234122 - Introduction to System Programming

Yaniv Hamo, CS Department

Operator Overloading Example

class Complex

We wish to allow the following code:

Complex c1(5,4); // c1 is now 5 + i4 Complex c2(-5,4); // c2 is now -5 + i4 c2++; // c2 is now ++c2; // c2 is now -4 + i4 -4 + i5 5+i4-4+i5 = 1 + i9 5+i4-1-i9 = 4 i5

c2 = c1 + c2; // c2 is now c1 = c1 c2; // c1 is now c1 = -c1;

// c1 is now -4 + i5

234122 - Introduction to System Programming

Yaniv Hamo, CS Department

#ifndef COMPLEX_H_ #define COMPLEX_H_ #include <iostream> using std::ostream; class Complex { double real; double imag; public: Complex(double r, double i);
const Complex operator+(const Complex &c) const; const Complex operator-(const Complex &c) const;

Complex &operator+=(const Complex &c); Complex &operator-=(const Complex &c); Complex &operator++(); Complex &operator++(int dummy); const Complex operator-() const; void print(ostream &out) const; void read(istream &in); } ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Complex &c); istream &operator>>(istream &in, Complex &c); #endif

234122 - Introduction to System Programming

Yaniv Hamo, CS Department

Complex::Complex(double r, double i) : real(r), imag(i) {}

const Complex Complex::operator+(const Complex &c) const

{ Complex tmp = *this; tmp += c; return tmp; }

const Complex Complex::operator-(const Complex &c) const

{ Complex tmp = *this; tmp -= c; return tmp; } Complex &Complex::operator+=(const Complex &c) { real += c.real; // this += is of double.. imag += c.imag; return *this; } Complex &Complex::operator-=(const Complex &c) { real -= c.real; imag -= c.imag; return *this; } const Complex Complex::operator-() const { return Complex(-real, -imag); }

234122 - Introduction to System Programming

Yaniv Hamo, CS Department

Complex &Complex::operator++() { imag++; return *this; } Complex &Complex::operator++(int dummy) { real++; return *this; }

void Complex::print(ostream &out) const { out << real; if(imag==0) return; if(imag>=0) out << "+"; out << imag << "i"; } ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Complex &c) { c.print(out); return out; }

void Complex::read(istream &in) { in >> real; in >> imag; } istream &operator>>(istream &in, Complex &c) { c.read(in); return in; }

234122 - Introduction to System Programming

Yaniv Hamo, CS Department

Same as before, but using conversion from double to Complex, by c'tor, and using it to allow: c1+c2 complex + complex c1+5.0 complex + double 5.0+c1 double + complex
class Complex { double real; double imag; public: Complex(double r=0.0, double i=0.0); Complex &operator+=(const Complex &c); Complex &operator-=(const Complex &c); Complex &operator++(); Complex &operator++(int dummy); const Complex operator-() const; } const Complex operator+(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2); const Complex operator-(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2); ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const Complex &c); istream &operator>>(istream &in, Complex &c);

const Complex operator+(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2) { Complex tmp = c1; tmp += c2; return tmp; } const Complex operator-(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2) { Complex tmp = c1; tmp -= c2; return tmp; }

234122 - Introduction to System Programming

Yaniv Hamo, CS Department

Some common guidelines:

Say we write class C, then: 1) All parameters of type C will be passed as const & 2) If an operator changes the object it is working on: - It returns C& - Is not const (because it does change) - Returns *this 3) If an operator doesnt change the object it is working on: - It returns const C - It is declared const - It declares some temporary variable, manipulates it and returns it 4) Comparison operators return bool, and are always const 5) Binary operators whose left argument is not of type C, must be declared as a global function. Never make this global function friend, instead, define a public method and have this global function call it
Example: C &C::operator+=(const C &c) C &C::operator=(const C &c); const C C::operator*(const C &c) const; const C C::operator-(const C &c) const; bool C::operator==(const C &c) const; ostream &operator<<(ostream &out, const C &c) { c.print(out); return out; } void C::print(ostream &out) { }