. The cluster integration is successful when no dropped calls are due to radio quality. Note that this is only applicable when the cluster is fully built. If radio drops are a consequence of a missing site (and the site is in the final design), they cannot be a blocking point for cluster integration at this point. Analyzing dropped calls to determine the cause can be done using Analyzer, which enables to see decoded RRC messages. A dropped call usually occurs during an abnormal behaviour in one of the following procedures: call setup CS and PS call clearing soft handoff If a call drops the messaging before the drop should be checked and compared with the normal messaging sequences.
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In order to find the cause for a dropped call, we should approach the problem in a structured way and always look at the different possible causes in the same way. Actix Software has many ways to endorse this procedure, and one of them is displaying the results on the Statistic Explorer. The sequence to check were the cause for dropping is can be as follows: Import and run Drop Analysis Crosstab Query to obtain the information mention below:
b) DL BLER
Information to look for When DL BLER > 10% When DL BLER > 50% If Yes Start of DL channel limitation DL channel lost
c) RRC Messages
Information to look for Synchronize RRC message flow with drop Check last seconds messaging Normal termination with cause? Measurement reports During active set update Check cause Due to Failed HO? Radio synchronization If Yes
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The example shows a drop due to low CPICH RSCP. Further analysis will show that on this point, the situation could be avoided by optimising the cell with SC100. In this case there is no other way to optimize this area than adding a new site, as no other antenna change will improve the situation. Else low RSCP can be improve by up tilt, and low Ec/Io by giving only one sector dominant in the area where the drop occurs.
3. UE TX power
No example from pre-launch. This will hardly ever happen since the measurements are taken out door, while our design is done for indoor coverage. The only possible occurrence of this problem is where we drive outside 3G coverage areas. This will only happen during the exit criterion drive test.
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The reason of call drop in the example above is not very clear, but the BLER goes up to 100% and the serving cells are not the obvious ones. A downlink power limitation is probably the reason for this. 1. Mobile Issue CM service abort, pegged as a drop, but coming from a cancellation on mobile side 2. Core Network Issue Disconnect received as there are a temporary unavailability from the CS side.
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Attributes
Uu_ActiveSet_SC_0 Uu_IncomingCallOK Uu_OutgoingCallOK Uu_CallDropped CPICH_AllSets_UE_RSCP_For_SC
Stateform
UMTS UE Active + Monitor Set
Queries
UMTS Call Statistics query shows which File/Sector/Cell/Call ID that contains the drop call. Which one should we look at? Dropped Call Analysis query shows event and what causes the drop
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direction.
If necessary, select a data point shortly before the start of the call, and use the Replay Tool to step toward the drop. Observe the information displayed on the stateform as the drop approaches. Display Pilot Measurement CPICH_AllSets_UE_RSCP_For_SC for the three sectors that would be expected to provide coverage in problem area. Investigate further to conclude your findings.
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Attributes
Uu_IncomingCallSetupFail Uu_OutgoingCallSetupFail Uu_ActiveSet_SC_0 Uu_ActiveSet_EcNo_0 UE_TxPow
Stateform
N/A
Queries
UMTS Call Setup Statistic, or UMTS Call Setup Failure Analysis
Application Packs
UMTS Call Setup Analysis
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Drive Tests
For best practise, it is recommended to perform two different drive tests using the same pre-defined route: Drive test 1: Within 3G coverage, focus on CR (setup, maintain and clear) Within the 3G coverage area, with existing scenario (in-car, route density etc) suitable o o UE1 - DL 4Mb file UE2 - Accessibility CS-PS-CS (if not possible, separate CS and PS for different UEs) CS calls; 10 sec call and release with 5 sec guard PS calls; webpage attach and release with
Metrics o UE1 - DL Throughput (average), for successful calls o DL CR (call success rate, = Call setup, maintained and cleared) o UE2 - CR (call success rate, = Call setup, maintained and cleared) Targets o o CR UE1 > 96% CR UE2 > 98%
Drive test 2 o UE 1: CS voice short call: 10 sec call and release with 5 sec guard o UE 2: PS file download: 10 sec call and release with 5 sec guard o The following statistics are taken from the drive tests: CS call setup success rate PS call setup success rate
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Chapter 6
Cell Reselection
What is cell reselection?
Cell reselection is the procedure where the UE reselects the cell from which he reads the BCCH. This happens in idle mode, but also in cell FACH and cell/URA PCH mode. In idle mode, the cell reselection can be detected through the decoding of a new BCCH. In cell PCH and cell FACH state, the reselection can be noticed by an RRC cell update message. The transitions from those states to idle mode and back can be detected by the following RRC messages: Physical channel reconfiguration Transport channel reconfiguration RRC connection release
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Reselection Criteria
Cell is suitable if this condition is fulfilled: S- Criterion for FDD cells: Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0 Where:
Qrxlevmeas
P_MAX
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In order to perform cell reselection UE, measures and ranks the neighbour cells. For each type of neighbour cells (Intra freq, inter-freq, Inter-RAT) thresholds are definable. Measurements of neighbour cells will be triggered if these thresholds are reached. (Re-) Selected cell is a suitable cell (fulfils the S criterion) and is the best ranked cell (has the highest R). The UE shall however reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are met: The new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval Treselection More than 1 second has elapsed since the UE has camped on the current serving cell In the below mentioned ranking criteria the following naming convention applies: s indicates the serving cell n indicates the candidate cell
Measurement Rules
If Squal > Sintrasearch, UE need not perform intra-frequency measurements. If Squal <= Sintrasearch, perform intra-frequency measurements. If S intrasearch, is not sent for serving cell, perform intra-frequency measurements Reselect highest ranked if access not restricted: R- Criterion
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You can obtain the Intra-Freq handover information by displaying the UMTS Handover Analysis (Intra Freq) screen layout from Layouts UMTS UMTS Handover Analysis (Intra Freq)
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H andover Events
The following events and thresholds are in use in the WCDMA handover algorithm: Radio Link Addition Event 1A If Pilot Ec/Io > Best Pilot Ec/Io reporting range + hysteresis 1A for a period of t and the active set is not full, the cell is added to the active set. Radio Link Removal Event 1B If Pilot Ec/Io < Best Pilot Ec/Io reporting range hysteresis 1B for a period of t, then the cell is removed from the active set. Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal Event 1C If the active set is full and Best candidate Pilot Ec/Io > Worst Pilot Ec/Io + hysteresis 1C for a period of t, then the weakest cell in the active cell is replaced by the strongest candidate cell. These are the basic, standardised handover events and they are UE triggered event. As for other, more complicated handover algorithms will be vendor dependant and you can make use of the available measurement report data to obtain the information you need.
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UE Measurement reports
Depending on the handover type (MEHO or NEHO), different measurement reporting criteria can be used. These measurement reports give the necessary information to the RNC (NEHO) or UE (MEHO) to trigger a handover, but they also allow the RF engineer to understand the behaviour of the UE/network in certain conditions (load, location). Measurements done by the UE are collectable during drive tests, whereas Node B measurements have to be found in the Iub traces. In a UE report, the following Ies are included to identify the neighbours; PCPICH information, UTRA RF channel number (for IF measurement reports), BCCH freq (for GSM IS measurement report).
Event triggered Intra- Freq measurement report Event 1A: P-CPICH enters the reporting range Event 1B: P-CPICH leaves the reporting range Event 1C: non active P-CPICH becomes better than an active one Event 1D: Change of best cell (affects the reporting range, but not the active set) Event 1E: P-CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold plus optional hyst. Event 1F: P-CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold minus optional hyst.
Periodic Intra- Frequency measurement report Event triggered measurement reports typically cause an active set update. If for one or another reason (hardware, software resources) this update cannot take place. The UE will switch to periodic reporting until, the HO took place, the conditions are no longer fulfilled or it has reached the maximum number of periodic measurement reports.
Inter- Frequency
They are always periodic and the way of using the measurements in handover algorithms is not part of the standard.
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UE Internal measurements The UE internal measurements can be divided in two groups: measurements to indicate the status of the mobile TX power measurements to indicate the UE TX RX time difference The first group of measurements can be used by the RNC to trigger interRNC or system handover. The second group is used to adjust the downlink DPCH air interface timing, when the difference ion time between the UE uplink DPCCH/DPDCH frame transmission and the first significant path of the downlink DPCH frame from a measured active set cell becomes too large. Event 6A: UE TX power becomes larger than an absolute threshold Event 6B: UE TX power becomes less than an absolute threshold Event 6C: UE TX power reaches its minimum value (-50 dBm) Event 6D: UE TX power reaches its maximum value (21 dBm) Event 6E: UE RSSI reaches the UE s dynamic receiver range Event 6F: UE Rx Tx time difference for a radio link included in the active set becomes larger than an absolute threshold Event 6G: UE Rx Tx time difference for a radio link included in the active set becomes less than an absolute threshold
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Uu_HandoffFail (Handoff Failure) ActiveSetUpdate message (Uu_RRC_MsgType == ActiveSetUpdate) ActiveSetUpdateFailure message (Uu_RRC_MsgType == ActiveSetUpdateFailure) Note: This attribute is only incremented if the RRC event Diagram is in the RRC Connected State.
Uu_Handover_toGSM (Handover to GSM event OK) HandoverfromUTRANcommand Uu_RRC_MsgType == HandoverfromUTRANcommand-GSM And then GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Handover Complete OR GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Measurement Report for 10 concessive message CellChangeOrderfromUTRAN Uu_RRC_MsgType == CellChangeOrderfromUTRAN And then GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Channel Request OR GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Immediate Assignment OR GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Immediate Assignment Extended Note: One of the above must be received before the expiry of the timer Uu_t309_wait_timer
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Uu_Handover_toGSM_Failure (Handover to GSM event Failure) HandoverfromUTRANcommand Uu_RRC_MsgType == HandoverfromUTRANcommand-GSM And then Uu_RRC_MsgType == HandoverFromUTRANFailure OR Any GSM or UMTS BCCH messages. OR GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Channel Request OR Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Request CellChangeOrderfromUTRAN Uu_RRC_MsgType == CellChangeOrderfromUTRAN And then Uu_RRC_MsgType == CellChangeOrderFromUTRANFailure OR Any UMTS BCCH messages. OR Timer Expiry, which is configured by threshold Uu_T309_Wait_Timer OR Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Request Uu_Handover_toUTRAN (Handover to UMTS event) Uu_RRC_MsgType == HandovertoUTRANcomplete Note: If a call is completed in GSM mode (after the handover from UTRAN to GSM), the call event will appear in the GSM section of the Workspace Explorer window.
Uu_IRAT_Reselection3G2G, Uu_IRAT_Reselection2G3G (IRAT Reselection) If a device is determined to be idle, and system information from the other technology is seen then there will be an event to indicate there has been a technology change. Uu_CellReselection (Cell Reselection) If a device is determined to be in Cell Fach and there is a server cell change, then there will be a event to indicate there has been a Cell reselection.
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Uu_IFHO_OK (Inter-Freq Handover Event OK) This attributes indicates that a UE has performed an Inter-Freq handover successfully. Uu_IFHO_Failure (Inter-Freq Handover Event Failure) This attributes indicates that a UE has performed an Inter-Freq handover failure. Uu_UE_HandoffState (UE Handoff State) The handoff state algorithm has the following components: The Active Set information from the Handset Using the geographic information in the log file and the SC, the network element database is searched to identify the Sector and Cell IDs of the SC Handoff state is calculated by determining the configuration of the sectors in the Active Set
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Handoff Analysis
The Handoff Analysis module uses the Simulated Active Set to determine the handoff state at each point along a drive test. Statistics on handoff state may then be calculated and presented in a report format. Excessive handoff state reduces capacity and increases infrastructure costs for a given traffic level. Please see the Simulated Active Set section for more details on how the Active Set is estimated based on WCDMA scanner measurements. The handoff state algorithm has the following components: The Active Set of pilots is determined using the Simulated Active Set module. Using the geographic information in the log file and the SC, the network element database is searched to identify the Sector and Cell IDs of the SC. Handoff state is calculated by determining the configuration of the sectors in the Active Set. All bins in the log file are then processed into the handoff state matrix. Reports showing the percentage of handoff state for each sector and for the total drive test may then be calculated.
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The Handoff State Analysis examines Sector IDs involved in call at a given drive test point and determines which of the above states applies, based on UMTS scanner data:
Perform the following steps to access the Handoff Analysis report: Step Action 1 2 3 Ensure that a suitable UMTS scanner file and corresponding Network Element Database are loaded in the workspace. From the main menu, select Analysis Network Rollout. UMTS Accelerated
Double-click on the Handoff Analysis report icon in the lower pane of the Application Pack.
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Exercise 4 : Handover
Exam Your Own Data Load logfile and select handover scenario Display on graph the quality indicators per cell Display handover triggers How can they be influenced (which parameters) Study missing neighbours Do we automatically add missing neighbours to the neighbour list?
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Chapter 7
Report
Creating Reports
You may want to create high-level management reports based on your collected data. You can print from map and chart windows, but the Workbook function (using Microsoft Excel ) allows you to collate these views and perform other data analysis functions to produce an integrated, polished report. Actix makes the creation of user-definable report templates effortless, by allowing users to have a direct access to MS Excel. The easiest way to get data into reports is to use the right-mouse selection Display on Workbook, which automatically displays three types of datasets in Excel: series data, statistical data, and histogram data. Note: Series data always takes the longest to re-generate as a template.
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Procedure
Step 1 2 Choose and load a log file. Based on the requirement, this report can be separated into existing KPIs and new KPIs (new queries). Existing KPIs: Average call setup time (Uu_TimeBetweenRRC_REQandCallStart) Total Dropped Call (Uu_CallDropped) New KPIs: HandOff State Histogram Mean(linear) RSCP from the strongest Active Set SC Total Call duration for the whole file The Handoff State is an attribute (Dedicated Radio Link Uu_UE_HandOffState) that you can drag and drop to a workbook to obtain an automatic histogram view of data. Somehow, we are trying to create a generic report template to be run on other files. To use the automatic view, the legends will be controlled through the format group of the parameter and may filter out ranges not found in the file. For this reason, we need to force the number of ranges used in the histogram through a query. 3 Display the call setup time parameter Uu_TimeBetweenRRC_REQandCallStart (from the UMTS Statistics Data data group) on a workbook. Action
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Step 4
Action Keep the workbook open. Switch back to Actix Software and display the Uu_CallDropped (from UMTS Event Data Call data group) on the existing workbook (active workbook).
Notice how all three views from these two attributes have been added to the workbook (Series, Histogram and S.tatistic Formatted Data tabs).
5 6 7 Save your workbook To create new query, goto Analysis Manager (ctrl- A) Create a histogram query using the Uu_UE_HandoffState parameter, and creating discrete values from 0 (inclusive) to 6 (inclusive). Create a crosstab query with FileName from the Attribute Picker( ) as the dimension, and add 2 new statistics for: Mean (linear) of Uu_ActiveSet_RSCP[0] formatted as WCDMA RSCP, and Sum of Uu_CallDuration formatted as Time. 9 10 Save your query into the workspace and check the results are accurate. Open the report template through the Workbook Open Workbook/Report menu option, and choose to run it on your log file. Right-click on Queries folder, find your new query and display it on the existing workbook. It will be added to a new sheet called Crosstab Formatted Data. These tabs will contain the results from whatever file you run the report template on. Open Sheet 1 and create your KPI statistics here as follows (see next page):
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Holding Time or Mean Time Between Failures = call duration / drops (roughly)
Step 13
Action Now go back into the all other sheets and delete the raw data from row 2 downwards. This cleans the report template so that it can be run on any other file, of varying size. Save your report template. Open another log file and run the report template on this file as you did in step 10. Compare the results.
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Key Word
Search Result
Specific information, like the definition of engineering parameters, can be accessed by clicking on Help Show Context Help. You can look up an item in the alphabetized list, or you can open the Context Help window, then click on an item in the Workspace.
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Attribute Definition
Selected Attribute
Highlighted Item in the Workspace and the Corresponding Entry in Attribute Help
The contents of the Help window can be printed, stored under Favorites, and resized or minimized to enable side-by-side review as operations are performed in Analyzer.
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Technical Support
Technical support is available by phone, email, and on the Actix Web site. Technical personnel are located in London UK, USA, and Singapore to provide assistance. In the EMEA technical support can be reached at: Phone : +44 (02) 8735 6300 Email : EMEAsupport@actix.com or support@actix.com Web (Extranet): www.myactix.com
MyActix (Extranet)
If you would like to obtain the latest information of the software release, problem reporting, support issues, access to our self-study modules or Knowledge Base, please register yourself at http://www.myActix.com
Click on Release tab to download the latest release of Actix Software Click on News tab Self- Study Module News Items to download all the self-study recordings (in WebEx and Flash) Click on Analyzer Knowledge Base to access information from Knowledge Base.
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Appendix A
Event Data Call Event Name
Uu_OutgoingCallOK
Call Events
Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup Complete GSM_Um_Msg_Type == MM CM Service Request GSM_Um_Msg_Type == MM Authentication Request
(*) (*)
GSM_Um_Msg_Type == MM Authentication Response Uu_RRC_MsgType == Security Mode Command Uu_RRC_MsgType == Security Mode Complete GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Setup
(*) (*) (*)
(*)
(*)
(1)
At least one of those messages (RRC Connection Request, Setup or Complete) needs to be present to initiate the call setup
(*)
The messages with the symbol star are usually present but not mandatory
Uu_IncomingCallOK
Uu_RRC_MsgType == PagingType1 with Uu_RRC_PagingRecord_cn_Identity_pagingCause equals any of the following: *TerminatingConversationalCall *TerminatingStreamingCall *TerminatingInteractiveCall *TerminatingBackgroundCall Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Request with Uu_RRC_RRCConnectionRequest_establishmentCause equals any of the following:
(2)
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Triggering Sequence
*TerminatingConversationalCall *TerminatingStreamingCall *TerminatingInteractiveCall *TerminatingBackgroundCall Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup
(2) (2)
Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup Complete GSM_Um_Msg_Type == RR Paging response GSM_Um_Msg_Type == MM Authentication Request
(*) (*)
GSM_Um_Msg_Type == MM Authentication Response Uu_RRC_MsgType == Security Mode Command Uu_RRC_MsgType == Security Mode Complete GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Setup
(*) (*) (*)
(*)
(*)
At least one of those messages (RRC Connection Request, Setup or Complete) needs to be present to initiate the call setup. Paging type 1 message is required for an incoming call.
(1)
At least one of those messages (RRC Connection Request, Setup or Complete) needs to be present to initiate the call setup
(*)
The messages with the symbol star are usually present but not mandatory
Uu_OutgoingCallSetupFail
Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Request with Uu_RRC_RRCConnectionRequest_establishmentCause equals any of the following: *RRC_OriginatingConversationalCall *RRC_OriginatingStreamingCall *RRC_OriginatingInteractiveCall *RRC_OriginatingBackgroundCall *RRC_OriginatingSubscribedTrafficCall *RRC_Registration Then any of the following options: *Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Reject or *Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup *Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Release or *Any BCCH messages during the call setup
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Triggering Sequence
Uu_RRC_MsgType == PagingType1 with Uu_RRC_PagingRecord_cn_Identity_pagingCause equals any of the following: *TerminatingConversationalCall *TerminatingStreamingCall *TerminatingInteractiveCall *TerminatingBackgroundCall Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Request with Uu_RRC_RRCConnectionRequest_establishmentCause equals any of the following: *TerminatingConversationalCall *TerminatingStreamingCall *TerminatingInteractiveCall *TerminatingBackgroundCall Then any of the following options: *Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Reject or *Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup *Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Release or *Any BCCH messages during the call setup
Uu_CallCompleted
When in Call (Outgoing Call Ok or Incoming Call Ok), you get one of the following messages: *GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Disconnect or *GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Release Complete or *GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Release And any of the above messages with a normal cause for ending the call (CauseCodeCC is equal or less than 31)
Uu_CallDropped
When in Call (Outgoing Call Ok or Incoming Call Ok), you get any of the following options: Any BCCH Message or Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Release AND Release Cause is not Normal or One of the following messages: *(GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Disconnect) OR *(GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Release Complete) OR *(GSM_Um_Msg_Type == CC Release) *AND any of the above messages with NOT a normal cause for ending the call (CauseCodeCC is greater than 31)
Uu_LocationUpdateOK
Uu_LocationUpdateFail
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Triggering Sequence
GSM_Um_Msg_Type == MM Location Updating Reject
Event Data
Uu_IncomingRRC_ConnectionOK
Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Request with Uu_RRC_RRCConnectionRequest_establishmentCause equals any of the following: *TerminatingConversationalCall *TerminatingStreamingCall *TerminatingInteractiveCall *TerminatingBackgroundCall Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup Uu_RRC_MsgType == RRC Connection Setup Complete
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Event Data
Uu_RadioBearerSetupFail
Uu_RadioBearerReleaseOK
Uu_RadioBearerReleaseFail
Event Data
Coverage Events
All Coverage Events which make use of thresholds may be customized by the user in the Tools Display Thresholds menu. Coverage Event Name
Uu_PilotPollution Uu_TooManyServers
Triggering Condition(s)
4 or more pilots detected above Uu_PilotPollutionThreshold
4 or more pilots are detected within X dB of the server, threshold X is set by the user as Uu_TooManyServersThreshold
Uu_System_Interference
Uu_Coverage_Limited
CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet < Uu_Poor_EcNoThreshold and CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet < Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold and UeTransmittedPower > Uu_CoverageLimitedUE_TxPowerThreshold
Uu_PoorDL_Coverage
CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet < Uu_Poor_EcNo_Threshold and CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet < Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold and UeTransmittedPower < Uu_LowUE_TxPower_Threhold
Uu_PoorUL_Coverage
CPICH_EcNo_in_ActiveSet > Uu_Poor_EcNoThreshold and CPICH_RSCP_in_ActiveSet > Uu_Poor_RSCP_Threshold and UeTransmittedPower > Uu_HighUE_TxPower_Threshold
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Triggering Condition(s)
This event monitors the Ec/No of Monitored Set SCs with the Ec/No of Active Set SCs in an 8 second window prior to each dropped call. The Uu_HandoverProblem event is pegged if the Monitored Set SCs are stronger than the Active Set SCs more often than the Active Set SCs are stronger than the Monited Set SCs.
Uu_MissingNeighbor
SC in Active Set after drop is not in Active Set before drop and SC in Active Set after drop is not in Neighbor List before drop
Event Data
Uu_HandoffFail
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