Jundika-Square Duct Flow Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer in Square Duct
ME 6204: Convective Heat Transfer

Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar
mpeasm@nus.edu.sg
Mathematical formulation
Governing equations:
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Constitutive equation (air)
Density
Dynamic viscosity
( ) 0 = u
( )
( )
( ) P

(
= + +
(

u u u u
2
p
c T k T = u
,
abs
specific
P
R T
=
( )
6
2.67 10 ,
MT
T
Dynamic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat
For water, properties are set
as constant
specific
R T
( )
T
15 4 1
,
4 15 3
p
c M
R
k
M R
(
= +
(

.
p
R
c
M
=
P
abs
= Absolute pressure
R
specific
= Specific gas constant
c
p
= specific heat
= Collision diameter
= Collision integral
M = molecular weight
Nomenclature:
= fluid density
= fluid viscosity
u = fluid velocity
T = fluid temperature
k
t
= fluid thermal conductivity
Mathematical Formulation
Turbulent model used in this simulation is k-
model
( )
( )
2
1
2
,
,
t
t
k
t t
k
k
k k G
t
C G
C
t k k
(
| |
+ = + +
( |
(
\

(
| |
+ = + +
( |
(
\

u
u
3
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 ,
k
t
t k k
u v w u v u w w v
G
x y z y x z x y z
(
\

| |
( | | | |
( ( | |
| = + + + + + + + +
| | | (
( (
|

\
\ \
\
2
,
k
C
=
C
1
= 1.44
C
2
= 1.92
C
= 0.09
k
= 1.0
= 1.0
Nomenclature:
u, v, w = component velocity
t
= turbulent viscosity
k = turbulent kinetic energy
= turbulent dissipation
G = turbulent generation rate
Mathematical Formulation
Nusselt number calculation
1
,
1
,
c
c
mean c
c
A
c
c
A
T T dA
VA
V dA
A
=
=
u
u
4
= Nusselt number
= Hydraulic diameter
= Conductive heat transfer
= mixed mean velocity
Nomenclature:
= mixed mean temperature
= surface temperature
= cross-section area
= convective heat transfer
= heat flux
,
c
c
A
surface mean
Q
h
T T
hD
Nu
k
=
mean
T
surface
T
c
A
h
Q
Nu
D
k
V
Geometry
The flow configuration considered is full tube
flow inside square duct, as illustrated in figure
5
Schematic representation of flow in a) square duct and b) development
of a momentum boundary layer
Numerics
Finite-volume based solver: Fluent 6.3.
Mesh independence study ~10000 cells.
Pressure velocity coupling: SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit
Method for Pressure-Linked Equation).
Second-order upwind discretization.
Algebraic Multi-grid Method (AMG). Algebraic Multi-grid Method (AMG).
Relative residual ~10
-6
.
It took around one minute to converge in Quad-core 2.83
GHz with 8 GB RAM.
CFD analysis was carried out by Agus Pulung Sasmito
and Jundika Candra Kurnia (ME, NUS)
6
7
LAMINAR FLOW
Boundary condition
Air
Case 1: Constant heat flux at
wall
Inlet: air velocity = 1.6 m/s; T
air = 25 C.
Wall: no-slip; Q = 30 watt/m
2
.
Outlet: Pout = 1 atm; Q=0.
Water
wall
Inlet: water velocity = 0.1 m/s;
T water = 25 C.
Wall: no-slip; Q = 2870
watt/m
2
.
Re 1000.
Case 2: Constant wall
temperature
air = 25 C.
Wall: no-slip; T wall = 50 C.
Re 1000.
watt/m .
Re 1000.
temperature
Inlet: water velocity = 0.1 m/s;
T water = 25 C.
Re 1000.
8
Velocity in the middle channel
Air (Cases 1 and 2)
9
Water (Cases 3 and 4)
Temperature in the middle of the channel
Air (Case 1) Air (Case 2)
10
Water (Case 3) Water (Case 4)
Temperature in the wall of the channel
Air (Case 1)
11
Water (Case 3)
Heat flux at the wall
Air (Case 2)
12
Water (Case 4)
Nusselt Number
13
Air (Cases 1 and 2)
Nusselt number asymptotic
Case 1: 2.8
Case 2: 2.7
Case 3: 2.7
Case 4: 2.2
Wall and Mean temperature
14
TURBULENT FLOW WITH
RE=20000
15
Boundary condition
Air
wall
Inlet: air velocity = 30 m/s; T
air = 25 C.
2
.
Water
wall
Inlet: water velocity = 2 m/s; T
water = 25 C.
watt/m
2
.
Re 20000.
temperature
air = 25 C.
Re 20000.
watt/m .
Re 20000.
temperature
water = 25 C.
Re 20000.
16
Air (Cases 1 and 2)
17
18
Air (Cases 1)
19
Water (Cases 3)
Air (Cases 2)
20
Water (Cases 4)
Nusselt Number
21
Air (Cases 1 and 2)
Case 1: 45
Case 2: 34
Case 3: 623
Case 4: 127
22
23
TURBULENT FLOW
WITH Re=60000
Boundary condition
Air
wall
air = 25 C.
watt/m
2
.
Water
wall
water = 25 C.
watt/m
2
. watt/m .
Re 60000.
temperature
air = 25 C.
Re 60000.
watt/m .
Re 60000.
temperature
water = 25 C.
Re 60000.
24
Air (Cases 1 and 2)
25
26
Air (Cases 1)
27
Water (Cases 3)
Air (Cases 2)
28
Water (Cases 4)
Nusselt Number
29
Air (Cases 1 and 2)
Case 1: 105
Case 2: 67
Case 3: 1700
Case 4: 314
30
Summary of heat transfer calculation
Air (Laminar) Water(Laminar)
31
Air (Laminar) Water(Laminar)
Air (Turbulent Re 20000) Water (Turbulent Re 20000)
LAMINAR FLOW WITH VARIABLE T
and Q BOUNDARY condition
32
Boundary conditions-Variable T,Q
Air
Constant heat flux at wall
air = 25 C.
2
.
Re 1000.
33
Re 1000.
Constant wall temperature
air = 25 C.
Re 1000.
Temperature distribution
34
Distance from entrance: 5 cm
Temperature distribution
35
36
LAMINAR FLOW WITH
HEATING/COOLING
Boundary condition
Case 1: Heating
Inlet: air velocity = 1.6 m/s; T air = 25 C.
Wall: no-slip; T wall = 50 C, 100 C, 200 C.
Re 1000.
Case 2: Cooling Case 2: Cooling
Inlet: air velocity = 1.6 m/s; T air = 50 C, 100 C,
200 C.
Re 1000.
37
Nusselt number distribution in entry length
38
Heating
Cooling
39
LAMINAR FLOW WITH BOUYANCY
Boundary condition
Laminar flow (Air)
Boundary conditions
Inlet: air velocity = 0.15 m/s;
T air = 25 C.
Re 100.
Case 1: No gravity force Case 1: No gravity force
Case 2: Horizontal placement
Case 3: Tilted 45
Case 4: Vertical placement
Gravity force is applied for
case 2, 3 and 4.
40
Velocity at entry region (z=2.5 cm)
Case 1
41
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Temperature at entry region (z=2.5 cm)
Case 1
42
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Velocity at z= first 10 cm
Case 2
Case 1
43
Case 3
Case 4
Temperature at z= first 10 cm
Case 2
Case 1
44
Case 3
Case 4
Nusselt number
45
Summary
Flow inside square duct has been simulated for
variety of BCs and for buoyancy effect.
Several cases - laminar and turbulent flow are
considered
Cooling/heating and buoyancy effect have also
been simulated; no analytical solution possible been simulated; no analytical solution possible
Heat transfer distributions are calculated
46
References
W. Kays, M. Crawford, B. Weigand, Convective
heat and mass transfer 4
th
Edition, McGraw-Hill,
2005.
S. Kakac and Y. Yener, Convective Heat
Transfer, Hemisphere Pub, 1982. Transfer, Hemisphere Pub, 1982.
A. Bejan, Convection heat transfer, Wiley, 2004.
F. P. Incropera and D. P. Dewitt, Fundamentals
of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Edition, Wiley,
2001.
J. H. Leinhard IV and J. H. Leinhard V, A Heat
Transfer Textbook, 3rd edition, 1980.
47

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Heat Transfer in Square Duct

ME 6204: Convective Heat Transfer

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