http://www.tpetube.com.

tw

00!

FDS

/!!

1 188 189

1. Ignition 2.

Growth3. Flashover4.

Fully Developed 5.

Decay 2.1-1

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 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

(kw)

1200

5.Decay
S

2.1-1

1.Ignition

80%

/!!

Ignition

2.Growth

fire

hazard assessment

3. Flashover

smoke

management system

Steady fireUnsteady fire

Flashover

600

1. Steady fire

20 kw/m2

4. Fully Developed

9611

 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

500kW/ m2
44Btu/s-ft2

225kW/ m220Btu/s-ft2

2. Unsteady fire

NPFA 92B

Heskestad ,

19842.2-1 n 2

2.2-2

2.2-1

Q = (t t 0 )

2.2-1

Q kW

kW/s2
t s

2.2-1

t 0 s
n 1,2,3,4,..

Q = t g

T-Squared Fires

(kW/s2)

(Btu/s2)

(Slow)
(Medium)
(Fast)
(Ultra Fast)

0.002931
0.01127
0.04689
0.1878

0.002778
0.01111
0.04444
0.1778

2.2-1

2.2-2

t g s

tg

(s)

"T-Squared Fires" NFPA92B

600
300
150
75

2000 tg
1,055kW
T-Squared Fires
Ultra-fastFastMedium Slow

2.2-1

Klote2002

500kW/m2

2.2-2

225kW/ m2

2.2-3

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 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

ConeCalorimetry Bench-Scale Test Full-Scale

Test
2.2-4

NIST,

(mw)

National Institute of Standards and Technology

BFRL
kiosk

2.2-2

/!!
6000

Heskestad

()
()
(4.6m)
/

( 4.6m)(1m)
/

(1.5m)
( 1.5m) ( 1m)

5000

4000

3000

(kw)
(KW)
2000

u 0 = 3 .4 (
Ultra Fast

Fast

(2.3-1)

Medium

u 0 m/s

1000
0

g
1/ 3
1 / 3
)1 / 3 QC (Z Z 0 )
C pT

g m/s2

Slow
200

400

600

800

C p kJ/kgK

(sec)

(sec)

2.2-3

T K

kg/m3

T-Square

Qc kW

Z m
Z 0 m
T =293K =1.2kg/m C p =1.0kJ/kg
3

K g =9.8m/s 2.3-1

u0 = 1 (

QC 1 / 3
)
Z Z0

2.3-2

2.2-4 Kisok (NIST,1995)

3.

Qc 0.6 Qsource

0.8 Qsource Qc =0.7 Qsource

Qsource Klote 2002

300kW

9611

 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

2000
2.8 / 60.0
3.0 / 60.0
2.6 / 60.0
2.5 / 60.0
2.8 / 60.0
1.8 / 150.0
2.9 / 90.0
2.0 / 180.0
2.9 / 90.0
3.0 / 90.0
3.7 / 90.0
3.3 / 90.0
2.8 / 60.0

(m/s) (360 )
2001
2002
2003
2.7 / 90.0
2.5 / 90.0
3.1 / 90.0
2.9 / 90.0
2.7 / 90.0
2.6 / 90.0
2.4 / 900
2.5 / 90.0
2.9 / 90.0
2.3 / 90.0
2.6 / 90.0
2.8 / 90.0
2.7 / 90.0
2.5 / 90.0
2.7 / 90.0
2.2 / 180.0
2.4 / 9.0
2.3 / 90.0
2.5 / 170.0
2.4 / 170.0
2.0 / 170.0
2.5 / 90.0
2.7 / 100.0
2.6 / 170.0
2.8 / 90.0
2.7 / 90.0
3.2 / 90.0
3.3 / 90.0
2.9 / 90.0
3.1 / 90.0
3.0 / 90.0
2.7 / 90.0
3.1 / 90.0
2.9 / 90.0
2.6 / 90.0
2.6 / 90.0
2.7 / 90.0
2.6 / 90.0
2.8 / 90.0

2.4-1
2000
17.0
16.0
18.4
21.2
25.3
27.9
29.6
28.4
27.2
25.7
22.1
19.7
23.2

2001
17.5
18.1
19.1
21.9
25.4
28.5
29.5
30.1
26.5
24.2
20.5
18.4
23.3

2.4-2

2004
1.9 / 90.0
1.4 / 90.0
2.5 / 90.0
2.6 / 90.0
2.5 / 90.0
2.9 / 90.0
2.3 / 160.0
2.6 / 80.0
2.0 / 90.0
2.8 / 80.0
3.9 / 80.0
3.3 / 80.0
2.6 / 90.0

2002
16.1
17.8
21.1
23.8
26.6
28.6
29.6
30.1
27.1
25.1
20.8
18.9
23.8

2003
16.2
17.6
18.2
23.6
25.1
27.4
30.8
30.1
28.4
24.4
22.3
17.4
23.5

2004
15.4
17.8
17.6
21.9
25.8
27.2
29.7
29.4
27.3
23.0
22.5
19.5
23.1

2.3-3 2.3-4 2.3-2

(mean flame height)

u 0 3.6m/s

/!!

Z = 0.235 Qsource

2/5

1.02D

2000
(2.3-3

2004 2.4-1 2.4-2

Z m

200 2004

D m

2.6~2.8m/s 2000 60

(virtual origin)

2001 2004 90

Z 0 = 0.083 Qsource

2/5

1.02 D

(2.3-4)

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 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

m/s
2.70
3.18
3.63
4.19
4.51
4.93
5.06
5.18
5.30
5.53
5.74
6.04

(m)
10
15
21
30
36
45
48
51
54
60
66
75

h n
2.4-1
)
h0
V h (m/s)
V = V0 (

V0 h0 10m (m/s)
2000 2004 3.6 m/s

h m
h0 m
n

2.4-3

0.1
0.4 0.4

()
4F
5F
7F
10F
12F
15F
16F
17F
18F
20F
22F
25F

WL

(/) (m x m) (kW) (t=)

0.1x0. 2.5-2
0.00 2.01.2 300 200
1x0.1 2.5-3
0.1x0. 2.5-4
2.70 2.01.2 300 200
1x0.1 2.5-5
0.1x0. 2.5-6
3.63 2.01.2 300 200
1x0.1 2.5-7
0.1x0. 2.5-8
4.51 2.01.2 300 200
1x0.1 2.5-9
0.1x0. 2.5-10
5.53 2.01.2 300 200
1x0.1 2.5-11

2.4-1 h
V 2.4-3

/!GET !
FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) 3
45
(National Institute of Standards and Technology;

2.5-1

NIST)

/!GET !

FDS

Smokeview

FDS

()FDS

/ GET
!

FDS

FDS 0.1 0.1 0.1

X 0.0-5.2Y
-3.8-4.6 Z 0.0-3.0

9611

 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

2.0m(W)x1.2m(H)
(&HOLE XB=2.90,4.90,-0.20,0.00,1.70, 2.90/)

Qsource Klote 2002

300kW
200 0.00m/s
2.70m/s 3.63m/s
2.5-1

4.51m/s 5.53m/s

FDS

2.5-1 FDS
2.5-1

/! GET !
0.0 m/s

2.0m(W) 1.2m(H)
(vis=-0.20)
4.6
11.3

2.5-2 (0.0m/s) t= 4.6

2.7 m/s

2.0m(W) 1.2m(H)
(vis=-0.20)
92.4
171.3

2.5-3 (0.0m/s) t= 11.3

3.63 m/s

2.0m(W) 1.2m(H)
(vis=-0.20)
21.3
187.9

2.5-4 (2.70m/s) t= 21.3

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 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

2.5-5 (2.70m/s) t= 171.3

2.5-8 (4.51m/s) t= 139.0

2.5-9 (4.51m/s) t= 172.3

2.5-6 (3.63m/s) t= 92.4

2.5-10 (5.53m/s) t= 172.3

2.5-7 (3.63m/s) t= 187.9

9611

 http://www.tpetube.com.tw

3.6m/s 20
5.53m/s

()

[1] (93.4.6)
[2] National Fire Protection Association

2.5-11 (5.53m/s) t= 196.8

NFPA
[3] Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, Ronald

4.51 m/s

G.. Rehm, Anthony Hamins, Glenn P. Forney,

2.0m(W) 1.2m(H)

Jason E. Floyd, Simo Hostikka, Kuldeep

(vis=-0.20)

Prasad, Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 4) -

139.0

Technical Reference Guide, National Institute

172.3

of Standards and Technology, NISTIR 6783,

November 2002.

5.53 m/s

[4] Kevin B. McGrattan, Glenn P. Forney, Jason E.

Floyd, Simo Hostikka, Kuldeep Prasad, Fire

2.0m(W) 1.2m(H)

Dynamics Simulator (Version 4) - Users

(vis=-0.20)

Guide, National Institute of Standards and

172.3

Technology, NISTIR 6784, November 2002.

196.8

[5] Glenn P. Forney, Kevin B. McGrattan, Users

Guide for Smokeview Version 4 - A Tool for

Visualizing Fire Dynamics Simulation Data,

National Institute of Standards and Technology,

NISTIR 6980, April 2003.

[6]

[7] -

[8]

MM5

[9]

9611