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Prof.Dr.Waleed Mustafa
(Esophagus )
The esophagus has three distinct areas of naturally occurring anatomic narrowing .
1-The crico pharyngeal constriction 2-Broncho aortic constriction . 3-The diaphragmatic constriction .Between these areas the esophagus has a wide caliber and is termed superior & inferior dilatation .
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Lymphatics run longitudenally in the wall of the esophagus penetrating muscle layers to reach regional lymph nodes .The flow of the upper 2/3 is upward while the flow of the lower 1/3 is downward. Nerve supply It receives both sympathetic & parasympathetic ( Vagi ) .Each vagus nerve lies on either side of the esophagus forming a plexus but at the hiatus it forms two major trunks Anterior & posterior vagal trunk .The nerve supply to the normal esophagus is cholinergic and causes contraction every where except for the circular muscle of the cardia where its adrenergic and causes relaxation . Esophageal Hiatus :- It is a sling of muscle fiber that arises from the right crus in approximately 45% of the patients , however both right and left crus contribute to the hiatus . Esophageal wall It composed of an inner circular layer of muscles and outer longitudinal layer without a surrounding serosal covering .Striated muscle fibers predominate in the upper third , where as smooth muscle fibers predominated in the lower portion .Auerbachs (Myenteric ) plexus located between the two muscles layers , while Meissners plexus of nerve is located in the sub mucosa .Mucosal lining is made up of squamous epithelium ,with the distal 1,2 cm is lined by columnar epithelium .
Phreno esophageal membrane :-It is a fibro elastic sheet of tissues that extends circumferentially from the muscle margin of the diaphragmatic hiatus to the esophagus .
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Physiology :It is a muscular tube that begins proximally with upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and ends distally with lower esophageal sphincter (LES) .Its function is to transport the swallowed material from the pharynx down to the stomach . The voluntary act of swallowing stimulate wave of relaxation which travels down the esophagus .LES opens 1.5-2.5 seconds after swallowing .This wave of relaxation is followed by a wave of primary peristalsis & if emptying is incomplete , secondary peristalsis will be initiated by distension of the esophagus .
1-Dysphagia 2-Odynophagia
3-Regurgitation & vomiting 4-Drooling of saliva 5-Heart burn (substernal burning sensation )
Investigations 1-Plain X-Ray chest :It may shows a dilated esophagus (especially in lateral view ) located between the trachea and the heart (anteriorly ) and the vertebral column posteriorly .It may shows changes in the lung (fluid level ) from the spill over of the esophageal content. It may shows a radio opaque foreign body . (3)
2-Barium swallow It is very essential and may be diagnostic in some esophageal diseases such as achalasia of the cardia . 3-Esophagoscopy :It is the direct visualization of the interior of the esophagus by either rigid esophagoscope , carried under GA or by the flexible esophagoscope ,carried under local anesthesia . History
Rigid Esophagoscopy was first used successfully in 1868 by Waldenberg , who examined the cervical esophagus and by Kussmaul , who in the same year used a modified urethroscope to diagnose a carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus Flexible Fiber optic Esophagoscope developed by Lo-Presti & Hilmi in 1964.
Indications of Esophagoscopy :1-Diagnostic:A- To evaluate symptoms of dysphagia ,odynophagia ,regurgitation ,hematemesis . B- To asses established esophageal pathology ,esophagitis , caustic injury or tumors . C- To define or confirm radiological abnormalities , stricture ,HH, esophagitis ,,diverticula ,varices , and extrinsic compression . D-It is of great value in assessment of post operative problems as anastomotic stricture ,tumor recurrence ,bleeding ,dysphagia and recurrent GER . EUS :- Endo scopic ultra sound , Combines (endoscopy and U/S )in order to obtain images & information about the esophagus and the surrounding tissues.
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2-Therapeutic Indications :1-Removal of foreign bodies 2-Dilatation of stricture Benign or malignant .congenital or acquired 3-Placement of endoluminal prosthesis (stent ) 4-Sclerotherapy 5-Laser photo coagulation for bleeding or tumor de bulking
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Major Complications
The leading and most important serious complication of esophagoscopy with or without dilatation of a stricture is Perforation which occurs in 1-2 % of patients after(F.B removal ,Dilatation of stricture or biopsy ) A basic surgical principle is Pain or fever after esophageal instrumentation represents an esophageal perforation until proven otherwise and is an indication for an immediate esophagogram. Mortality and morbidity of an esophageal perforation are directly related to the time interval between the occurrence of the injury and its diagnosis and repair or drainage .
Management -----Conservative ----- Operative In general perforations proximal to obstructing esophageal lesions are unlikely to heal primarily if repaired , and may be treated very effectively by emergency.
4-Manometry :It is the classical test to examine (LES) function. It is performed with electronic pressure sensitive transducer catheter with a side hole attached to a transducer outside the body .Hypertensive Lower Esophageal Sphincter is seen in achalasia of the cardia .Loss of the tone is seen in pregnancy & alcholism .
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2nd. Lecture
Upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction :Crico pharyngeal dysfunction (oro pharyngeal dysphagia ) :Symptoms complex that result when there is a difficulty in propelling liquid or solid food from the pharynx into the upper esophagus .
Causes :1-Neuro genic CNS (MS) , vascular (CVA) ,tumors ,trauma 2-Myogenic myasthenia gravis , inflammatory (poly myositis) 3-Structural divertuculum
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Motility ; In achalasia , a hypertensive (LES) with incomplete or no relaxation on swallowing & aperistaltic esophageal body could be demonstrated by manometry.
Etiology : Many theories were advanced to explain the etiology of achalasia. The most widely acceptable & popular one attributes the condition to a neuromuscular dysfunction affecting both the narrowed and the dilated segments of the esophagus and not merely the (LES) .
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Clinical features : Achalsia can occurs at any age. The highest incidence is(25-60) . Mostly equal sex incidence or > in female. The duration of symptoms (Days to years) The onset ,sudden or insidious .sudden( emotional stress )
Symptoms : 1-Dysphagia 2-Regurgitation . 3-Pain . 4-Weight loss &Cachexia . 5-Emotional Disturbance . 6-Respiratory symptoms . 7-Heart burn ( bact. Fermentation) . Diagnosis : 1-CXR : -Absence of gastric air bubble. Visible Esophagus . Fluid level . 2-Barium Swallow : Diagnostic Dilated Esophagus ,full of barium , Normal mucosal lining ,food residue Little barium passed to the stomach Morphological forms : Cork-Screw, Cucumber ,Tortuous & Sigmoid Bird s beak appearance 3-Esophagoscopy; To confirm the diagnosis ,&to exclude other path. 4-Manometry ; Absence of peristalsis(body), high LES pressure .
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Differential diagnosis:Diffuse esophageal spasm Systemic sclerosis Organic obstruction( stricture , tumors)
Treatment :1- Medical treatment 2-Dilatation 3-Surgery -----adalat , isordil (bougienage) pneumatic or hydrostatic Hellers cardio myotomy ---Thoracic approach ----Abdominal approach Recently Laparoscopic cardio myotomy
Complications of achalasia
1- Those related to retention & stasis ( Retention esophagitis ) 2-Air way obstruction & repeated chest infection . 3-Pre malignant (squamous cell carcinoma )
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Treatment ; Medical( NBM = NPO),IVF , Nasogasric feeding, Surgical to close the perforation.
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Stricture secondary to reflux are of three types : 1-Low stricture occur at the esophagogastric junction. 2- High stricture occur at higher level ,associated with barrett esophagus; it is an acquired condition in which the squamous epithelium has been eroded by the damaging effects of GE reflux and has subsequently been replaced by columnar junctional epithelium, it is a rare ,but it is PRE MALIGNANT and the malignancy is adenocarcinoma . 3- long stricture rarest type .occur in postpartum vomiting .
Treatment :
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3rd. Lecture
CARCINOMA ESOPHAGUS
Carcinoma of the esophagus is a disease of men between age) (50-70 . Two risk factors Smoking , High consumption of alcohol .
Predisposing lesions :
1-Achalasia 2-Barret esophagus 3-Corrosive stricture 4-Plummer Vinson syndrome.
Pathology
1-Squamous cell carcinoma > 95% most common (body) 2-Primary adenocarcinoma < 1-7% most common of them is adenocarcinoma arise in Barretts esophagus. 3-Mucoepidermoid &Adenocystic carcinoma . Rare . Most malignant lesions are ulcerating & encircling the esophagus .Malignant lesion involving the EG junctions adenocarcinoma of gastric origin .
Spread :
1-Direct extension 2-Lymphatic to cervical ,mediastinal and sub diaphragmatic. 3-Blood metastases liver ,lung &bone.
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Clinical manifestations :
Dysphagia ,to solid later to liquid ,Weight loss ,Aspiration pneumonia .Pressure symptoms .
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Heartburn:-Mild , intermittent reflux of gastric content into the esophagus without tissue injury .Common among adult . GORD :-Esophagitis with varying degree of erythema , edema & friability of the distal esophageal mucosa . Aetiology :1- Lower esophageal sphincter (LES ) incompetence . 2-Gastric outlet obstruction . 3- 50% of patients with GORD have an associated hiatal hernia . 4-Defective esophageal function (Scleroderma )
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Clinical features :1- Epigastric or retro sternal pain , after meal or at night 2- Pain similar to angina . 3-Reflux of food or gastric content , occurs with bending . 4-Odyno phagia 5- Pulmonary aspiration , nocturnal cough
Diagnosis :1- History and physical examination 2-Barium swallow . 3-Oesophago gastro dudenoscopy (OGD ) & biopsy . 4 Ambulatory 24 hours PH monitoring . 5- Esophageal manometry ,when motility disorders is suspected
Treatment 1- Medical :Weight reduction Change diet (light frequent meal ) Stop smoking Elevate the head of the bed (4-5 inches ) . Anti acid Metoclopromide increase LES pressure & gastric emptying H2 receptor blockers Ranitidine (Zantac )
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2- Surgical Indications :1- Failure of medical treatment . 2-Presence of complications (stricture , respiratory symptoms) . 3-Patient preference . Surgery
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Clinical presentation ;
Heart burn &Regurgitation aggravated by posture
Commonly after meal , Dysphagia , Aspiration into the chest can occur often awaken the patient , can lead to lung abscess .
Treatment :
the principal indication for H.H.repair is paraesophageal type (II) H.H. (Surgery) .No indication for repair of type(I) unless severe reflux. Medical treatment should started once reflux diagnosed . Surgical Treatment :Nissen s fundoplication (lapratomy or laparascopic) Beksys mrak IV repair (Thoracotomy )
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Esophageal divertuculae
Are epithelial -lined mucosal pouches that protrude from the esophageal lumen. Almost All are acquired and occur predominantly in adults. Classified according to the site 1-Pharyngo esophageal (at the junction of pharynx &Esophagus .) 2-Parabronchial(midesophageal),near the tracheal bifurcation. 3-Epiphrenic(Supra diaphragmatic) from the distal 10cm of the True diverticulum contains all layers of the normal Esophagus. False = = = consist primarily of only( mucosa& submucosa ) esophagus.
Miscellaneous conditions
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Schatzki s Ring ;(Distal esophageal web)Commonly seen in patient with a sliding H.H.,appearing as annular strictures projecting into the lumen. Mallory-Weiss Syndrome ; (Emetogenic mucosal laceration ) A history of emesis followed by either melena or hematemesis . May occur in pregnancy ,alcoholism, bowel obstruction .
Thank you
Prof.Dr. Waleed Mustafa Hussen Consultant Thoracic And Vascular Surgeon M.B.Ch.B., MS,FIBMS(Th.C.V.S).,FACS.,MRCS.,FRCS(Glasgow)
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