The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

INDEX
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 2 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 2 PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1. THE WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN INDIA ................................................................................................... 4 1. OVERALL SCENARIO ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2. DIRECTION FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................ 6 1. NATIONAL WATER MISSION .................................................................................................................. 6 2. NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION ................................................................................................. 8 3. WASTEWATER TREATMENT ......................................................................................................................... 9 2. COMPANIES AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE INDIAN WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR ..................... 10 1. OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT ....................................................................................................................... 10 2. ORGANIZATIONS IN WATER SUPPLy AND SANITATION .............................................................................. 12 1. Arghyam .............................................................................................................................................. 12 2. State Water and Sanitation Mission, Rural Water Supply Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh ........... 13 3. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation ......................................................................................... 13 4. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay ........................................................ 15 5. Water and Environment Sanitation India (WES-NET) .......................................................................... 16 3. ORGANIZATIONS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT ....................................................................................... 17 1. Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company, Ltd. ....................................................... 17 2. Central Leather Research Institute ...................................................................................................... 17 3. Ambika Projects India Ltd. ................................................................................................................... 18 4. Nuchem Ltd. ........................................................................................................................................ 19 5. UEM Group ......................................................................................................................................... 19 6. Southern Cogen Systems Pvt. Ltd. ....................................................................................................... 20 7. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) ........................................................ 21 4. ORGANIZATIONS IN WASTEWATER CONSERVATION & RECyCLING ........................................................... 23 1. Akar Impex .......................................................................................................................................... 23 2. Linear technologies ............................................................................................................................. 23 3. Auroville Centre for Scientific Research .............................................................................................. 24 4. Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras ...................................................................................... 25 5. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. ............................................................................................................... 26 6. WABAG ................................................................................................................................................ 26 3. APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................................... 28

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION

This publication is presented to you as a companion to the EU India Greentech Matchmaking Event 2011, an event organized by the European Business and Technology Centre (EBTC) and its partners, the Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (IICCI), the Chamber of Commerce of Milan, Innovhub and CEIPIEMONTE. Within the framework of the first edition of the Indo-Italian Business Conference (IIBC), this event aims to create connections and foster an exchange of technologies, patents and knowledge between European and Indian companies in the energy, environment and sustainable transport sectors. On 27th and 29th September 2011, a European and Indian delegation of companies and research organizations is meeting in two Indian cities, Mumbai and Bengaluru. Their agenda is rich with business-to-business partnering sessions, panel and round table discussions with key government officials and top players of the Indian industry, networking events and site visits. This publication aims to offer you an overview of the five sectors that are relevant to the event: environmental biotech, renewable energy, sustainable transport, water management, and solid waste management. In order to introduce you to these fields, each volume offers a summary of relevant research, as well as a representative collection of organizations active in this space. We hope this will be a valuable tool in the productive exchange of knowledge and experience, and the creation of business opportunities during the event.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Mr. Sauro Mezzetti of EUTECNE for coordinating the efforts that made it possible to publish this paper. We also give thanks to Energy Alternatives India for contributing their research. For any queries related to this paper, please contact Mr. Gianpaolo Sarolli at the Chamber of Commerce Milan - Innovhub.(gianpaolo.sarolli@mi.camcom.it)

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

PREFACE
Water can be defined as the most critical resource for Indias society from many points of view: availability, supply, sanitation needs, pollution and discharge. It is the most basic and primary need, but it is still out of reach for a large section of the population, either in terms of supply or in terms of adequacy to health and sanitation needs. It is also a major area of environmental impact, due to the low diffusion of efficient practices of wastewater treatment. This report deals mainly with certain aspects of water issues related to supply, conservation and wastewater treatment that are among the priorities of the national water policy. The areas in which the demand of technology is directed are also highlighted. The Indian market for water and the development of utilities are still not very organized and need to undergo strong development, both in the public and the private sectors. At the same time, water is a subject widely studied since Independence due to its critical socio-economic relevance. In India there is a huge number of institutions, agencies, universities, NGOs and social initiatives dealing with water at different levels. To offer a complete overview of the organizations in this field would be a huge task. We have however tried to present a meaningful sample of key agencies operating in the water sector. India is a large country with many public and private institutions and many local decentralized initiatives. Many activities in this field are also originating by community-based actions and we did not aim to give a full extensive presentation. Our purpose is mainly to give an indication to European companies, organizations, and research institutions about new field of opportunities for Transfer of Technology and to make a small step in the direction to widen the knowledge for scope of cooperation between Europe and India.

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

1. The Water Management Sector in India

1. OVERALL SCENARIO
The water sectors in India is characterized by several key issues:

Access to adequacy of safe water Institutional challenges Service provisions Over-extraction of groundwater and quality problems Financial and management constraints Water conflicts
The per capita water availability at national level has been declining over the years. Water quality is also deteriorating due to pollution and seasonal shortages. In rural areas water has to be fetched from distant sources and urban areas are chronically short of water. In metros like Delhi, Bangalore or Chennai people do not have direct control over water sources and are dependent from distant sources outside the control of the local municipal bodies (even beyond 200 km). The management of existing infrastructure and of water resources itself is one of the most serious challenges. The provision of formal irrigation and water supply services in India is made mainly by government agencies, while market competition is absent. There are however important cases of partnership between public and private entities, which have enhanced the technical expertise for infrastructure projects. The over-extraction of groundwater is another critical issue. High extraction rates, fluctuating water tables, groundwater pollution, saline intrusions are affecting the entire water supply spectrum: drinking water, irrigation, industrial needs. Access to groundwater wells is unhindered; there are no legal and financial checks to ensure a sustainable use of water. The water sector is suffering also from a severe financial distress which is affecting not only the development of infrastructure but also its maintenance and management. Operational costs are under-financed, cost recovery is inadequate, and there is a lack of direct linkages between revenue and expenditure. In India therefore there is an urgent need to operate at the level of governance to be combined with appropriate technologies to address these issues. Supply of sweet water is undergoing severe stress. After the independence, in 1951, the per capita availability was 5,177 mc that were down to 1,820 mc in 2001 and are expected to reduce further to a minimum of 1,240 mc. Per capita consumption (89 liters) is still quite low compared to European standards, but it is expected to double by the mid of the century due the growth of the economy, urbanization, industrial development and a very water intensive agriculture. The corresponding growth of the population (expected to be 1.66 billion) might create an acute water shortage in the country. The bulk of water consumption in India is constituted by agriculture, with a share that ranges - according to various estimates - between 80 and 90%.
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Water consumption in the agricultural sector has increased after the Green Revolution with the introduction of new varieties of crops with better yields but higher demand for water. Irrigation is one of the major factors leading to over-exploitation of groundwater sources, which is causing depletion of water tables in many districts in the country (at least 60% of them according to the Central Ground Water Board) and inland salinity. Industrial consumption can be estimated to be minimum 6% of the total, though there are no reliable and organized statistics. Especially for the non-government and non-corporate sector the share of water supply to the industry is much higher. The industrial consumption is expected to increase four times by the mid of the century, to reach a total share of 18%. Sectors that are very critical for the growth like energy and steel are highly water intensive. About 75% of the total planned power capacity is generated by thermal power plants that are highly water-consuming. India has become the fifth producer of steel in the world and if all projects that are in pipeline are implemented it will become the second largest producer by 2015. Water in industry is used in a very inefficient way. A comparison in the steel sector suggests that in India there is need to consume 10-80 mc of water to produce one MT of steel, whereas in US the consumption of water for the same 5-10 mc. Approximately 80% of the water used in steel plants is discharged as effluent and not recycled. According to a study by the World Bank, the productivity of water usage in Indian industry (USD generated per mc of water used) is one of the lowest in the world.1 The share of domestic consumption is about 5% but it is expected to grow by three times and take a share of 11% in 2050. The growth of urbanization is creating higher demand at a time when many cities already face severe shortages. Moreover the changing pattern of urban consumption is registering an increase of products with higher water footprint.2 Procurement of drinking water is not only a problem of quantity but of quality, due to water pollution and lack of infrastructure for supply of safe and healthy water. Municipalities and civic corporations in India are still weak and low organized bodies, in spite of the 73rd and 74th amendments of the constitution the are empowering the local bodies. Therefore they lack the finance and technical capacity for the creation of effective infrastructure and utility services. Development of the expertise for PPP is still to take place notwithstanding few efforts. Governance issues need to deal also with the fact that competences in the water sector are widely attributed to different specialized agencies. In central government, for example there is a ministry of water resources, a ministry of drinking water & sanitation, irrigation is combined with the ministry for agriculture and there are technical organizations like the Central Water Committee (CWC) and Central Groundwater Board (CGWC) etc. The same structure is more or less reflected at the regional level.

1 2

http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/misuse.htm Data for this section are mainly drawn from www.grailresearch.com; http://governancenow.com/views/think-tanks/report-warnshuge-capita-water-decline-india and Www.dae.gov.in

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

2. DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

In India there is a large number of initiatives and institutions dealing with water issues, ranging from public bodies, research centers, universities, corporate entities and NGOs. The actions undertaken are concerning several fields; here we will focus on water supply and sanitation, water conservation and wastewater treatment.

2.1 NATIONAL WATER MISSION

The national water policy of the Ministry of Water Resources identifies the following priorities for each of these areas: WATER SUPPLY Promote Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) to coordinate all water issues by location (surface, ground), by users (rural, urban, peri-urban), or by use (domestic, irrigation, industrial and institutional) Promote seawater desalinization through big plants and tackle the problem of saline intrusions in the aquifers WATER CONSERVATION

Promotion of technology and systems to scale and rehabilitate community based tanks (there are more
than 580,000)

Promotion of technology and systems for rain water harvesting Water technologies to reclaim water Alternative technology for irrigation
India receives abundant rainfall although it is concentrated only in certain periods of the year due to the monsoonal climate.3 Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is an important source of water supply that can help reduce the pressure on groundwater and conventional surface water. As rainfall is concentrated in periods of 3-5 months, according to the region, it is important to develop technologies for water storage that can allow the use of water at least for non-drinking purposes over a longer period. Rainwater harvesting can be made with the purpose of recharging the aquifer or direct consumption for drinking and other uses. In the first case it can have an impact if done at a relatively large scale or a system approach of several collection ponds or collection system over an extensive area. This concept is being progressively included in the building norms. In ten states in India it has been made mandatory to place RWH systems on roofs of all new buildings. This can allow direct reuse for the building or a large network of water recharge system if the groundwater situation is suitable. RWH at urban level is now practiced in few cities like Bangalore, Chennai and Delhi. Water can also be harvested in urban areas from paved zones where there is a high level of run-off and stored in water bodies that can be integrated in the landscape. Options for RWH can change according to local geological and climate conditions. If there is a short gap between the raining periods or the conditions of the aquifer are not favorable or the saline intrusions are too high, then storage for consumption is the most adopted solutions. If the gap between raining periods is long and the soil conditions allow infiltration, then groundwater recharge is more commonly adopted. Collection of rainwater has been the traditional system in the villages for most of rural India. Large storage tanks
3

It can be assumed an average above 1000 mm per year for most part of the country, but there are dry are with lower precipitation in the West and North-West and the highest rainy area in the world in the North East (more than 11,000 mm)

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

are part of the landscape. However, most of these have fallen in disuse over the time or become inefficient. For the last few years there have been several programs, also conducted with international collaborations, for water tank rehabilitation in rural areas that is becoming one of the milestones for improving water supply in non-urban areas. Beyond traditional approaches, water conservation is aided by technological innovation. For example, microirrigation systems are now being actively promoted in the most important agricultural states. Digital water management systems that can help to identify leakages, losses and pollution points can be useful to increase the efficiency of water distribution and preserve water resources. In order to promote a technological approach to water management, the Ministry of Water Resources is introducing a Decision Support System (DSS) to support planning and allow real time decision-making. The DSS aims to integrate surface water and groundwater management and monitoring of water quality, drought and integrated operation of reservoirs. The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) is the nodal agency for the development of this program. The NIH is located in Rourkee, in North India and undertakes R&D activities in the field of dam break flood studies, conservation storage of reservoirs, regulations of spillway gates, flood control regulations and forecasting, snow and glacier studies, water quality, groundwater assessment, remote sensing and GIS application. The institute is also developing software for reservoirs analysis, frequency analysis and estimation of large catchments areas, flood and seepage from canals. Other institutions involved are the Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the Central Water Commission (CWC), the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB). A total of nine States are participating to the program. Another priority area is the introduction of smart distributed water systems, which in the Indian context can help to promote decentralized water access, reduce energy consumption and increase water re-use. New forms of water control, processing, optimization and monitoring can also be achieved through automation, algorithms and neural networks, system accountability and remote monitoring. The National Water Policy identifies the following areas for research and technology development:

Hydro-meteorology Snow and lake hydrology Surface and ground water hydrology River morphology and hydraulics Assessment of water resources Water harvesting and ground water recharge Water quality Water conservation Evaporation and seepage losses Recycling and re-use Better water management practices and improvements in operational technology

Crops and cropping systems

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Soils and material research New construction materials and technology (with particular reference to roller compacted concrete, fiber
reinforced concrete, new methodologies in tunneling technologies, instrumentation, advanced numerical analysis in structures and back analysis)

Seismology and seismic design of structures Safety and longevity of water-related structures Economical designs for water resource projects Risk analysis and disaster management Use of remote sensing techniques in development and management Use of static ground water resource as a crisis management measure Sedimentation of reservoirs Use of sea water resources Prevention of salinity ingress Prevention of water logging and soil salinity Reclamation of water logged and saline lands Environmental impact Regional equity

2.2 NATIONAL DRINKING WATER MISSION

Some important directives for R&D activities are also coming from the Ministry for drinking water and sanitation under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM). This is one of the oldest research missions started in India. It was launched in the late 80s and it is the largest water supply program in the world, focusing mainly on the rural population and aiming at cost effective solutions for water recharge, water resources management with community participation, water treatment and water pollution control and supports R&D projects in this direction. The fields for R&D under the Drinking Water mission are the following: 1. Design and implementation of environmentally friendly and self-sustaining sanitation systems - this may include design of improved leach pits, other technical options for IHHL, hygienic rural toilets, ecological sanitation, etc. 2. Improved and more economical toilet design for children, differently-abled persons, Emergency Situations with suggested cost implications. 3. Improved and more economical community or institutional sanitation systems, including for waste management. 4. Effectiveness of sanitation models in various hydro-geological and geo-physical conditions. 5. Methods of bringing about behavioral changes for sanitation and its use. 6. Zero-discharge waste management system involving communities this considers utilization of kitchen waste and methods of solid and liquid waste management.

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

3. WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Wastewater treatment is one of the major issues in India for health and environment. Large urban conglomeration does not have adequate facilities and the same happens in most of the industrial clusters in the country. It is estimated that less than 20% of domestic and 60% of industrial wastewater is treated. Metros and large cities (more than 100,000 inhabitants) are treating only 29.2% of their wastewater. At a lower scale the problem is even more acute. Smaller cities treat only 3.7% of their wastewater. The market for infrastructure in this sector is still very unorganized. Only 15% of the market is covered by imports of technological equipment, but the overall demand is still below the level of the actual need. Half of the market is covered by investment by the public sector. The National Water mission has identified water reuse as an important priority for wastewater management, especially for irrigation of non-food crops that can reduce demand from primary water sources. In India there are about 73,000 ha of land are irrigated with reused water. Advanced technology for ozonization and chlorination could be highly in demand. Industrial effluent represents the first target for market operation and transfer of technology. Industries in India are often located around sector clusters and there are several initiatives to develop infrastructure for treatment of chemicals, dyes for textile industry, leather and tannin. Decentralized water treatment systems (DEWATS) with aerobic treatment are an example of a European technology that is actively adopted in India and has a potential for a large-scale use. They are also supported by the Central Pollution Control Board. Due to the small-scale size of their plants, DEWATS can be successfully employed for the villages in rural area and community based projects. It is also a valid alternative at urban level, where only a minimal part of domestic wastewater is treated by central sewerage. Given the governance and financial constraints in infrastructure development it can be a viable alternative at the level of condominium or small residential areas that can be integrated also into the landscaping. At larger scale application there is a wide scope for utilization of Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) and transfer of technology from Europe as research in this segment are not so much developed in India. Research is also being conducted on applications of bio-technology on the treatment of industrial effluents especially for paper and pulp industry, electroplating, distillery, tannery, dye and refineries and bio-sensors for detection of pollutants, especially residues of pesticides and bio-diversity.

The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

2. COMPANIES AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE INDIAN WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR

1. Overview of the Report
This document contains the profiles of Indian companies, research institutes and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) that are involved in:

A) Water supply and sanitation B) Waste water treatment (Industrial waste water treatment) C) Waste water conservation & recycling
EAI has identified the following prominent companies, research organizations and individual experts working in the following areas: Water Supply and Sanitation (inclusive of Water Conservation): 5 Waste Water Treatment (Industrial waste water treatment): 7 Waste Water Conservation & Recycling: 6

Research Methodology
The table below lists out the companies/organizations/research academia carrying out research on various waste water resources. Company/Research Institute/ NGO Water Supply and Sanitation Arghyam State Water and Sanitation Mission, Rural Water Supply Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay Water and Environment sanitation India (WES-NET) Water supply and sanitation Water supply and sanitation www.arghyam.org aprwss.gov.in/html/swsm-mission.htm Main-line of activity Website

Water supply and sanitation Clean technology and water treatment Water supply and sanitation

ddws.nic.in/rnd.htm www.cese.iitb.ac.in www.cese.iitb.ac.in/people/facinfo.php?id=dikshit www.wesnetindia.org

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Waste Water Treatment Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company, Ltd. Environmental Technology division, CLRI Ambika Projects India Ltd Nuchem Ltd. UEM Group Southern Cogen Systems Pvt. Ltd. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute Tannery and waste water treatment Sustainable processes for leather processing Wastewater treatment and sewage treatment Chemical engineering Waste Water Treatment Wastewater and solid waste management Environmental science and engineering for sustainable development Waste water treatment and recycling www.clri.org www.ambikagroup.in/waste-water-treatment.htm www.nuchem.com www.uemgroup.com www.scogen.in www.neeri.res.in

Waste Water Conservation & Recycling Akar Impex Linear Technologies Auroville www.akarimpex.com

Waste Water Treatment www.goo.gl/fcmwe & Recycling Renewable energy systems www.auroville.org www.auroville.org/research/water_recycle.htm www.civil.iitm.ac.in

Department of Civil Engineering, Clean technology IIT Madras (including water recycling) Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. Infrastructure development and environmental management Water conservation, recycling, treatment

www.ramkyenviroengineers.com/ waterwastewater.html

WABAG

www.wabag.com

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

2. Organizations in water supply and sanitation 1. Arghyam

Headquarters: Bangalore Main Line of activity: Ecological sanitation, wastewater treatment technologies Profile/Overview:
Arghyam is an Indian public charitable foundation set up with an endowment from Rohini Nilekani, working in the water and sanitation sector since 2005. Arghyam works primarily through partnerships with Government, NGOs and various types of institutions for impact and scale. They work through a combination of project grants to grass roots organizations, knowledge building and sharing through the India Water Portal, promoting new models of water science, technology and system design, participatory action research and advocacy.

R&D4: A small Research and Development (R&D) team was set up in Arghyam in 2009 to support the research
activities emerging in other Arghyam projects, as well as to serve the broader mandate of the organization. The current other main area of interest for research funding is appropriate wastewater. The Research and Development initiative at Arghyam envisages funding carefully picked areas where Arghyam feels that a focused research or product design/development effort would pay significant dividends by resulting in a product or technique that could benefit many people. Typically the research is in a water technique or technology, almost always with strong sustainability and low-cost aspects. These research areas were arrived at in close consonance with Arghyams Rural Grants and Urban Water and other initiatives at Arghyam and are meant to and respond to the felt needs and reflect field knowledge derived from these areas.

Technology Employed: Soil Biotechnology Contact Details:

#599, 12th Main, HAL 2nd Stage, Indiranagar, Bangalore, Karnataka India Pin-560008 Phone: +91 (080) 41698941 / 42 Fax: +91 (080) 41698943 Email: info@arghyam.org, portal@arghyam.org Website: http://www.arghyam.org

More details: http://www.arghyam.org/sites/default/files/Arghyam_report%2011_9_8_2011.pdf

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

2. State Water and Sanitation Mission, Rural Water Supply Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh
Headquarters: Hyderabad Main Line of Activity: Water Supply and Sanitation Profile/Overview:
The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department is nodal agency in the State for providing drinking water and Sanitation facilities in rural areas, established in the year 1997. The R&D division was established in 2008. The drinking water facilities are being provided by various types such as: Spot Sources (Bore Wells fitted with hand pumps) Protected Water Supply Schemes (for one habitation/village) Comprehensive Protected Water Supply Schemes (for a group of habitations/villages) The autonomous body of SWSM was established as per the Government of India guidelines and the Department requirement, to accelerate all-round development of the rural population by providing connectivity and other infrastructure facilities. Reform initiates to create awareness among the Rural Population in implementation of schemes to provide Drinking Water and Sanitation facilities, the SWSM is undertaking programs Viz ARWSP, TSC, Swajaladhara etc.

Technology Employed: Not Specified Contact Details:

SRTGN Bhavan, Errumanzil Colony Hyderabad-500082 Phone: 040-23396655 Fax: 040-23319676 Email: eic_rwss@ap.gov.in Website: http://aprwss.gov.in/html/swsm-mission.htm

3. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

Headquarters: New Delhi Main Line of Activity: Water Supply and Sanitation Profile/Overview:
Research & Development in the field of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation programme is one of the support activities of the Department of DWS for which funding to research organizations including NGOs is given by the Central Government. For this activity, a Research Advisory Committee under the Chairpersonship of Secretary

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

(DWS) has been constituted primarily to promote research and development activities for the Mission with the following objectives: To generate new ideas for research & development and fix priority for R&D areas. To identify field problems from the user departments and community organizations viz. NGOs, Voluntary agencies, etc. To identify Institutions for specific R&D projects and invite them to submit proposals. To provide technical monitoring of hydrological systems in various sensitive zones of the country. The quantitative & qualitative aspects of drinking water sources to be monitored. RAC would identify the institutions and organizations who will be involved into this technical monitoring. To help the identified scientists to formulate inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary research projects relevant to the Mission. To scrutinize and recommend individual research project proposals. To review the progress of the ongoing projects and suggest midcourse correction, if any. To evaluate the findings of the completed projects and suggest follow up actions. To suggest norms to institute Mission sponsored Water fellowships and Water chairs in Universities and R&D organizations. To help the Mission to organize regional, national and international workshops, annual R&D review sessions and National Water Congresses to be sponsored by the Mission. To help the Mission to prepare specialized and emerging science and technology related documents of current interest. To help and advice the Mission on all such matters which will help the Mission to promote, adopt, generate, modify any science & technology as well as research and developmental activities with specific reference to Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sectors. To strengthen the R&D facilities in the concerned Departments in various States, State Governments are encouraged to establish R&D cells with adequate manpower and infrastructure. R&D Cells are required to remain in touch with leading technical institutions within the State. The network of technical institutions may follow the guidelines issued by the Mission from time to time for effective implementation of the rural water supply program. R&D Cells are also required to be in constant touch with the Monitoring & Investigation divisions and the Monitoring & Evaluation Study Reports for initiating appropriate follow up action. The R&D Cell should keep in constant touch with the documentation and information centre of the Mission and visit at the Missions web site. The Mission will provide necessary assistance to the States.

Technology employed 5:
Water Supply & Conservation - Artificial recharge/ control of salinity ingress/ evaporation reduction techniques/ desalination Water Treatment - clari-flocculators and improved methods of alum recovery
5

More info - http://ddws.nic.in/popups/R&D%20priorities%20areas.pdf, http://ddws.nic.in/popups/R&DCompendium.pdf

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Contact Details:
Office of Joint Secretary (Water) Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission), Govt. of India, 9th Floor, Paryavarn Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003 Phone: 011-24361043 Fax: 011-24364113 Email: jstm@nic.in Website: http://ddws.nic.in/rnd.htm

4. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

Headquarters: Mumbai, India Professor: Dr. Anil Kumar Dikshit Main Line of Activity: Clean Technology and Water Treatment Profile/Overview:
The Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering at IIT Bombay was established in 1985. Since inception, the Centre has established and maintained strong links with leading industries, institutions and national and international funding agencies. Research projects are currently funded by renowned agencies such CIAR (Centre for Indoor Air Research, USA),DST (Department of Science and Technology), AERB (Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) and MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forests). Major ongoing research deals with contemporary topics like: (a) clean technologies and industrial pollution prevention, (b) integrated treatment and disposal of hazardous waste, (c) biomedical waste management (d) biodegradation of complex industrial wastewaters and wastewaters containing mixed substrates, (e) biodegradation of complex non-aqueous liquid pollutants, (f) development and pollutants, (g) development of novel bioreactors (RBC, UASB), (h) air pollution monitoring, modelling and health risk analysis, (i) aerosol and PAH emission factors, (j) environmental impact assessment of developmental projects, (k) in-situ and ex-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and aquatic environments. The Centre offers wide professional expertise and actively pursues sponsored research, consultancy and technical services. CESE is also very active in manpower development and regularly organizes tailor-made workshops and training programs.

Technology Employed:
Anaerobic. Treatment Technologies like UASB, UAGSB, Biofilter, Hybrid reactors, Adsorption, Ion exchange, Membrane Processes

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Contact Details:
Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400076 Phone: +91-22-25767851 Fax: +91-22-25786530 Website: http://www.cese.iitb.ac.in/

5. Water and Environment Sanitation India (WES-NET)

Headquarters: New Delhi Main Line of Activity: Water and Environmental Sanitation Profile/Overview:
WES-Net India is a learning alliance of stakeholders in the Water and Environmental Sanitation sector, including NGOs, UN agencies, private sector, consultants, government departments and donors. WES-Nets objective is to improve knowledge sharing and co-ordination within the water and sanitation sector focused on achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The network aims to enhance horizontal and vertical exchange of information and experiences through continuous feedback from people who use it. WES-Net is also the Water and Sanitation Community of the UNs Knowledge Management Partnership Initiative. The solution exchange platform (e-discussions) enables WES-Net members to participate by raising and addressing issues which are shaping the water and sanitation sector in India. As WES-Net develops, it will link up with other networks - regional, national and international to strengthen knowledge sharing and advocacy.

Technology Employed: not specified Contact Details:

WES-Net India 25/1-A, Pankha Road, D- Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi- 110058 Phone: 011-28525412, 011-28525452 Email: desk@wesnetindia.org Website: www.wesnetindia.org

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

3. Organizations in waste water treatment 1. Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company, Ltd.

Headquarters: Chennai Main Line of Activity: Tannery waste water treatment Profile/Overview:
M/s. Pallavaram Tanners Industrial Effluent Treatment Company (PTIETC), a company, established by the member tanners, is responsible for operation and maintenance of the CETP. It is managed by a Board of Directors comprised of elected member tanners. Mr. M.S. Pandian, a tanner of the area, is currently the Chairman of the company. One of the earliest CETPs in the leather sector to be established in the state, the PTIETC CETP was commissioned in the year 1995. UNIDO rendered technical assistance to this project and TNPCB was also closely involved at the stage of its implementation. Subsequently, it has been receiving continual technical assistance and support from CLRI, NEERI and UNIDO. This was the first CETP to have been set up with a mechanical sludge dewatering system (belt filter press), diffused aeration system and a mechanical fine screen.

Technology Employed: Mechanical Sludge Dewatering System (Belt Filter Press), Diffused Aeration System and
a Mechanical Fine Screen

Contact Details:
Old No 63 New No 105, Nagalgeni, Anna Salai, Chrompet, Chennai 600044 Phone: +(91)-(44)-22386227, 22416522, 29700054, 29700055 Email: ptietc@yahoo.co.in

2.

Central Leather Research Institute

Headquarters: Chennai Main Line of Activity: Sustainable processes for leather processing Profile/Overview:
Established in 1948, CLRI has been working on tanneries effluent treatment for the last 20-25 years. They provide consulting to tanneries such as PTIET and many more. They have a team of 10 members who have specialized in various domains of waste water treatment. The technology involves biological and catalytic oxidations coupled in a single reactor. Biological oxidation of constituents of wastewater is accomplished by the immobilized aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (chemo autotrophs) in the meso pores of activated carbon and catalytic oxidation is carried out at the active sites of activated carbon. CLRI has also developed a packed bed reactor (CAACO Reactor) for the treatment of waste water. The CAACO technology has been implemented in more than 50 installations to test its efficacy on the treatment of wastewater discharged from different industries, software parks, residential colonies of varying capacities.
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Technology Employed6: Chemo Autotrophic Activated Carbon Oxidation (CAACO) Contact Details:
Environmental Technology Division CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600 020. Tamilnadu Phone : +91-44-24450234 Website: http://www.clri.org

3.

Ambika Projects India Ltd.

Headquarters: Chennai Main Line of Activity: Waste Water Treatment and Sewage Treatment. Profile/Overview:
Ambika Projects India Private Ltd (APIPL) is an Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) company catering to water & waste water treatment. Since its inception in 2004, APIPL has been a multi diversified company with adherence to business ethics and commitment to highest standards of quality. Today, the company is engaged in an ongoing endeavour of conducting business both in Indian and International Market. APIPLs key competencies which are based on many man hours of plant building experience lie in the planning, engineering, project implementation, commissioning and operation of water and wastewater treatment plants, water intake & distribution system for the commercial, municipal, industrial and large sized residential sectors. The company offers customized solutions for customer needs through a comprehensive range of services and innovative technologies. By offering single point responsibility during the course of the project, we offer turnkey solutions with guaranteed performance, fixed costs and time bounded execution.

Technologies employed:
Clarifiers, Clariflocculators, Thickeners, API separators, Dissolved Air Floatation Units (DAF), Plate / Tube / Lamella Separators, Bar screen & Grit removal mechanism, Oil skimmers / Oil separators, Aerators

Contact Details:
AMBIKA PROJECTS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED 1167, TVS Colony, Annanagar west extension Chennai, Tamilnadu, India - 600101 Phone: +91-44-4290 8200 - 50 Fax: +91-44-2654 9004 Email: contact@ambikagroup.in Website: http://www.ambikagroup.in/waste-water-treatment.htm
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More info - http://www.clri.org/Technologies.aspx#anc4

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

4. Nuchem Ltd.
Headquarters: Faridabad Main Line of Activity: Chemical Engineering Profile/Overview:
Nuchem Limited is a technology driven chemical engineering Company that uses a variety of chemical processes to produce primary materials that go into the manufacture of numerous products consumed by other industries. Being a major player in the field of environment management and water, all its products conform to IS Standards and the corresponding British and American Standards. In 1976, Nuchem established the Environment Management Centre (EMC) as a business Division of the Company. The task enfolds: (1) To provide environmental services, basically the analytical and treatment solutions to the environmental problems faced by industrial enterprises, government bodies and other technical agencies; (2) To take up environment management projects: water treatment, waste water management, recycling of sanitary, urban and industrial waste and building capacity for effective water management and service delivery and (3) To conduct applied and application research for process upgradation, product improvement, innovating new techniques and products for Nuchem Ltd. and other sponsors. The projects done in the water management field involves:

To purify water for applications as varied as drinking water for homes, villages, residential complexes,
institutions, industries, cooling towers, furnaces and packaged bottled water; and

To recover pure water from raw sewage for industrial applications. Technologies employed:
Micro Filtration (MF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Ultra Filtration (UF) Demineralization (DM) Nano Filtration (NF) Iron Removal Filters (IRF)

Contact Details:
20/6, Mathura Road, Faridabad -121 006 Phone: +91-129-2304000~6; 4061040 / 41; 2304005 / 6 Fax: +91-129-4061278 Email: emc@nuchem.com Website: http://www.nuchem.com/

5.

UEM Group

Headquarters: Florida, USA Main Line of activity: Waste Water Treatment Profile/Overview:
UEM Group provides complete, single source services ranging from engineering and design to construction and installation of water, wastewater and solid waste treatment facilities.
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

UEMs range of service includes all phases of project development from planning, feasibility studies, engineering design, equipment/systems supply, and construction/installation to startup and operations. UEM also provides avenues for financing for large and small projects through lease finance or on low interest long term debt financing based on counter guarantees for large municipal projects. UEM Group has designed and installed over 300 water and wastewater treatment plants of all sizes - large, medium, and small - throughout the world and is capable enough to undertake large multi-million dollar turnkey projects as well as implement medium or small projects with personalized service. UEM has implemented projects for many multinational companies (such as Coca-Cola, Procter and Gamble, Bristol Myers Squibb, Tietex Limited, Toray Nylon, Kuruwita Manchester, American & Efrid and Birmingham Steel among others) as well as projects funded by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and Caribbean Development Bank.

Technologies employed: Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Systems Contact Details:

Windsor IT Park, Tower- B 2nd & 3rd Floor, Sector-125, Noida Phone: 0120-3817000; 3817001; 3817002 Fax: + 91-11-26239801 Email: uemindia@uemgroup.com Website: http://www.uemgroup.com

6. Southern Cogen Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Headquarters: Karnataka, India Main Line of activity: wastewater and solid waste management Profile/Overview:
Scogen aims to be the undisputed market leader for environmentally sustainable solutions in the wastewater and solid waste management industry. Scogens mission is to be a total solution provider for energy conservation and waste management in the industry. Scogen aims to provide products and services that are energy efficient and environmentally friendly at affordable prices.

Technologies employed: WMUTM system Contact Details:

Plot No.5, Phase II, Thandya Industrial Area, Chikkayyana Chatra, Nanjangud Taluk 571 301 Mysore Dist., Karanataka, India. Phone: +91 8221 228 614, 228 627 Fax: +91 8221 228 620. Email: scogen@scogenindia.com Website: http://www.scogen.in
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

7. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Headquarters: Nagpur Main Line of Activity: Environmental Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development Profile:
The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur was established in 1958 as Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI), when environmental concerns were limited to human health with a focus on water supply/sewage disposal/communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution and occupational diseases. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, is devoted to research and innovations in environmental science and engineering besides solving a range of problems posed by industry, government and public. It is a constituent of Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, and has a nation-wide presence with its five zonal laboratories at Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai.

NEERIS focus areas are:

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) VOCs, Monitoring, Health Impacts, Public Awareness and Training. Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) Urban AQ data-bank, inventorization, source apportionment analysis, analytical techniques, cost effective control, conservation of monuments. Drinking Water WQ surveillance and assessment, water treatment, supply and distribution, training for rural sector. Water Resources EIA of river linking projects, artificial recharge of groundwater and aquifers, eco-restoration of lakes and reservoirs, ecological minimum flows, watershed planning, catchment areas treatment, salinity ingress in coastal areas. Wastewater Recycling for zero discharge, color and pathogen removal, treatability studies, and Design or revamping ETPs/STPs/CETPs through innovative solutions. Industry Waste minimization, Recovery and recycling of wastes, Environment and process audit, EIA, Carrying capacity, LCA, Global environmental policies. Bio/Phyto Remediation Reclamation and restoration of degraded lands (mine spoil dumps/tailings, saline soils, etc.), Carbon sequestration applications, Land application of treated sewage, nutrient dynamics. Municipal Solid & Hazardous Wastes Design of landfills and disposal systems, Composting and biomethanation, stabilization. Energy security Biogas systems, Enrichment of methane, Microbial production of hydrogen. Health Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis for delineation of genetic disturbances due to exposures of air pollutants.

Technologies Employed:
UV Photocatalysis Detoxification & Biodegradation Solar Photocatalysis Scale-up of Wastewater Treatment Technologies Modeling of Wastewater Treatment Processes Removal of Dissolved Solids from Wastewater

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Color removal Electrochemical Methods Electrooxidation Electrocoagulation Electrofloatation Electro-Fenton Process Catalytic Wet Oxidation Ozonation Solid-liquid Separation Through Hydraulic Energy Dissipation

Removal of Nutrients from Wastewater Monitoring & Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds Natural Purification Systems for Wastewater Treatment Land Application of Treated Wastewater Recovery of Chemicals from Wastewater and Value-addition Disinfection of Water, Sewage & Treated Effluents Adsorbents for Heavy Metals Removal Minimization of Turbulence Nutrient Removal

Modification in Design of Clarifiers

Contact Details:
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India Phone: +91-712-2249885-88 & 2249970-72 Fax: +91-712-2249900 Email: t_nandy@neeri.res.in Website: www.neeri.res.in

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

4. Organizations in wastewater conservation and recycling 1. Akar Impex

Headquarters: Noida Main Line of Activity: Waste Water Treatment & Recycling Profile/Overview:
Akar Impex Pvt. Ltd. is committed to providing quality products and services to its clients at a competitive price. The company shall endeavour to engage in continuous research and development of its products and services and will do what is necessary to maintain high level of employee commitment and enthusiasm to provide its clients the most cost efficient solutions. The company shall take care to pay particular attention to clients specific needs and offer not merely the products or services but offer them practicable solutions. Along the water sector, they work on:

Equipment manufacturing and supply Consultancy Design and Engineering Construction of treatment plants Turnkey projects Onsite project works Training of staff and personnel of customers Customer service Operation and maintenance of treatment plants

Technology Employed: Not Specified Contact Details:

E-9, Sector-6, Noida-201301 U.P.-India. Phone: +91-120-4526666, 4526638 Email:akarimpex@hotmail.com, akarimpex@gmail.com, vaidyataral@gmail.com Website: www.akarimpex.com/

2. Linear technologies
Headquarters: Mumbai Main Line of Activity: Water Recycling Profile: Established in 1996. Technology employed: Greywater Recycling

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

Contact Details:
206, Jagruti Ind Est., Mogul Lane, Mahim, Mumbai - 400016, Maharashtra, India Phone: +91-22-24300096-97 Fax: +91-22-24300098 Website: www.goo.gl/fcmwe

3. Auroville Centre for Scientific Research

Headquarters: Puducherry, India Main Line of Activity: Renewable Energy Systems Profile:
Auroville Centre for Scientific Research (CSR) is an international voluntary organization working towards a sustainable future in the field of renewable energy systems (wind, solar, biomass), appropriate architecture & building technologies, waste water recycling and sanitation, and the transfer of these technologies through training programs. CSR was founded on January 6th, 1984. After the Indian Parliament passed the Auroville Foundation Act in 1988, the assets of CSR were transferred to an autonomous institution, the Auroville Foundation. From April 1998 CSR was registered under two trusts, one for its research activities, Auroville Centre for Scientific Research, the other for its commercial activities, Aurore Trust. The Auroville community has been experimenting with small scale wastewater recycling systems for over fifteen years. During that time pilot systems were built, experience was gathered, and the operating skills with such plants improved. In the mid-eighties the first experiments with recycling of wastewater took place. Absence of specialised literature and proper guidance made the small household pioneer plants more of an exercise in trial and error learning. A dedicated group maintained the interest in the subject and relied for expert advice and information mainly on visiting experts from western countries. During the nineties the preferred choice for recycling domestic wastewater shifted towards treatment systems called planted filters. With such natural functioning systems one could obtain a high quality effluent. The large space requirement for this kind of system was not viewed as a disadvantage since the treatment systems can be beautifully landscaped into any environment, even urban.

Technology employed:
Horizontal Planted Filters, also called Constructed Wetlands or Root Zone Treatment System

Contact Details:
Unity Pavillon 605101 Auroville T.N. INDIA Phone: +91 (0)413 2622 121 Email: csr@auroville.org.in Website: http://www.auroville.org/research/csr/csr.htm

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

4. Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras

Headquarters: Chennai, India Main Line of activity: Clean technology (water recycling inclusive) Profile/Overview:
The Department of Civil Engineering has been in existence since the inception of IIT Madras in 1959. The departmental activities embrace Planning, Design, Construction and Management. The academic programs, B. Tech., M. Tech., M.S. and Ph.D., of the Civil Engineering department at IIT Madras are some of the best in the country and the world. Many of the faculty members have received advanced degrees and/or training from reputed institutions in India, Germany, UK, USA, Canada, Japan and Netherlands. The activities of the department are carried out under five different divisions as follows:

Building Technology and Construction Management (BTCM) Environmental and Water Resources Engineering (EWRE) Geotechnical Engineering (GT) Structural Engineering (ST) Transportation Engineering (TR)

The major research areas in Environmental Engineering are: air and water quality monitoring, modelling and management, indoor air pollution, water and wastewater treatment, solid and hazardous waste management, bioremediation of contaminated sites and subsurface contaminant transport studies. The major research areas in Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering are: soft computing in water resources, hydrologic modelling, stochastic and spatial hydrology, computational hydraulics, conjunctive use of surface and ground water, aquifer modelling and management, fracture-rock matrix interactions, water resources planning and management, urban water supply and GIS/remote sensing applications.

Technologies employed7:
Fluidized bed bioreactor, Membrane Bioreactors, Aerobic FBB

Contact Details:
Professor and Head Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036. Tamil Nadu, INDIA E-mail: cehod@iitm.ac.in;ceoffice@iitm.ac.in Phone: +91 - 44 - 2257 4250 Fax: +91 - 44 - 2257 4252 Website: http://www.civil.iitm.ac.in/

More info - http://www.civil.iitm.ac.in/new/?q=gopal_rp

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

5. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd.

Headquarters: Hyderabad, India Main Line of activity: Infrastructure Development and Environment Management Profile/Overview:
Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited is the leading provider of comprehensive waste management and environmental services in India, serving customers in more than 17 States and Union Territories. The Company is committed to a foundation of professionalism, operating excellence and sustainable growth. The Company set up Indias first Integrated Hazardous waste management facility under the Public-PrivatePartnership model at Hyderabad in the year 1998. The pioneering activity continued with the setting up of Indias first Biomedical Waste Management facility at Hyderabad in the year 2000. The Company has significant in-house skills and experience in water supply, waste water treatment, underground drainage systems and related areas. Ramky currently has a significant market share in the segment and has a major share of water related projects tendered by the Government. Ramky has several operational plants in water and waste water treatment. The Company has capabilities in membrane technology (MBR/UF/RO), high TDS effluent evaporation as well as sea water desalination. Ramky has now embarked on the mobile water business, where a fleet of water treatment equipment carrying trucks are always available. This fleet can produce pure water as and when and where it is needed. This can meet requirements arising out of seasonal or supplemental requirements, emergencies, delays in plant start-ups etc. Technologies employed: Membrane Technology (MBR/UF/RO), High TDS Effluent Evaporation as Well as Sea Water Desalination

Contact Details:
TSR Towers, Rajbhavan Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad 500 082, A.P. Phone: +91-40-4442 2222 (60 - Lines) E-mail: info@ramky.com Web site: ww.ramky.com

6. WABAG
Headquarters: Chennai, India and Vienna, Austria Main Line of activity: Water Conservation, Recycling, Treatment Profile/Overview:
WABAG is one of the worlds leading companies in the water treatment field. WABAGs key competences, which are based on over 80 years of plant building experience, lie in the planning, completion and operation of drinking water and wastewater plants for both the municipal and industrial sectors.
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

WABAG offers sustained solutions for special customer needs through a comprehensive range of services and innovative technologies. WABAGs plants facilitate environmentally compatible wastewater disposal and secure access to clean drinking water for an increasing number of people. This allows us to make an important contribution to environmental protection and enhanced quality of life.

Technologies employed8: Membrane Technology (MBR/UF/RO), Sea Water Desalination, biological highperformance systems, nitrate removal and sewage sludge reduction

Contact Details:
11, Murrays Gate Road, Alwarpet, Chennai 600018. India Phone: +91 44 42232323 Fax: +91 44 42232324 Email: wabag@wabag.in Web site: http://www.wabag.com More info - hhtp://www.wabag.com/MainWabag/Wabag/English/Innovation.asp?menus_id=106

More info - http://www.wabag.com/MainWabag/Wabag/English/Innovation.asp?menus_id=106

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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

3. APPENDIX
1. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA R & D WATER PRIORITY Government of India Ministry of Rural Development Department of Drinking Water Supply Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
***** Priority areas for research and development (R&D) initiatives in rural drinking water and sanitation sector th during 11 Five Year Plan Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India has identified the following priority areas for sponsoring research and development projects in rural drinking water and sanitation sector and seeks R&D proposals from well established R&D institutions, Universities, etc.:

Priority area I
Water resources exploration, assessment & exploitation related technology development i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) v.) Specialized geo-physical interventions for problem areas; Remote sensing applications in specific areas (other than hydro-geo-morphological maps) including temporal changes in land use and interventions on creation of ground water sanctuaries; Improvement of traditional springs/ tanks/ ponds/ surangams including monitoring; Evaporation control in drinking water based surface water courses; and Dissemination of efficient technologies through universities and reputed organizations.

Priority area II
Technology development for improvement in water extraction techniques i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) Improvements in hand pump/ attachments like dual pumps energy saving pumps/ windmill/ solar pumps/ hydraulic rams; Improving energy efficiency for reducing O&M costs for projects using conventional power; Improvement in tube-well efficiency (strainer, gravel pack); Improvement on rejuvenation techniques (caving of wells/ clogged strainers/ clogged infiltration gallery).

Priority area III

Water scarcity reduction and related technology development i.) ii.) Artificial recharge/ control of salinity ingress/ evaporation reduction techniques/ desalination; Water saving irrigation/ industry/ reuse and recycling/ tap leakage detection and prevention improved storage and distribution inexpensive storage tanks (ferro-cement)/ distribution pipes (PVC, bamboo);
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

iii.) iv.) v.)

Improvements in distribution network of water supply projects for reducing water unaccounted losses;

losses including

Recovery of pure water from waste-water/ sludge generated from clari-flocculators and improved methods of alum recovery; Special interventions for providing safe drinking water in drought prone and flood-hit areas; and

vi.) Cost optimization and improvements on types of materials, structure, storage, etc. For rain-water harvesting structures.

Priority area IV
Technology for water quality enhancement for rural areas i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) v.) vi.) Development of water quality kit; Technologies for treatment of excess salinity/ sulphate/ nitrate/ arsenic/ fluoride/ iron, etc.; Bacteria/ virus and related micro-biological/ genetic engineering impacts with respect to unsafe drinking water quality; Development of water quality enhancement - tablets/ powders/ portable heaters/ traditional herbs and processes; Various methods of disinfection including newer technologies like ozonation, copper-silver ionization, etc.; Environment friendly sludge disposal methodologies from treatment plants; and

vii.) Improving efficiency of RO plants and reduction of O&M cost through use of solar photo-voltaic (PV) cells.

Priority area V
Watershed management to optimize drinking water supply i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) Delineation and resource inventory of the micro or mini watersheds; Maximization of water conservation and minimization of environmental degradation like erosion, sedimentation, etc..; Conjunctive use of water resources development of effective models; and Pilot studies on convergence of various centrally sponsored schemes for achieving drinking water security.

Priority area VI
Water-health interaction in the socio economic cultural set up i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) v.) vi.) Interface problems between engineers/ geologists/ medical scientists on water and sanitation issues; Correlation between water constraints and quality of life, especially for communication and social mobilization strategies; Nutritional intervention in Fluoride and Arsenic affected villages; Methods of bringing about behavioral changes w.r.t. sanitation, safe water use, etc.; Improving water and sanitation governance; R&D projects based on multi-centric studies;
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The Water Management Sector in India : an overview of research and activity

vii.) Governance and conflict resolutions in water and sanitation sector; and viii.) Change management of rural water supply sector Engineers/ Scientists.

riority area VII

Development of appropriate rural sanitation technology i.) ii.) iii.) iv.) v.) vi.) Design of improved leach pit; Hygienic rural toilets; Utilization of kitchen waste; Protection of open wells/ ponds and improved methods of sanitary survey; Ecological sanitation and methods for enhancing fertilizer value of digested material; Improved methods of solid and liquid waste management;

vii.) Solid waste management especially with regard to re-use/ recycle/ reduce use of plastics; and viii.) Women menstrual hygiene, baby friendly toilets, special toilets for disabled, infant sanitation, etc.

LIST OF FIELDS FOR R&D PROPOSAL ON SANITATION

1. Design & implementation of environment friendly self-sustaining sanitation system - this may include design of improved leach pits, other technical options for IHHL, hygienic rural toilets, ecological sanitation etc. 2. Improved/economical toilet design for children, differently-abled persons, Emergency Situations with suggested cost implications. 3. Improved/Economical Community/Institutional sanitation system including waste management. 4. Effectiveness of models of sanitation in various hydro-geological & geo-physical conditions. 5. Methods of bringing about behavioral changes for sanitation and its use. 6. Zero discharge/waste management system involving communities this considers utilization of kitchen waste and methods of solid & liquid waste management. 7. Establishing linkages of sanitation with Water, Health, Agriculture and Power generation. Note: thrust will be given on technology development and demonstration and proving them in the field through trials and transfer of technology for large scale application.

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