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Overview of PSTN
Module Id : SOVPSTN210

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Public Switched Telephone Network

PSTN is public network that facilitates predominantly voice telephony Major Components of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): PSTN Switch (Exchange) Transmission facilities Local Loop Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)

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Public Switched Network

 A switched network consists of a series of

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inter-linked nodes, called switches

 Switches are hardware and/or software

devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch but not to each other

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Typical Network ?
PSTN switch PSTN Switch

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CPE

CPE

Transmission Facilities 4

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Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)

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 Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) is the term used to identify any piece of equipment supplied by the customer to interface with the PSTN. Examples include:  POTS/ Telephone Set  FAX/Modems or Data Sets  Private Branch Exchange (PBX)  ISDN Terminals (NT-TA)
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Local Loop

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Source: www.IPTVMagazine.com

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PSTN Switch (Exchanges)

PSTN Switch

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CONTROL SUB LU

NETWORK

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Transmission Network
 Transport network used to Link different wire centers or exchange nodes  In India, Europe E1 (2 Mbps) and its higher order multiplex used. (PDH, SDH)  In US etc. DS1 (1.544 mbps) and its higher order multiplex used. (SONET)  Other technologies like Frame Relay, ATM etc also used

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Local Network Structure

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Exchange Area 5

Exchange Area 1

Exchange Area 2
Wire Center B

Wire Center A

Exchange Area 4

Exchange Area 3

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Local Exchange Switching Systems Local Loop

Tandem Exchange

NLD POP TAX

Inter-exchange Trunks

Local Loop Local Exchange

Local

Long Distance
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Typical Local Exchange Network

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Tandem node

Wire Center C Tandem Trunk Groups (Final)

Wire Center A

Direct Trunk Groups (High Usage)

Wire Center B

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Long Distance (Toll) Network Structure

Regional Center D Class 1 Regional Center C Class 2 Regional Center B Class 3 FINAL
FINAL FINAL

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Regional Center E

Sectional Center F Primary Center G Toll Center H Toll Connecting

FINAL

FINAL

in g

TAX-Lev1 Toll Center A Class 4

C on ne ct

TAX-Lev2 Local Exch Class 5

To ll

Local Tandem Office

FINAL

FINAL

To ll on C in ct ne g

Local Exchange

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Multiple Carrier Network

NLD1 NLD2 NLD3

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Region x

Long Distance Carriers

Region y

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International Network
ILD1

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INT Gateway

ILD2 ILD3 INT Gateway

Country x

International Carriers

Country y

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Network Evolution
 analog telephone network  frequency-division multiplexing

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 Earlier Networks (Up to early 70s)

 Present:  local loop analog  Network digital (based on TDM)  Network Migration  IP based switching technology  (packet switching, Soft switches, VoIP)
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Digital Switching

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 Methods of switching - Circuit switching - Packet switching - Message switching

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Circuit Switching

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In circuit Switched Network- Path or pipe between two ends in communication is opened and stays open for the duration of the call
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Circuit Switch

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circuit switch is a device with n inputs and m outputs that creates a temporary connection between an input link and an output link.
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Crossbar Switch

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 Crossbar switch connects n inputs to m outputs in a grid, using electronic micro-switches (transistors/Relays) at each cross-point
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Crossbar Switch
 2X2 crossbar switch - Cross state - Bar state  NXN crossbar switch - Connects N inputs and N outputs  Output blocking - Two inputs request the same output

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1 2

1 2

1 2

N 1 2

N-1 N
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Characteristics of Crossbar Switches

 Crossbar switches are non-blocking

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- Connection requests to distinct outputs are never blocked - Complexity of the switch is (n2) For large n, the number of crosspoints becomes very large  Multistage networks - Reduce the number of crosspoints
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Multistage Switch

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 Multistage switch combines crossbar switches in several stages  Design of a multistage switch depends on the number of stages and the number of switches required (or desired) in each stage
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Switching Path

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Multiplexing
 Frequency Division Multiplexing  Time Division Multiplexing  Code Division Multiplexing  Space Division Multiplexing  Polarisation Division Multiplexing

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FDM v/s TDM

frequency

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frequency

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
time time

Frequency division multiplexing

Time division multiplexing

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Time-division multiplexing (TDM)

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 Method of putting multiple data streams in a single

signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration  Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing  Multiplexer combines signals at the source (transmitting) end of a communications link. (It accepts the input from each individual end user, breaks each signal into segments, and assigns the segments to the composite signal in a rotating, repeating sequence. The composite signal thus contains data from multiple senders.)  At the receiving end, the individual signals are separated out by demultiplexer, and routed to the proper end users
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Time division multiplexing (TDM)

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 The data are organized in frames where each frame

contains a cycle of time slots  A sequence of slots dedicated to one source is a channel  Data from different sources is inserted into slots or channels in some sequence  Synchronous TDM slots are filled from a predetermined sequence of sources. If there is no data to transmit an idle signal is sent  Statistical (Asynchronous)TDM fills slots as data is available. There is not preset sequence. Therefore, data must be associated with the source by address. No empty or idle slots are sent if any source has data ready to transmit. Idle is sent only if all channels have no data to transmit
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 Telephone switch digitizes voice call (8000

8-bit samples per second)  Switching method is TDM  Switch multiplexes calls, 8-bit slot every 125 s

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E1 (PCM) Frame structure

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Voice information PCM coded

8bits per sample

Sample rate 8khz (125 s) Channel capacity 64kbps

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TDM Switching

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 Each subscriber occupies a time slot during

conversation  To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time-slots which maybe on same or different PCM highways  The interconnection of timeslots is called switching

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TDM switching
 Switching Types

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- Time division switching - Space division switching - Hybrid

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Time Division Switching

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 In Time switching TSx of I/C PCM HWY1 are transferred to TSy of O/G PCM HWY2
I/P HW 1 HW 2 HW 3 HW 4
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O/P TS6 TS18 DIGITAL SWITCH

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Time Division Switching

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Time Slot Interchange

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TSI consists of random

access memory (RAM) with several memory locations. The number of locations is the same as the number of inputs. The size of each location is the same as the size of a single time slot. The RAM fills up with incoming data from time slots in the order received. Slots are then sent out in an order based on the decisions of a control unit.
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Time-slot Interchange Technique

1 2

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Time division switch Slots are written and read

24 from memory Each slot requires one write and one read operation The memory cycle time, the size of the sample, and input rate determine the size of the switch

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23

24

23 1 2 24

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Digital Time Switch

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Consists of SPEECH BUFFER and

CONTROL(address) memory Number of storage locations are equal to number of input time slots. For e.g. for 32 TS I/P PCM, speech memory will have 32 locations Writing/reading of samples in speech memory is controlled by control memory

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Digital Time Switch

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Speech Memory It stores the content of the time slots Number of location equal to number of time slots Control Memory Provide Read/Write addressing for reading speech

memory It has one location per input timeslot Each location contain address of one of the speech memory locations where the speech sample is either written or read Addresses are written in the control memory by central control of the exchange
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Time Switch
0 SPEECH BUFFER MEMORY

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SEQUENTIAL WRITE

CONTROLLED READ

SPEECH X

X n

CONTROLLED WRITE 0 CONTROL UNIT SEQUENTIAL READ X y n CONTROL MEMORY

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Time switch operating mode

Output Associated Control

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Sequential written but controlled reading

Input Associated control

Controlled writing sequential reading

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Output Associated Control

Buffer / Speech Memory

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Time switch operation.

01

I/C PCM

02 03 04

O/G PCM
Speech Sample

TS 4
31
Read Address

TS 6

Time slot counter

Control/connection/address
Four

memory

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Output Associated Control

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Sequential written but controlled reading In this mode 32 samples of incoming PCM

are written cyclically in the speech memory locations in the order of time-slots of I/C PCM Each location of control memory is rigidly associated with the corresponding time slot of O/G PCM and contains the address of the time slot of incoming PCM to be connected. Example:- Output TS6 has got control word 4 in its control location, hence TS6 will readout the speech buffer location 4
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Time Switch Characteristics

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There is no blocking in a time switch In a time switch ,there are as many memory

locations as in the control and speech memories Corresponding to free incoming and outgoing time-slots, there is always a free path available to interconnect them

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Space Switching

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Interchange of Highway Time slot remains same, call switched to another

highway or PCM In Space switching TSi of an I/C HWY1 is switched to same time-slot, TSi of an O/G HWY2

TS 10 TS 10

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Time Switch V/s Space Switch

Space Switch

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Advantage: - Instantaneous Disadvantage: - Number of cross points required. Time Switch Advantage: - No cross points Disadvantage: - Processing delay
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Hybrid Switches
TSI Stage
TDM n slots n slots

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Space Stage

TSI Stage
TDM k slots

nxk
1

TDM k slots

kxn
1

nxk
2

N inputs

n slots

nxk
3

N/n x N/n Time-Shared Space Switch

kxn
2

kxn
3

N outputs

n slots

nxk
N/n

kxn
N/n

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TST Switch

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TST Switch

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There are two time stages separated by a

space switch The time switch is a time slot changer Space switches have n x n cross points. It is a highway changer Possible to connect any TS in I/C PCM to any TS in O/G PCM

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Combination Switches

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T switch (gives full availability but large switch

complex) TT, TTT, types are complex and uneconomical ST switch used for low capacity switch TST switch commonly used switch. STS switch used for PBX exchange TSST & TSSST with multiple space switch used for tandem exchange

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Telephone Network

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Circuit switching 64 Kbps circuit

established between the source and destination switch Only delay is the propagation delay No queueing delay

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Statistical Multiplexing
Many Lines

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Many input lines are

multiplexed into a few trunks Exploit the fact that not all users are making calls all the time When a new call arrives and all the trunks are busy, the call is blocked (lost) Key design issue Given a demand, determine the number of trunks that will maintain the blocking probability below a certain value

Fewer Trunks 50

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Blocking Model
N(t)
all trunks busy

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An new arriving call is

assigned a free trunk A call uses the trunk for a call holding time When all the trunks are busy, a new incoming call is blocked (all circuits busy message)

t
1
trunk #

2 3 4 5 6 7

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Blocking Probability
State of the system: number of active

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calls Call arrival rate = l calls/second (Possion Process) Call holding time = 1/m second (negative exponential) Offered load a = l/m Erlangs Blocking probability =

Pb =

a c c!

a k k!
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k= 0

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PSTN Switch (Exchange) Function

PSTN Switch provide a mechanism for

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connecting four types of calls Call to a subscriber - Originating call - Terminating call Call From/to Trunk - Incoming call - Outgoing call
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General Architecture of Exchange

Switching Network C2 Subscriber Access C1

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To another subscriber or Telephone Exchange

Trunks Access

N/W controller Control Unit

(Call Processing and Control Processing Programs)

From another Telephone exchange

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PSTN switch (Exchange)

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Subscriber interfacing equipment provides

access to the customer Trunk interfacing equipment provide access for incoming calls from other exchanges Switching Network provides path for through connection Control unit, does the call processing control and charging function

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PSTN Numbering Scheme

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ITU standard E.164 Numbering format- E.164 uses a

country code, area code and phone number International public telecommunication number for geographic areas (maximum 15 digits) Generally international numbers are limited to 12 digits and National Numbers to 10 digits - Country code - National Destination code (optional) - Subscriber Number In India PSTN follows- SDCA code+Subscriber Number (10 digit)
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Call Dialling

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Call Dialling
break signal depending of dialed digit sent to exchange. two small bursts of signals, called dual tone sent. The frequency of the signals sent depends on the row and column of the pressed pad. Also called Dual Tone Multi frequency dialing (DTMF)

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In pulse dialing, make

Touch-tone dialing here

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Call Processing
When subscriber lifts handset off-hook is

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detected as a call event in the exchange. Path is established from subscriber line unit to signaling/tone unit providing dial tone to the subscriber Exchange receives the dialed digits. For receiving the tone dialing digits there are frequency receivers in the exchanges.

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Call Processing
Subscriber Connection Unit

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Calling Subscriber goes off hook

Subscriber Connection Unit

Called Subscriber

Switching Unit

Out going Trunks

PCMs

Call Processor
Speech path Signaling path

Tone/Generator Frequency Receiver Unit

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Call Processing

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For every call processing event, call treatment

programs become active Dedicated subsystems of a telephone exchange do the call treatment to find out - Type of call - Path to next node - Charging

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Call Processing

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Depending on the dialed digits and the customer

profile the exchange software decides where to route the call. Dilled digits are mapped to exchange equipment No. The control unit of the exchange (distributed/centralized) controls the call establishment and facilitates finding of the switched path via the switching network of the exchange

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Call Processing

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If the call is for a subscriber, path is found

towards the corresponding subscriber line unit If its a call for other exchange the call path is found to a trunk The control unit also records the call events which facilitates call charging and generation of call data records (CDRs)

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Call Processing
call control information needs to be sent to other exchange Signaling mechanism is used to direct and control the setup and disconnection of inter exchange calls. Two types of signaling normally used - Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) - Common Channel Signaling (CCS)

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For Inter exchange calls the dialed digits and

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Signalling

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In Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) also

call in-band signaling, the signaling takes place on the same TS or channel of the speech path In Common Channel Signaling (CCS) also called out- of-band signaling, a separate dedicated channel is used to send and receive signaling information for a group of trunks. Signaling is facilitated by means of labeled messages CCS No-7 Signaling is most commonly used signaling mechanism in PSTN network
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Signalling
Originating Exchange Terminating Exchange

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Originating Subs

Terminating Subs

1 2

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3
JXn Seizure Acknowledgment

Dialed Digits Ring Back Answer Disconnect Ringing Off-hook

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Signalling
Originating Exchange Terminating Exchange

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Originating Subs

Terminating Subs

1 2 4

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3 5
JXn Seizure Rq Acknowledgment

6 6

Dialed Digits Ring Back Answer Disconnect Ringing Off-hook

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Signalling
Originating Exchange Terminating Exchange

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Originating Subs

Terminating Exchange

1 2 4

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3 5
JXn Seizure Rq Acknowledgment

6 6

Ring Back

Dialed Digits Ringing Answer Disconnect Off-hook

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Signalling
Originating Exchange Terminating Subscribert

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Originating Subs

Terminating Subs

1 2 4

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3 5
JXn Seizure Rq Acknowledgment

6 6

8 10

Audible Ring

Dialed Digits Ringing Answer Disconnect Off-hook

8 9 10

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Common Channel Signalling

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CCS Signalling: telephony signaling carried over

separate network from telephone calls (data) - allows for signaling between any switches (not just directly-connected ) - allows for signaling during call (not just before/ after) - security: in-band tone signaling helps phone phreaks; out of band signaling more secure SS7 network: packet-switched but calls circuitswitched Redundancy (for reliability) in signaling network links, elements
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Public Switched Telephone Network Public Switched Network Typical Network ? Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) Local Loop PSTN Switch (Exchanges) Transmission Network Local Network Structure Typical Local Exchange Network Multiple Carrier Network
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International Network Network Evolution Digital Switching Circuit Switch Crossbar Switch Characteristics of Crossbar Switches Multistage Switch

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Switching Path Multiplexing Time-division multiplexing (TDM) E1 (PCM) Frame structure TDM Switching Time Division Switching Time Slot Interchange Time-slot Interchange Technique Digital Time switch Common Channel Signalling
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Time Switch Time switch operating mode Output associated control Output associated control Time switch Characteristics Space switching Time Switch V/s Space Switch Hybrid Switches TST Switch
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Combination switches Telephone Network Statistical Multiplexing Blocking Model Blocking Probability PSTN switch (Exchange) PSTN Numbering Scheme Call Dialling Call Processing Signalling
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THIS SLIDE IS KEPT INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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THIS SLIDE IS KEPT INTENTIONALLY BLANK

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