ANGLE MODULTATION

(FM and PM)

LECTURE NOTES BY:
ENGR. ANALENE MONTESINES-NAGAYO
Angle Modulation
I. FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
- Type of angle modulation wherein the frequency of the constant-amplitude
carrier signal is varied or changed according to the instantaneous amplitude
of the modulating signal.
- As the amplitude to the information varies, the carrier frequency varies
above and below its normal center frequency.
t f 2 sin V ) (
C C
t = t V
C
t f 2 sin V ) (
m m
t = t V
m
V
FM
(t)
Angle Modulation
Frequency deviation, o.
- The peak frequency shift that occurs in the carrier
- Is the amount by which the carrier frequency is varied from its unmodulated
value.
Carrier shift, CS
- is the peak to peak frequency deviation.
- CS = 2 o
- FM was developed to cope with the undesirable noise, which
competed with the desired signal when it is amplitude modulated.
Angle Modulation
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF A FM SIGNAL
The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is given by the equation
( ) t f 2 sin V 1
m m
t k f f
c
+ =
Where
f
c
= unmodulated carrier frequency, Hz
k = proportionality constant
V
m
sin 2tf
m
t = instantaneous modulating voltage, V
The instantaneous value of the FM signal is given by the equation,
t f 2 sin
f
t f 2 sin V ) (
m
m
c c (

+ = t
o
t t V
FM
where
f
c
= unmodulated carrier frequency, Hz
f
m
= modulating signal frequency, Hz
o = Frequency deviation
V
c
= peak amplitude of the carrier voltage, V
Angle Modulation
but
fm
o
is the modulation index, mf.
| | t f 2 sin mf t f 2 sin V ) (
m c c
t t + = t V
FM
In expanded form ,
| |
| |
| |

.... t ) 3 sin( - t ) 3 sin( ) ( J
t ) 2 sin( t ) 2 sin( ) ( J
t ) sin( - t ) sin( ) ( J
t sin ) ( J
Vc ) (
3
2
1
0

+ + +
+ + +
+ +
=
m c m c
m c m c
m c m c
c
FM
mf
mf
mf
mf
t V
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e
e
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF A FM SIGNAL
The frequency spectrum of the FM signal can be obtained using the Bessel
function table.
Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation
Example:

For a FM signal with a modulation index of 0.5, draw the frequency spectrum of
the FM signal. (Bessel Function Table)
The relative amplitude of the carrier = Jo (V
c
) = 0.94 V
c
The relative amplitude of the 1
st
sideband pair = J1 (V
c
) = 0.24 V
c
The relative amplitude of the 2
nd
sideband pair = J2 (V
c
) = 0.03 V
c
Angle Modulation
BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENT FOR AN FM SIGNAL
The exact bandwidth obtained using the Bessel function is given by the equation,

BW = 2 x n sideband pairs x f
m
The approximate minimum bandwidth obtained using Carsons rule is given by the
equation,
BW = 2 ( o + f
m(max)
)
For Narrow Band FM with low modulation index values, the minimum bandwidth is
given by the equation,
BW = 2 f
m

For Wide Band FM with high modulation index values, the minimum bandwidth is
given by the equation,
BW = 2o
Angle Modulation
PERCENT MODULATION, %M
- Ratio of the actual frequency deviation to the maximum allowable frequency
deviation allowed by law.
- For FM broadcast band, the maximum allowable frequency deviation is
75KHz. For sound portion of TV broadcast, the maximum allowable frequency
deviation is 25KHz.
100 =
) imum (max
(actual)
M %
o
o
DEVIATION RATIO, DR
- is the worst-case modulation index and is equal to the maximum peak frequency
deviation divided by the maximum modulating signal frequency.
- The worst case modulation index produces the widest output frequency spectrum.
(max) fm
(max)
DR
o
=
- For FM broadcast band, the maximum allowable frequency deviation is 75KHz.
For sound portion of TV broadcast, the maximum allowable frequency deviation
is 25KHz.
- For FM broadcast band and sound portion of TV broadcast, the maximum
modulating signal frequency is 15KHz.
Angle Modulation
POWER CONTENT OF AN FM SIGNAL
where:
P
T
= total transmitted power or total modulated power in Watts
P
c
= unmodulated carrier power in Watts
P
1
= power of the 1st sideband pair in Watts
P
2
= power of the 2nd sideband pair in Watts
P
n
= power of the nth sideband pair in Watts
( )
R R R R 2
V 2
.....
2
) (V 2
2
) (V 2

2
) (V
P
2
n
2
2
2
1
2
c
T
+ + + + =
where:
R = load resistance in ohms
V
c
= peak carrier voltage, Volts
V
1
= peak voltage of the 1st sideband in Volts
V
2
= peak voltage of the 2nd sideband in Volts
V
n
= peak voltage of the nth sideband in Volts
n 2 1 C T
P ....... P P P P + + + + =