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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 43974447

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Review

Heat transferA review of 2005 literature


R.J. Goldstein *, W.E. Ibele, S.V. Patankar, T.W. Simon, T.H. Kuehn, P.J. Strykowski, K.K. Tamma, J.V.R. Heberlein, J.H. Davidson, J. Bischof, F.A. Kulacki, U. Kortshagen, S. Garrick, V. Srinivasan, K. Ghosh, R. Mittal
Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
The present review is intended to encompass the heat transfer literature published in 2005. While of a wide-range in scope, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other languages. Papers from conference proceedings generally are not included, though the Proceeding itself may be cited in the introduction. A signicant fraction of the papers reviewed herein relates to the science of heat transfer, including experimental, analytical and numerical studies. Other papers cover applications where heat transfer plays a major role, not only in man-made devices but in natural systems as well. The papers are grouped into major subject areas and then into subelds within these areas. In addition to reviewing the literature, we mention major conferences held in 2005, major awards related to heat transfer presented in 2005, and books on heat transfer published during the year. 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Article history: Received 20 March 2010 Received in revised form 26 March 2010 Accepted 26 March 2010 Available online 7 July 2010 Keywords: Conduction Boundary layers Internal ows Porous media Heat transfer Experimental methods Natural convection Rotating ows Mass transfer Bio-heat transfer Melting Freezing Boiling Condensation Radiative heat transfer Numerical methods Transport properties Heat exchangers Solar energy Thermal plasmas

Contents 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Boundary layers and external flows. C. Channel flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Separated flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DP. Heat transfer in porous media . . . . E. Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . F. Natural convectioninternal flows . FF. Natural convectionexternal flows G. Convection from rotating surfaces. . H. Combined heat and mass transfer . . I. Bioheat transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4398 4399 4399 4400 4401 4401 4402 4402 4403 4403 4403 4404

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: rjg@me.umn.edu (R.J. Goldstein). 0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.05.005

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J. Change of phaseboiling and evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JJ. Change of phasecondensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JM. Change of phasefreezing and melting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. Numerical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q. Heat transfer applicationsheat exchangers and thermosyphons S. Heat transfer applicationsgeneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. Solar energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1. Introduction As in previous years, a considerable effort has been devoted to research in traditional applications such as chemical processing, general manufacturing, and energy conversion devices, including general power systems, heat exchangers, and high performance gas turbines. In addition, a signicant number of papers address topics that are at the frontiers of both fundamental research and important emerging technologies, including nanoscale structures, microchannel ows and bio-heat transfer. The present review considers the heat transfer literature published in 2005. While intending to be exhaustive, some selection is inevitable. We restrict ourselves to papers published in English language through a peer-review process, with selected translations from journals published in other languages also having been included. The papers are grouped into separate subject related sections and then into subelds within these sections. In addition to reviewing the literature, we mention major heat transfer related conferences, major awards and books on heat transfer published during the year. The International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer organized SPRAY05, the International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Spray Systems, in Antalya, Turkey from 5 to 10 June. Sessions addressed turbulence effects on interfacial phenomena, vaporization, combustion, droplet impact on heated surfaces, and spray cooling. The ASME Turbo Expo was organized by the International Gas Turbine Institute from 6 to 9 June in Reno, USA. The Heat Transfer Division conducted numerous sessions with a focus on heat transfer effects related to laminar-turbulent transition, internal air systems and seals, and combustion. At INTERPACK05 held in San Francisco, USA from 17 to 22 July, several sessions were held on thermal management of micro-electronic and photonic systems, microscale heat transfer phenomena in electronics, thermal interface materials, heat pipes, and data center cooling. At a conference on Interdisciplinary Transport Phenomena in Microgravity and Space Sciences held in Tomar, Portugal from 7 to 12 August, papers were presented on topic including but not limited to thermophysical property measurements, diffusion effects in crystal growth, boiling, biotransport phenomena, and interfacial phenomena. The International Solar Energy Conference from 6 to 12 August included sessions on ocean thermal power, solar ponds, and solar thermal power. The Fifth International Conference on Enhanced, Compact, and Ultra-Compact Heat Exchangers held from 11 to 16 September in Whistler, Canada discussed fundamental studies in single- and multi-phase ow, design data and methodology, and micro-heat exchangers. A meeting on Heat Transfer Fluid Flow at the Microscale was organized in Barga, Italy on 2530 September. Topics covered included measurement techniques, two-phase ow in microchannels, microuidic systems and molecular dynamic simulations. At the International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) held on 511 November in Orlando, USA,

sessions on heat transfer discussed various topics including gasliquid and phase-change ows at the microscale, heat pipes and property estimation. The 2004 Max Jakob Memorial award was presented to Dr. V.K. Dhir for his pioneering work in the fundamentals and applications of boiling heat transfer, such as his contributions to the study of boiling in microgravity, and cooling of high heat ux devices. The 2005 Heat Transfer Memorial Awards were conferred on A. HajiSheikh (Science), M. Modest (Art), and Wei Shyy (General). The Donald Q. Kern Award for 2004 was given to Dr. Ramesh K. Shah at the Summer Annual Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, USA on July 19, 2005. Books pertaining to heat transfer which were published in 2005 are the following: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Microchannels S. Kandlikar, D. Li, S. Garimella Elsevier in Minichannels and

The Equations of Radiation Hydrodynamics G.C. Pomraning Dover Publications Finite Element Method: Applications in Solids, Structures, and Heat Transfer M.R. Gosz Marcel Dekker Thermo-uid Dynamics of Two-Phase Flow M. Ishi, T. Hibiki Springer-Verlag, New York Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, Volume III I. Pop, D.B. Ingham Elsevier Thermal Food Processing: New Technologies and Quality Issues D.-W. Sun CRC Press Computational Methods for Heat and Mass Transfer P. Majumdar Taylor & Francis Heat Transfer Calculations M. Kutz McGraw-Hill

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Heat and Mass Transfer Shyam Anshan Publishing Principles of Enhanced Heat Transfer R.L. Webb, N.-H. Kim Taylor & Francis Free-Convective Heat Transfer O.G. Martynenko, P.P. Khramtsov Springer-Verlag, New York Properties of Glass Formation Melts D.L. Pye, J. Innocent, M. Angelo CRC Press Engineering Thermouids M. Massoud Springer-Verlag, New York Handbook of Porous Media K. Vafai (Ed.) CRC Press Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion G. Chen Oxford University Press

6. Thermal stress and thermomechanical problems Thermal and/or thermomechanical studies in metal lms [A84], thick walled spherical vessel [A85], MEMS [A86], falling lm [A87], and functionally graded rectangular plate [A88] appear in this subcategory. 7. Miscellaneous applications Various miscellaneous and specialized applications and studies dealing with a wide variety of issues on heat conduction appear in [A89A97]. B. Boundary layers and external ows Papers on boundary layers and external ows for 2005 have been categorized as follows: ows inuenced externally, ows with special geometric effects, compressible and high-speed ows, analysis and modeling techniques, unsteady ow effects, ows with lm and interfacial effects, ows with special uid types or property effects, and ows with combustion and other reactions. 1. External effects External effects on boundary layers addressed in the 2005 literature include imposed magnetic elds, electrical elds, and reduced gravitational elds and heat transfer with various approach ow directions [B1B8]. 2. Geometric effects As in previous years, many papers deal with variations in geometry. Such geometric features include surface micro-proling; surface-mounted delta-winglets; electronic components or distributed heating elements; solder balls; shallow cavities in the surface; steps in the wall; ns of various shapes, sizes, and orientations to the ow; cylinders of various shapes, including elliptical cylinders; monodispersed droplets; and oblate spheroids. Several papers dealt with turbine blade geometries endwalls, airfoil surfaces, and the junctions between them. Moving surface geometries include stretching sheets. The most popular application area in this category in 2005 was electronics cooling [B9B44]. 3. Compressibility and high-speed ow effects Three papers were presented in 2005 on compressibility effects. These were related to turbine blade tip heat transfer with localized shocks and a compressible atmosphere [B45B47]. 4. Analysis and modeling Numerous papers addressed developments in modeling. These include a homotopy analysis method applied to electrically conducting uids on stretching surfaces; inverse Fourier transform solutions to convection/conduction transient heat transfer problems; new solution techniques for heat transfer problems with distributions of wall temperature; techniques using distributedvortices for heat transfer from horizontal plates of nite length; discriminated dimensional analyses; and differential transformation methods for wedge ows. A generalized methodology was presented for optimum design of thin heated ns; another employed genetic algorithm-based evolutionary computing for n optimization. Optimized ow architectures were presented for maximizing heat transfer density in cylinder arrays. A universal solution was presented for convective heat transfer to moving sheets. Different scaling relationships for transpired boundary layers were proposed. A model was formulated for boundary layer transition on a at plate. A method was offered for nding the multiple solutions of the convective heat transfer equation. The uniqueness of limit solutions for combustion systems was investigated. Turbulence models applied to heat transfer in rod bundles or electronics cooling applications were discussed. An entropy generation analysis for at plate boundary layer heat transfer was con-

A. Conduction Highlights of papers dealing with heat conduction in solids structures, and materials, and the relevant literature appear in this section dealing with a wide variety of subcategories. The various subcategories include (1) contact conduction/contact resistance; (2) microscale/nanoscale heat transport, and wave propagation; (3) heat transfer in ns, composites, and complex geometries; (4) analytical and numerical methods and analysis, (5) experimental and/or comparative studies; (6) thermal stress and thermomechanical problems; and (7) miscellaneous applications. These are briey referenced as follows. 1. Contact conduction/contact resistance Papers in this subcategory deal with droplets and surfaces [A1,A2], sliding surfaces [A3,A4], and other applications [A5] including roughness characteristics [A6]. 2. Microscale/nanoscale heat transport and wave propagation Various papers dealing with brownian motion [A7], hyperbolic heat conduction [A8A14], nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocomposites [A15A17], and phonon transport [A18,A19] appear. 3. Heat transfer in ns, composites, and complex geometries The studies in this subcategory deal with layered materials and slabs and/or composites [A20A25], ns and different geometries [A26A33], and other applications [A34]. 4. Analytical and numerical methods and analysis In this subcategory, papers dealing with various types of solution methods [A35A43], numerical simulations and analysis [A44A56], various specialized applications [A57A75], and inverse problems [A76A81] appear. 5. Experimental and/or comparative studies Experimental and/or comparative studies appear in specialized applications such as two-layer systems [A82] and machined surfaces [A83].

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ducted using several solution techniques. A means of correction for two-dimensional n analysis errors was given. An analysis was presented for laminar ow over a porous plate with injection. A semianalytical-numerical technique was presented for slip ow over a free disk. And, cases with heat transport against the driving gradient were discussed [B48B68]. 5. Unsteady effects Papers on unsteady effects include convection and ow bifurcation with sudden expansion; responses to sudden changes in heat ux or temperature at the surface; two-dimensional wave disturbances; ow oscillations; plate vibration near heated walls; transient heating during grinding; periodic heating for thermal control; unsteady operation of electronics; and transient heating and moisture transfer in insulations. Instabilities in buoyant ow boundary layers on exible surfaces and in side-heated cavities were described [B69B82]. 6. Films and interfacial effects Three papers were found in this category. In one, an electric eld was applied for heat transfer enhancement to a drop; in another, heat transfer in liquid bridges was described; and, in the third, heat transfer in a falling water lm was studied numerically and experimentally [B83B85]. 7. Effects of uid type or uid properties Papers on the effects of uid types discuss liquid helium over chemically oxidized or anodized copper plates; non-Newtonian uids; micropolar uids; perfectly-conducting polar uids; foreign gases injection through permeable surfaces into boundary layers; and diffusion in concrete subjected to heating. Several papers were on variable viscosity or other uid property effects. Finally, viscous dissipation in mixed convection over an exponentially stretching surface was analyzed [B86B96]. 8. Flows with reactions Flows with reactions include combustion of straw on a gratebased boiler and a study of scaling laws for heat release in exothermic reacting mixing layers [B97,B98]. C. Channel ows The review of articles for channel ow heat transfer was subcategorized into the following areas straight-wall channels and ducts; ducts having ns or proling for heat transfer enhancement; ow and heat transfer in channels in complex geometries; unsteady and transient ow and heat transfer in channels; micro-channel heat transfer; and channel ows with multiphase and non-Newtonian ow. 1. Straight-walled ducts Experimental and computational studies were conducted in a variety of ducts having the general characteristic of straight walls. Turbulent ows were modeled in circular, square and concentric annuli; uniform temperature and heat ux boundary conditions were imposed, as well as asymmetric boundary conditions. Mixed convection was studied in annular channels under laminar and turbulent ows and in a horizontal square duct with local inner heating. Maintaining uniform surface temperature was considered for insulated pipes. Duct cross sections shape was considered on Nusselt number; rectangular, semicircular, square duct and planar channel ows were investigated. The accuracy of algebraic models was examined in circular pipes, channels, and concentric annuli [C1C34]. 2. Finned and proled ducts The 2005 literature continued to examine a rich collection of channels dominated by roughness, turbulators, local heat genera-

tion, and general proling for heat transfer augmentationthe majority of studies were computational in nature. Experimental studies included the insertion of twisted tapes, spirals, and wire coils for heat transfer enhancement. Mixed convection was studied as it developed over heated blocks in a channel. Cross-angled ribs were studied using LES in a rectangular channel; tandem cylinder sources were investigated in laminar ow; continuous and truncated ribs were investigated experimentally in a square duct; and a design of simulation method was used to reduce the complexity of multi-variable problems [C35C77]. 3. Irregular geometries Duct geometries that are not generally straight walled nor dominated by ns and/or proling are captured in this category. Flow and heat transfer for fully developed turbulent ow was studied computationally in a corrugated duct with variable width. Spiraled ducts having circular and rectangular cross-sections were investigated; the commercial code FLUENT was used in one study. Bafes were used in inclined channels and near the inlet of a channel to produce unsteadiness. A parallelogrammic partial enclosure of stacked elements was studied numerically; an LES was conducted of turbulent ow and heat transfer in a channel with a single wavy wall; right-angled triangular cavities were investigated where the vertical walls were heated and the hypotenuse was cooled; and heat transfer was calculated in RanqueHilschs vortex tube [C78C110]. 4. Periodic and unsteady channel ows Unsteady or periodically forced channel ows were studied in a variety of congurations, including periodically fully developed ow and heat transfer in corrugated triangular channels in the transitional ow regime; in a pulsatile ow to study local transient entropy generation; under unsteady turbulent conditions in a reciprocating circular ribbed channel; for a pulsative turbulent pipe ow with a liquid of variable properties; unsteady oscillatory ow in a horizontal channel; and for heat transfer enhancement from rectangular blocks in a pulsating channel ow [C111 C134]. 5. Microchannel ow and heat transfer Mini-, micro,- and nano-channel ow and heat transfer studies continued to have a strong showing in the channel ow literature in 2005, continuing a trend from 2004. Microchannels encompass a considerable range of scales and are seeing attention both computationally and experimentally. Gaseous microchannel ow was investigated in the transitional regime; the heat transfer coefcient was determined for a minichannel, which was in good agreement with classical correlations; microchannel heat sinks were examined using constructal design and optimization techniques; viscous heating was considered in a microchannel; and heat transfer augmentation was studied experimentally in a three-dimensional internally nned micronned helical tube [C135C166]. 6. Non-Newtonian and multiphase heat transfer in channels The multiphase literature is seeing an increased attention to nanouids with a focus on those ow conditions most conducive to heat transfer augmentation. Microsize phase-change material particles were evaluated in liquid ow; the conduction properties of sub-100nm particles were studied in terms of heat transfer characteristics as well as migration properties; nanouids were also considered as a replacement for traditional coolants, comparing performance to common metals; nanoparticles were also used to improve heat transfer of nanolubricants; and diffusion effects were investigated for both nanoparticles and exible hairy ns. Other ows considered involved the annular ow of airwater in vertical tubes, the behavior of ice slurries, and Bingham and Robertson-Stiff uids [C167C191].

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D. Separated ows This section deals with papers addressing heat transfer characteristics in ows experiencing separation, either by rapid changes in geometry or strong adverse pressure gradient. This section also includes the thermal behavior of ow past bluff objects, jets, and reattachment. 1. Sudden expansions were studied in a variety of circumstances, including the effect of buoyancy on mixed convection heat and mass transfer; the inuence of bafes on mixed convection downstream of a step; a numerical study of mixed convection over a three-dimensional backward-facing step; and LES was applied to an unsteady turbulent ow for an expansion ratio of 2. Flow past single cylinders and banks of cylinders/tubes were investigated both computationally and experimentally. Fin placement and wake generators placed on a cylinder were used to optimize forced convection heat transfer. Vortex shedding and heat transfer were studied from a heated square cylinder. Various cavity ows were studied, both forced and unforced, as well as under the inuence of control [D1D46].

for future development encompass inverse solutions and transfer function methods [DP1DP24]. 2. Combustion systems Combustion systems employing porous burners and reactors were the subject of several analytical and numerical studies aimed at predicting hot spots, ignition points, velocity proles and temperature proles. Limited experimental work was published on a novel reactor designed to achieve a uniform temperature in the reactions zone [DP25DP29]. 3. Fluidized beds Analytical work on heat transfer to imbedded surfaces and tubes in uidized beds has focused on predictions of non-uniform ow effects, details of the cores regions ow, and description of wall and annular region ow. Generally the goal in this work is to predict heat transfer coefcients under various limiting assumptions. Experiments were reported on the cooling of immersed complex shapes and heat exchangers. Papers addressing particle convection and void fraction near a surface also appeared, and one novel approach treated the uidized medium as an emulsion near a surface. Design methods for heat transfer surface in bubbling and circulating beds were presented in a review paper [DP30DP43]. 4. Foams Foams and foam-like materials continue to be studied to predict their heat transfer capabilities through direct measurement and thermo-structural modeling. In some cases, volumetric heat transfer coefcients are determined for forced convection with pore per inch (PPI), or overall porosity, being the primary structural discriminator. The heat transfer capability of any particular foam was not however conclusively established based on porosity alone. Experimental studies generally report correlations in the Nusseltversus-Reynolds number form. Ad hoc models, such as ordered rectilinear ligaments, meet with some success in predicting the overall heat transfer rates [DP44DP51]. 5. Forced and mixed convection Forced and mixed convection heat transfer in saturated and unsaturated porous media received wide spread attention during the past year. Nearly all of the reported studies were numerical in nature, with few achieving closed form solutions for special cases. Channel ows for randomly packed particles, brous systems and sintered metal particles were analyzed for a wide variety of thermal boundary conditions. Channel ows partially lled with a porous medium were analyzed as well. Conjugate heat transfer problems have reappeared as an area of interest for both Darcian and non-Darcian ows. A few studies considered channel ows of special shape, such as triangular and elliptical. External ow and heat transfer were analyzed for the case of constant wall temperature, as well as linearly varying wall temperature. Several papers focus on effects of heat generation, wall channeling, thermal non-equilibrium, radiation interaction, viscous dissipation, nonuniform uid properties, uid compressibility, impingement ow, and developing ow. One paper has presented a generalized model of single and two-phase forced ow as it occurs in oil and gas recovery. Another analyzes transient ow in a way that suggests how effective permeability can be determined when pulsating ow is present [DP52DP103]. 6. Free convection Steady free convection in saturated porous media was extensively addressed analytically and numerically, but few experiments were reported. Effects on heat transfer of temperaturedependent properties, variable permeability, viscous dissipation, dispersion, anisotropy in the porous matrix, non-Newtonian uids, and thermal non-equilibrium were reported generally for the dif-

DP. Heat transfer in porous media Heat and mass transfer in porous media encompasses a wide range of technologies which continue to motivate numerical and experimental studies. Most of the theoretical papers published in 2005 are based on the DarcyBrinkmanForcheimer formulation of the momentum equation and either a one or two equation description of the thermal problem. A good number of the studies reported have included experiments for either establishing controlling physical quantities for analysis or validating multi-component convective diffusion models. Forced and mixed convection in saturated and unsaturated porous media received wide spread attention during the past year. Nearly all of the reported studies were numerical in nature, with few achieving closed form solutions for special cases. Steady free convection in saturated porous media was extensively addressed analytically and numerically for a wide range of thermophysical and structural properties, but few experiments were reported. Research on packed and uidized beds has focused prediction of particle motion and heat transfer coefcients to immersed objects and surfaces. Review papers were published in design methods for heat transfer surface in bubbling and circulating beds and heat and mass transfer in fabric systems under equilibrium conditions. A growing topic of interest appears to be heat transfer in metal foams. 1. Combined heat and mass transfer A good number of studies of coupled heat and mass transfer have included experiments for either establishing controlling physical quantities for analysis or validating multi-component convective diffusion models. Fibrous materials, such as those that occur in clothing, are generally treated as capillary materials and in several papers, as hygroscopic materials. One study of drying in a capillary porous wick identies a two-phase zone between the vapor-saturated and the liquid-saturated zones in the wick. This leads to the development of a multi-zone model for further analysis and application. The drying of food stuffs, unsaturated soil, and paper was treated as a problem in coupled heat and mass transfer in which the formulation of boundary conditions the applicability of the results. In some cases, experiments are conducted to validate the modeling assumptions. The application of humid porous materials to the cooling of structures was analyzed as a problem to couple heat and mass transfer, and experimental data that validated the analysis were presented. Analytical techniques that either provide promising utility or suggest avenues

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ferentially heated cavity as the standard test geometry. When twoequation models are exercised, it is found that Nusselt numbers tend to differ from those predicted with a homogenous continuum when Darcy number decreases. Free convection driven by heat generation, thermo-diffusion, Marangoni effects, and magnetic effects was of some interest as well. Sudden transitions in the ow eld were also analyzed as a stability problem, and a special case treats the ow resulting from a sudden imposition of gravity. Papers also appeared on heat transfer from imbedded objects, in annular geometries and inclined layers, and from at surfaces with transpiration and void formation due to evaporation. One study addressed the little researched topic of free convection in a vertical microchannel [DP104DP142]. 7. Packed beds Prediction of complex single- and two-phase ows was the focus of the literature during the past year. Numerical analysis often with experimental validation address particle trajectories and circulation, gas liquid ows, gas holdup, and wall heat transfer coefcients. One study has identied two ow regimes for a two-phase bed homogenous and heterogeneous ow [DP143DP147]. 8. Phase change and boiling Phase change processes and boiling in porous media were investigated in connection to a wide range of practical problems nuclear safety, crystal growth, transpiration cooling, alloy solidication, and modeling of moisture evaporation in res. Modeling work dominates the literature and ranges from linear stability analysis of convection in super-posed layers mushy and liquid layers to self similar solutions for boiling with precipitation in rock fractures to lm condensation. For a biporous medium with a regular structure and ice inclusions, one study shows the validity of the Onsager reciprocal relations when phase transformation occurs. Boiling in heat-generating porous layers was modeled via induction heating of the particle matrix. At sufciently high heating rates, vapor channels form, and enhancement of heat transfer occurs due to buoyancy effects [DP148DP158]. 9. Properties Determination of the permeability and effective thermal conductivity of a porous medium were the focus of experimental and numerical research. Experimental dominate the reported efforts at determining effective thermal conductivity. Numerical analysis, chiey using probabilistic methods, was the focus of work on determining permeability of fractal porous media [DP159 DP165]. 10. Conduction in porous media Heat conduction in a uid-lled porous medium has been investigated largely to address non-Fourier behavior, namely the conditions necessary for thermal disequilibrium between the solid and uid phases and the emergence of thermal waves. One theoretical result suggested the existence of thermal oscillations and resonance. Some limited experimental data has appeared that validates a non-Fourier conduction model [DP166DP169]. 11. Radiation in porous media Studies of thermal radiation in a porous medium have sought to predict the solid and uid phase temperatures under the Rosseland approximation. In some cases, the effects of radiative surface properties of the porous structure are examined [DP170,DP171]. E. Experimental methods Although one dream of some engineers and scientists may be that heat transfer results can be obtained for all systems through strictly numerical methods clearly that has not come to pass and probably never will. The need for experiments remains strong.

Even with the success of numerical analysis, in solving conduction and laminar ow problems, calculations for turbulent and some separated ows still require experimental input for empirical constants and verication. Also one still needs thermodynamic and transport properties of materials for real problems and these unfortunately cannot be calculated accurately from rst principles. Thus the need for measurements is clear, and measurements require sensors, data acquisition systems, and readout equipment. The development of better, simpler, and more accurate measurement techniques is the subject of the present section. This relates to experimental methods in heat transfer research and applications. (1) Systems for direct measurement of heat transfer or heat ux; (2) techniques for temperature measurement, local and average, steady and transient; (3) ow measurement and ow visualization systems used in convection heat transfer studies; (4) thermodynamic and thermal transport property measurement; and (5) a number of miscellaneous items. These are the subcategories of the present section. Studies reported in the current year, 2005. 1. Direct measurement of heat transfer has been reported in a variety of conditions from cryogenic to high temperature. These include use of circular heat ow discs, thermistors and quenching systems, as well as comparison and calibration of heat ux sensors. Devices studied include differential scanning calorimeters, improved thin lm heat transfer gages, infrared thermography and liquid crystals and other visualization techniques [E1E21]. 2. Temperature-measuring device studies include new thin lm thermocouples, sputtered micro thermocouples, thermo uorescents, thin-foil thermography and ne wire thermocouples for transient measurement. The effect of incident light on imaging from liquid crystals, and use of absorption spectroscopy have been reported [E22E35]. 3. Velocity and ow measurement developments include thermal gas law sensors, use of magnetic resonance to determine velocity of freezing droplets, ow velocity measurement techniques, and a thermal sensor used in a bubbly ow. Advances in hot wire anemometry, mass ow sensors, novel ow visualization techniques and a Mems designed thermal shear-stress detector are reported [E36E48]. 4. Property measurement developments include pulse-heating systems for thermal properties of high temperature materials, improvements in differential scanning calorimeters, conductance measurements in low Reynolds number channel ows, and measurements of thermal diffusivity of powders and thermal properties of natural gas hydrates [E49E55]. 5. Miscellaneous measurement techniques include a heat transfer measurement determining the gap width of ying heads for optical recording technology, measuring evaporation coefcients, thermographic non-destructive testing, X-ray radiography applied to diffusivity measurements, thermal boundary layer studied with thermo reectants and development of thermal sensors for studying moving surfaces [E20,E56E60].

F. Natural convectioninternal ows 1. The large number of papers report studies of Rayleigh-Benard convection with a variety of uids and thermal boundary conditions [F1F15]. 2. A few papers include particles in the uid that are composed of phase change materials or are some form of nanoparticles. Studies of heat-generating uids include a linear stability analysis that

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has been made to study the effects of critical Rayleigh number and wavenumber when internal heat sources are nonuniform [F16 F20]. 3. Other papers report on studies of ows and heat transfer in square, triangular, rectangular cavities and horizontal annuli. A wide variety of thermocapillary ows were studied including the effects of surfactants at the surface, grooved walls, gas diffusion into the liquid, localized heating and magnetic effects [F21F31]. 4. Bubbles, droplets and half-zone liquid bridges were also investigated. As in previous years, a large number of papers appeared on cavities including square, cubic or rectangular geometries [F31 F64]. 5. Numerous boundary conditions, time varying conditions and internal partitions are considered. Other geometries include inclined rectangular, cylindrical and partially open cavities. Several papers consider ows in vertical channels with various thermal boundary conditions and uid conditions [F65F78]. 6. Channels lled with porous media are also studied as are the channels with unheated chimneys and extensions and ows in vertical cylinders and annuli. Numerical solution methods are the predominant solution method for the study of natural convection within vertical cylinders and cylindrical annuli, elliptic cylinders and annuli and horizontal cylindrical and spherical annuli [F30,F76,F79F95]. 7. A few studies on mixed convection were reported including air ows in spent fuel storage facilities, shallow enclosures with internal heating and cavities with pulsating resistive heating [F96 F101]. 8. Complex geometries include a vertical plate enclosed within a horizontal cylinder, assemblies of blocks and cylinders, and heat exchangers immersed in liquid thermal storage tanks [F102F105]. 9. Ref. [F106]. 10. Papers on double diffusive convection include a study of hydromagnetic convection in a radiatively participating medium and the role of chemical boundary layers in ocean circulation [F107,F108]. 11. Some interesting observations were made on turbulent natural convection research and work was reported on liquid-encapsulated molten semiconductors [F109F112]. FF. Natural convectionexternal ows 1. Vertical, horizontal and inclined plates A signicant number of papers reported studies of natural convection from vertical at plates including methods to model turbulent ow, the effects of micropolar uids, porous media, wavy surfaces and double diffusive ows [FF1FF11]. 2. Channels, n arrays and electronic cooling The driving force behind many of the publications on channel ow is the optimal cooling of electronic equipment [FF12FF24]. Options include channel construction, n design and localized heat sources. 3. Bodies of revolution Single horizontal cylinders, arrays of cylinders, spheres and horizontal disks were studied [FF25FF30]. 4. Buoyant plumes Studies of thermal plumes include experimental investigations using a PIV technique and the effect of a lateral cylinder on the plume rising from a disk [FF31FF34].

5. Mixed convection Most of the studies on mixed convection use the vertical at plate geometry but vary the nature of the heat source and the direction of the forced ow [FF35FF40]. 6. MiscellaneousAdditional investigations include an improved heat transfer correlation for natural convection, heat transfer from horizontal and vertical helical coils, mixed convection from a square cylinder in channel ow, heat and mass uxes across density-stratied interfaces [FF41FF44].

G. Convection from rotating surfaces 1. Rotating disks Heat transfer, convective instabilities from rotating disks were studied [G1G5]. Thermal-uid ow between stationary and rotating parallel disks was also analyzed [G6G8]. 2. Rotating channels Effectiveness of latticework coolant blade passages under rotation was investigated [G9]. Heat transfer in rotating rectangular and square channels/ducts were studied [G10G18]. Convective ow in a rotating uid over a vertical plate was studied [G19]. Impingement cooling in a rotating passage of semi-cylindrical cross-section was studied [G20]. 3. Enclosures Thermal effects in planetary mixer and rotor-stator systems were studied [G21,G22]. Numerical studies of uid and heat ow in rotating annulus were performed [G23G26]. Other studies involved transient heat transfer on a moving surface in a rotating uid [G27], rotating bodies with heat generation [G28,G29] and evaporation of volatile droplets in vacuum of rotating blanks [G30]. 4. Cylinders, spheres and bodies of revolution Thermal transport involving other bodies of revolution includes spherical shells [G31], spinning spheres [G32,G33] and cylinders [G34]. Some general studies involving rotating systems include KuppersLortz instability in rotating RayleighBenard convection [G35], simulation of convection motion in Earths outer core [G36] and the development of nite-element schemes for steady convective heat transfer with system rotation [G37].

H. Combined heat and mass transfer We divide the section into 7 subcategories covering different topics. 1. Ablation This includes mass transfer through aerodynamic heating and mass-transfer in multi-component materials [H1,H2]. 2. Transpiration This includes heat and mass transfer in porous materials, desalination, and the effect of material coatings on both heat and mass transfer [H3H13]. 3. Film cooling This section includes two-phase ow, determination of heat transfer coefcients under a variety of ow conditions, and the effect of surface conditions and geometry/conguration on heat and mass transfer [H14H30]. 4. Jet impingementsubmerged jets This section includes the use of liquid crystal techniques, modeling of jets, and ames, in various congurations, to describe the heat and mass-transfer from at and curved objects [H31H84].

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5. Jet impingementliquid jets This section includes the use of liquid jets, various diameters and congurations, including the modeling of heat transfer in incompressible ows as they impinge on solid surfaces [H85H90]. 6. Sprays This section includes droplet dynamics, the enhancement of heat transfer during droplet impingement and vaporization, and the effects of nozzle conguration during multi-phase transport [H91H104]. 7. Drying This section includes the modeling of heat and mass transfer in porous materials, including biomass and foodstuff, microwaves and radio-frequency assisted drying, and the effects of uid dynamics and turbulence on drying [H56,H105H124]. 8. Modeling and simulation This includes analytical and numerical modeling, direct simulation, and device-level simulation of heat and mass transfer [H125 H171]. I. Bioheat transfer The present review includes only a small portion of the overall literature in this area. This represents work predominantly in engineering journals with the occasional inclusion of basic science and biomedical journals. This is a very dynamic and cross disciplinary area of research, and thus, this review should be taken as more of an overview, particularly from an engineering point of view, rather than an exhaustive list of all work in this area for this year. Subsections include work in (1) biopreservation, (2) thermal therapies, (3) thermoregulation (thermal comfort and physiology), (4) thermal measurement, modeling and properties, (5) food technology and (6) general/miscellaneous areas. 1. Biopreservation This sub-section includes an article addressing cryopreservation of a bioarticial liver device [I1]. 2. Thermal therapies This includes articles related to cryosurgery, laser, high intensity focused ultrasound, radiofrequency and microwave [I2I20]. 3. Thermoregulation Work in this sub-topic comprised of areas including thermal comfort and physiological assessments of thermoregulation [I21 I28]. 4. Thermal measurement, modeling and properties This section lists papers related to heat transfer propagation and enhancement in biological media. A few numerical studies were conducted to study the 3D bioheat transfer problem. Analytical studies of heat transfer in blood vessels were conducted [I29 I38]. 5. Food technology Papers related to food technology include study of various process technologies like drying and thawing analysis, [I39I42]. 6. General studies in the area of bioheat transfer are listed here These include cooling of biocrystals, thermal isolation techniques and heat ow in proteins [I43I45]. J. Change of phaseboiling and evaporation Papers on boiling change of phase for 2005 have been categorized as follows: those that focus on droplet and lm evaporation, boiling incipience and effects of bubble dynamics, pool boiling, lm

and transition boiling, ow or forced convection boiling, and twophase thermohydrodynamic effects. 1. Droplet and lm evaporation These papers focus on evaporation of droplets, lms, and interfaces. Many of them address evaporators for refrigeration or evaporation of falling lms (laminar, turbulent, or transitional; steady or pulsatile) and evaporation of drops, sprays, or mist. Many relate to evaporation in mini- and micro-channels, some for other duct shapes. Fluid types are refrigerants, including hydrocarbon refrigerants, aqueous foam-forming solutions, and moisture in foods. Some discuss surface geometry effects such as micro-porous coatings or micro-ns. Some deal with interface characteristics such as contact angle (including surface tension ow instability) effects. Some look at external inuences such as electric elds. Various measurement and modeling techniques for evaporative processes are presented [J1J30]. 2. Boiling incipience and effects of bubble dynamics In an attempt to characterize boiling better, many of the papers specically address the effects of bubble dynamics, including nucleation (heterogeneous or homogeneous), initial growth, interactions with neighboring bubbles, and subsequent coalescence. Some discuss surface tension-driven motion or bubble sliding motion effects. Many discuss surface geometry effects such as articial cavities or porous coatings one with titanium dioxide displays contact angle sensitivity to UV light. Geometric settings include wires, microchannels, narrow annular ducts, superheated liquid drops, and plates at various orientations. The effects of additives, such as nanoparticles or aqueous polymers and other surfactant solutions, are addressed. Some are with binary mixtures. Many papers specically address surface wetting or contact angle (including dynamic contact angle) effects. Some show surface energy change effects by changing uid types. Some discuss microscopic processes, such as jetting near bubbles, micro-bubble emission, explosive boiling, or bubble lift-off events while some studies track paths of single bubbles after nucleation or present bubble departure diameters and frequencies. Others discuss external inuences such as transient heating or microgravity. Techniques for enhanced nucleation and reduction of nucleation hysteresis are discussed and methods for modeling (like bubble tracking) and experimentation are presented [J31J61]. 3. Pool boiling Nucleate pool boiling and critical heat ux in pool boiling are addressed in this section. Incipience, transition boiling, or lm boiling papers have been put into other sections. Many papers discuss performance with various uids, such as refrigerants, liquid metals, fuels, lubricants, electrolytes, acids, carbon dioxide, or uids with additives like surfactants and nanoparticles. Various macro-scale geometries, such as annuli of various geometries, small-size heaters, downward facing hemispheres, at surfaces at various orientations, cylinders and bundles of cylinders, and microchannels or narrow gaps between plates are discussed. Some discuss smallscale geometric features, such as reentrant cavities or micro-porous coated surfaces, micro-pin-ns, and junctions between ns. Some address boundary condition effects, such as spatial variations in applied heat ux, or external inuences such as magnetic, and low-gravity, or micro-gravity elds. Many of the papers present modeling concepts (such as a neural network modeling) or experimental techniques [J56,J62J96]. 4. Film boiling Film boiling papers in this section address either pool or forced convection boiling. They apply to internal or external lms on smooth or prepared surfaces that are at, downward-facing hemispheres, tubes, or spacers. Some discuss various uid types, such as

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Helium II; surface characteristics, such as various metals or oxide layers; or external inuences, such as radiation induced surface activation. Some focus on transient effects, such as lm growth rate or dry patch dynamics due to instabilities. Several of the lm boiling papers present modeling ideas and some present experimental methods. Several papers in this section discuss transition boiling, the portion of the boiling curve between nucleate boiling and lm boiling [J97J103]. 5. Flow boiling There were numerous papers in the 2005 review on ow boiling. Forced convection was through straight, single and parallel channels (including narrow channels, gaps, mini-tubes, microchannels, tubes with porous material or twisted tapes within), over tubes or tube bundles, or with impinging jets. Micro-channel studies dominated this category. Many papers discussed boiling performance with various uids, such as hydrocarbons, high-viscosity uids, binary mixtures, carbon-dioxide; various refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures; various solutions with surfactants and salts; and uid mixtures. Some discussed surface feature effects such as re-entrant cavities and micro-ns of various designs. Some addressed external inuences such as periodic ow rates, bubble-induced motion, microgravity, orientation with respect to the gravity vector, or magnetic or electric elds. Many discussed modeling (such as the population balance approach or a homogeneous turbulence model) and others discussed experimental techniques (such as liquid crystal thermography) [J104J151]. 6. Two-phase thermohydrodynamic effects Emphasis in this section was on hydrodynamic effects during boiling. Some papers dealt with ow boiling, tying behavior to two-phase ow regimes and others dealt with pool boiling vapor removal patterns. Some addressed ashing ow. Many addressed modeling and tied model formulation to the ow regime. Some of the hydrodynamic effects studied were tied to channel geometry. Papers on boiling in micro-channels and parallel micro-channels were particularly common. Some papers addressed external effects such as reduced gravity or electric elds. Many of the papers addressed unsteady or unstable effects tied to thermohydrodynamics, such as ow through parallel channels which may display periodic wetting and dryout, and explosive boiling. Much of the work in this section was supported with high-speed photographs [J152J168].

2. Global geometry Studies addressed steam and steamair condensation on banks of integral-n tubes [JJ13], R-134a vapor and ethylene glycol condensing on integral-n tubes [JJ14,JJ15], and refrigerants condensing inside micro-n tubes [JJ16JJ20], spiraled micro-n tubes [JJ6], circular, rectangular and multiport minichannels [JJ21JJ23]. Turbulent condensation on an isothermal sphere [JJ24] was analyzed using the Colburn analogy. Condensation in nozzles [JJ25] and transonic ows [JJ26,JJ27] was studied numerically. Steady and transient behavior of in-tube condensation of steamair mixtures was examined in order to understand loss-of-coolant situations in nuclear reactors [JJ28]. Other work examined re-condensation in non-adiabatic capillary tubes [JJ29], direct contact condensation of steam in water [JJ30], reux condensation of steam-air mixtures in a vertical tube [JJ31], and the effects of ooding on the condensation heat transfer performance of tube banks [JJ32,JJ33]. 3. Surface effects Papers in this category documented the heat transfer behavior of steam, R113 and ethylene glycol condensing on a wire-wrapped tube [JJ34], dropwise condensation on surfaces covered with selfassembled organic monolayers [JJ35,JJ36] and the effects of small amounts of additives [JJ36]. 4. Mixtures Papers on condensing mixtures covered work on in-tube and external condensation of zeotropic mixtures [JJ37,JJ38], non-azeotropic hydrouorocarbons condensing on low-n tubes [JJ39] and Marangoni effects in a ternary vapor mixture of water, ethanol and air [JJ40]. Thome [JJ41] presented a unied ow-pattern based model for predicting local heat transfer coefcients for in-tube condensation of pure uids, and zeotropic and azeotropic mixtures. JM. Change of phasefreezing and melting In this section, freezing and melting problems in the literature are reviewed. The problems are broken into various further subdivisions as noted in the subheadings below. 1. Melting and freezing of sphere, cylinders and slabs Topics studied included frost growth on a at plate [JM1]; phase-change interface in the thawing of frozen food [JM2]; freeze drying of cylindrical porous media [JM3] and melting from a vertical plate [JM4]. 2. Stefan problems, analytical solutions/special solutions An article studied freeze drying problems using a xed grid method [JM5]. 3. Ice formation/melting A number of articles were published in this area. They include effect of ice density change on the heat transfer coefcient [JM6]; ventilation in ice rinks [JM7]; heat transfer during ice scraping [JM8]; ice melting in cool-thermal discharge systems [JM9,JM10]; de-icing of wings [JM11]; porous media with ice inclusions [JM12]; frost formation [JM13,JM14]; de-frosting of inclined surface [JM15]; freezing and immersion cooling in food systems [JM16JM18]; ice slurry generation and analysis [JM19,JM20]; ice plate melting [JM21]; freezing in scraped surface eutectic crystallizer [JM22] and ice crystal interactions in thunderstorms [JM23]. Other studies involved MRI investigations of solid fraction during recalescence of freezing drops [JM24] and ice gradients in food dough [JM25]. 4. Melting and melt ows This subsection contains papers related to phase change in moving layer [JM26]; electromagnetic treatment of steel melts

JJ. Change of phasecondensation Papers on condensation are categorized into those dealing with the analysis and modeling of all aspects of condensation heat transfer, surface modications to enhance heat transfer, experimental and analytical papers dealing with global geometrical modications, and the heat transfer behavior of condensing mixtures. 1. Modeling and analysis Analytical work on condensation in 2004 includes research on linear stability of a condensate lm acted on by gravity and vapor shear [JJ1], condensation of refrigerants in micro-n tubes [JJ2], circular and non-circular microchannels [JJ3,JJ4], turbulent condensation on horizontal and inclined elliptical tubes [JJ5,JJ6], tubes with variable wall temperature [JJ7], models for condensation in a vertical tube with non-condensables [JJ8,JJ9], and comparison of the performance of various models in predicting the effects of noncondensables [JJ10]. Interface location in direct contact condensation was predicted numerically [JJ11], while the effects of largescale surges of condensate leaving ow systems and associated system response in heat exchangers were studied using a void fraction model [JJ12].

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[JM27]; oxygen rening in ferromanganese melt [JM28]; ion beam ablation [JM29]; Stokes problem with melting [JM30]; density variation in free surface melt ows [JM31] and nanosize silica melting [JM32]. 5. Powders, lms, emulsions, polymers and particles in a melt Studies include numerical investigation of heat transfer in composite processing [JM33]; melting and solidication in metal powder bed [JM34]; heat transfer in blast furnace [JM35]; and mathematical modeling of a two-layer sintering process [JM36]. 6. Glass technology No articles in this subsection were reported this year. 7. Welding Studies include laser microwelding [JM37]; friction welding [JM38]; and a heat transfer model to obtain a specic weld geometry [JM39]. 8. Energy storagePCM Heat transfer associated with phase change materials formed an active area of research this year. Studies include heat transfer enhancement [JM40,JM41]; thermal insulation and regulation [JM42JM44]; mathematical models [JM45]; PCMs in nned tubes, ducts and heat sinks [JM46JM49]; heat transfer during phase change of wax systems [JM50JM53]; variable wall temperature PCM storage system [JM54]; effect of geometry [JM55]; metal foams [JM56]; solidication in PCM [JM57]; polymer solutions and water as PCM [JM58]; fatty acids in PCM design [JM59]; and thermal conductivity effects on melting in PCM [JM60]. Heat transfer studies in rectangular enclosures [JM61,JM62] and thermocapillary and buoyancy driven ows [JM63] were also studied. 9. Casting, moulding and extrusion Activity in these three areas are broken up below. Casting: Reports in this subsection focused on melt ows [JM64], coupled heat and mass transfer [JM65], temperature control [JM66] and heat transfer improvements [JM67]. Casting effects with aluminum [JM68,JM69] and steel [JM70JM72] were actively studied. Other studies include water cooling in aluminum and steel casting [JM73], direct chill casting in alloy [JM74], ows in microcasting [JM75], lm casting [JM76], hot strip rolling of metals [JM77]; Leidenfrost temperature effects and cooling [JM78], directional solidication in blade like castings [JM79], multi-cavity die casting [JM80], and billet design in continuous casting [JM81]. Moulding: Studies include work on injection moulding tools [JM82], injection moulding [JM83], electromagnetic stirring on mold heat transfer [JM84] and glass bulb mold [JM85]. Extrusion: Heat and mass transfer during a polymer extrusion process was studied [JM86]. 10. Mushy zonedendritic growth and segregation Papers studied columnar growth in the presence of convection [JM87] and dendritic microstructure during directional solidication in microgravity [JM88]. 11. Solidication Work in this area included an ALE-FEM numerical model [JM89]; composite solidication [JM90]; solidication in horizontal ingots [JM91], tubes [JM92], moulds [JM93,JM94]; solidication control using magnetic elds [JM95]; macroscopic modeling [JM96]; vertical gradient freezing [JM97]; polymer solidication [JM98]; alloy solidication [JM99JM102]; casting solidication and grain structure analysis [JM103]; thermal processing [JM104] and heat and mass transfer analysis during solidication of a binary solution [JM105]. 12. Crystal growth This subsection discusses heat transfer associated with crystal growth. Materials studied include polymers [JM106]. Mathemati-

cal models were described [JM107JM109]. Other studies involve eutectic crystallization [JM110]; bafe design for crystal growth [JM111,JM112]; a periodic crystallization model [JM113]; temperature gradient and gravity effects [JM114] and single crystal growth [JM115]. One paper studied the BridgmanStockbarger process coupled with a magnetic eld [JM116]. 13. Droplets, spray and splat cooling Articles in this section studied liquid metal on cooled moving substrate [JM117], impinging droplets [JM118], spray forming [JM119], droplet freezing in hypersonic melting ablation [JM120]. 14. Oceanic, geological, and astronomical phase change The role of chemical boundary layers in regulating oceanic thermal boundary layers was investigated [JM121].

K. Radiation Papers on radiation focus on the radiative heat transfer calculations and the inuence of geometry, the role of radiation in combustion processes, the effect of participating media, radiation combined with other modes of heat transfer, radiative transfer in microscale systems, and experimental methods to assess radiative transfer and materials properties. The papers here are divided into these subcategories that focus on the different impacts of radiation. Most of the papers report the results of modeling studies. Papers describing the developments of new numerical methods themselves are reviewed in the numerical methods section under the subcategory radiation. 1. Radiative transfer calculations and inuence of the geometry Papers in this category focus on view factors [K1,K2], and the modeling of radiative heat transfers in two-dimensional [K3,K4] and three-dimensional systems [K5K7]. Cylindrical geometries are studied in [K8]. Papers [K9K13] focus on improved numerical methods for radiative transfer. 2. Participating media In the category of participating media, studies concentrate on the absorptive, emissive, refractive and scattering properties of media. Absorbing/emitting media are investigated in [K14K23]. Emissivity of real gases is considered [K24]. Spatially non-uniform refraction is considered in [K25K27]. A signicant number of papers concentrate on scattering media [K28K32]. Scattering is important in systems containing droplets and particles [K33 K37]. General methods for participating media are discussed in [K38K47]. 3. Radiation and combustion Radiative heat transfer is an important factor in combustion processes and is studied in several papers [K48K52]. 4. Combined heat transfer Papers in this subcategory consider the combined effect of radiation with conduction and/or convection. A large number of papers consider radiative heat transfer combined with heat conduction [K53K63]. Radiation combined with convection is treated in [K64K75]. The combination of all three modes of heat transfer is studied in [K76K83]. 5. Microscale radiative transfer Studies on microscale radiative heat transfer include radiation in thin lms [K84] and through nanoscale apertures [K85]. 6. Intensely irradiated systems Studies in this section investigate the interaction of systems with intense radiation. Laser irradiation is considered in [K86 K88].

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N. Numerical methods A relatively new capability available to the researchers and practitioners of heat transfer is the ability to simulate physical phenomena on a computer. The simulation of heat transfer, uid ow, and related processes is achieved via numerical solution of the governing equations. Such computational simulation is now widely used in fundamental research and in industrial applications. New and improved numerical methods are being developed to improve their accuracy, efciency, and range of applicability. Contributions in the current year are subdivided here into the following categories: (1) Heat conductionThis includes direct and inverse problems in heat conduction, boundary element methods, as well as nite-difference and nite-element methods; (2) Phase changeheat conduction is sometimes accompanied by solidliquid phase change with the associated complexity; (3) Convection and diffusionan important aspect of calculating scalar variables (such as temperature and velocity components) in the presence of uid ow is the proper treatment of convection and diffusion over the whole range of ow rates; (4) Fluid owa very large number of heat transfer applications involve uid ow. Numerical methods need to address the complex task of calculating uid ow under the conditions of multidimensionality, irregular geometry, compressibility, body forces, and turbulence; (5) Other StudiesThis subcategory includes complex industrial applications, non-standard techniques, simulation of radiation, and other studies. Contributions in the current year 2005 1. Heat conduction Studies cover improved techniques for steady and unsteady heat conduction, boundary element methods and inverse problems, and treatment of special boundary conditions [N1N37]. 2. Phase change Melting/freezing problems in heat conduction are considered [N38N42]. 3. Convection and diffusion The use of streamline upwind techniques is studied in the context of conjugate heat transfer [N43,N44]. 4. Fluid ow The studies in this subcategory include improvements in owcalculation techniques, turbulence models, and multi-phase ows [N45N91]. 5. Other studies These include a variety of applications involving microwave radiation, MEMS structures, pulse-tube refrigerator, meshless methods, furnaces, and res [N92N122].

laser ash [P8], photoacoustics [P9], 1-x, 2-x and 3-x methods [P26] and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations [P10]. New techniques, setups and models were also developed to estimate thermal conductivity and diffusivity or to extend the applicability of already existing techniques [P19P22,P25,P27P30]. In addition, the effects of parameters such as phonon transport and electrical resistivity on thermal conductivity were also studied [P13,P14]. 2. Diffusion Articles under this subsection included an experimental study to determine the diffusion coefcients of frake (wood) under different temperatures [P31] and a discussion on the applicability of the diffusion to model complex and even nondiffusive phenomena [P32]. 3. Heat capacity Studies included determination of heat capacities of various materials [P5,P22,P33,P34] through numerical simulations based on quantum kinetic equation approach [P22] and experimental methods like hot wire parallel technique [P5], temperature modulated calorimetry [P33] and group contribution method [P34]. 1-x, 2-x and 3-x methods for determination of specic heat were also analyzed [P26]. 4. Thermophysical properties Some new techniques and models [P22,P35P41] to calculate thermophysical parameters such as heat transfer coefcients, temperature jump coefcients and vaporliquid equilibrium properties of various materials [P37P39,P42] were developed.

Q. Heat transfer applicationsheat exchangers and thermosyphons The papers in this category relate to heat exchanger theory, operation, fouling, and heat pipes. Like the previous years, a major effort is directed toward the design, modeling, analysis, and correlation of existing data on heat exchangers. 1. Heat exchangers Performance studies were conducted using LMTD and NTU methodologies [Q1Q11]. Several optimization studies were performed [Q12Q22]. Analytical modeling of heat transfer was conducted using various approaches [Q12Q17]. The types of heatexchangers studied include shell-and-tube [Q18Q22], nned-tube [Q23Q32], plate [Q33Q39], plate-n [Q40Q48], regenerative systems [Q49,Q50], multi-tube (concentric) [Q51Q58], polymeric [Q59Q63], spiral coils [Q64Q66], rotating system [Q67], fallingbed [Q68] and uidized heat exchangers [Q69]. Some novel studies include development of fractal exchangers [Q70], brous total exchangers (THXs) [Q71], ceramic exchangers [Q72,Q73], ring channel exchangers [Q74], thermoacoustic systems [Q75Q77] and assessment of condensate damage [Q78]. Other studies involved direct contact exchangers [Q79,Q80], cooling-towers [Q8,Q9,Q15,Q81Q87] and aircraft air-conditioning systems [Q88,Q89]. General heat transfer studies involved coupling of a heat-exchanger with a household furnace [Q90], correlation between ow and temperature heterogeneities in a scaled model of an industrial exchanger [Q91] and modeling of a mantle exchanger [Q92]. 2. Heat transfer enhancement A variety of approaches have been explored to enhance heat transfer. These include vortex generators [Q58,Q93], louvered ns [Q94,Q95], microchannels [Q96,Q97], thermoelectric coolers [Q98,Q99], pin elements [Q100], winglets [Q101], EHD [Q102], surface coatings [Q103] and nanouids [Q104,Q105]. Heat transfer enhancement in a spray evaporator has been discussed [Q106].

P. Properties This section deals with the studies undertaken to investigate the behavior of various thermophysical and thermodynamic properties. The following classications have been made: 1. Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and effusivity Thermal conductivity and diffusivity investigations drew a lot of attention. Some well established experimental and numerical techniques were used to estimate the thermal conductivity and diffusivity for a wide variety of materials [P1P24]. These methods are Transient Plane Source (TPS) [P1], pulsed and thermal quadruples [P2], electrical resistance thermometry [P3], transient and parallel hot wire techniques [P4P6,P25], infrared thermography [P7],

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3. Fouling Fouling of heat exchangers can signicantly hinder the performance of a plant and its elements. Efforts continue to understand, prevent or mitigate the phenomenon. Articles related to fouling involve modeling [Q107Q113], control/mitigation [Q114Q119] and performance studies [Q120]. 4. Thermosyphons (heat pipes) In this sub-section, design, modeling and analysis of a number of heat-pipe applications are included. Thermal performance of various wick materials [Q121,Q122] and working uids [Q123 Q125] have been analyzed. Special types of heat pipes which have been studied include loop heat pipes (LHPs) [Q126Q132], pulsating heat pipes [Q132Q137], sorption heat pipes [Q132,Q138] and annular heat pipes [Q139]. Several design studies for heat pipes have been conducted [Q140Q143]. A few analytical models [Q144Q149] and CFD simulations [Q150,Q151] have been discussed. Performance studies of various thermosyphons have been conducted [Q80,Q152Q160]. S. Heat transfer applicationsgeneral This section includes the articles related to heat transfer studies in general applications, which include nuclear reactors, buildings, thermodynamic cycles, electronics cooling, manufacturing, fuel cells and gas-turbines. This years summary is divided into the following subcategories. 1. Nuclear reactors This topic includes papers related to heat transfer in reactor vessels [S1S3], and fuel rod elements [S4S8]. Thermal-hydraulic characteristics of an encapsulated nuclear heat source were analyzed [S9]. Heat transfer in research and breeder reactors were studied [S7,S10S13]. Heat and ssion product transport in a molten core material pool was studied [S14]. 2. Buildings Determination of wall surface temperatures and heat transfer coefcients in buildings were studied [S15,S16]. Other types of studies include building envelopes [S17S20], moisture control [S21], cooling systems [S22S27], thermal bridges [S28], outdoor environments [S29,S30] and air distribution systems [S31,S32]. 3. Refrigeration This topic includes papers related to thermodynamic refrigeration cycles [S33S38], sorption cooling systems [S39S54], and thermoelectric cooling [S55,S56]. Heat transfer in air-conditioning systems [S57] and distillation systems were studied [S58]. Some general heat transfer concepts in refrigeration were also covered [S59S65]. 4. Heat engines This topic includes articles related to thermodynamic heatengine cycles [S66S77], performance (power/efciency) studies [S78S80], thermoacoustic engines [S81], reciprocating engines [S82], engine combustion [S83,S84] and knock detection [S85]. 5. Heat pumps Articles in this subcategory relate to heat-pumps. Several performance based studies were conducted [S86,S87]. Sorption heatpump cycle models were analyzed [S88,S89]. Thermodynamic characteristics of heat pump cycles were studied [S90S93]. 6. Electronic packaging Articles in this section can be broadly subdivided into air-cooled and liquid-cooled systems. Forced convection air-cooled studies include wavy-plates [S94], heat sinks [S95,S96], and microjets [S97]. Various liquid-cooled systems were studied [S98S103].

Some CFD modeling studies were conducted [S104S107]. Other packaging studies involve heat spreader structures [S108], coldplates [S109], heat pipes [S110S115], ns [S116S118], phasechange materials [S119], 3D packaging [S120], closed-loop refrigeration systems [S121S123] and graphite foams [S124]. Miscellaneous studies in this subcategory include cellular phone thermal management [S125], LEDs [S126], computer chassis [S127] and underground electronics shelters [S128]. Next generation devices for electronics cooling were proposed [S129,S130]. 7. Geophysics This section contains papers related to heat and moisture transport in geophysical entities. These include radiometric and infrared measurements [S131,S132], ground (soil, rock) systems [S133 S142], water surfaces (seas, oceans) [S131,S143], geological storage reservoirs [S144], and snow [S145]. 8. Manufacturing and processing This section contains papers which studied heat transfer in a wide variety of manufacturing processes, which include casting [S146S156], annealing [S157], welding [S158,S159], machining [S160S164]. Some other manufacturing processes which were studied include glass-bending [S165], drawing [S166], hot-rolling [S167,S168], cold-rolling [S169], laser heating [S170S173], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [S174], calendering [S175], creep-feed grinding [S176], hot-metal coiling [S177], lithography [S178,S179] and paper-machines [S180]. Heat transfer in furnaces and catalytic processes was analyzed [S181S188]. Cooling-down processes were studied [S189S194]. Several numerical studies in heat processing were conducted [S195S197]. Thermal behavior of coatings and composites were studied [S198S202]. 9. Food processing Control of process parameters during thermal treatments of food was studied [S203,S204]. Transport phenomena in food engineering was studied [S205S207]. Thermal treatment of various food products was studied [S208S215]. Cooling systems for food cabinets were described [S216]. 10. Fuel cells Heat transfer studies related to fuel cells include polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) [S217S222], solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) [S223,S224], and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) [S225]. Thermal management issues in fuel cells were also addressed [S226]. 11. Nano-systems Nano-scale heat transport in solids was simulated [S227S230]. Thermal management using nanouids was studied [S231,S232]. 12. Gas-turbines Velocity and heat transfer measurements were conducted in transonic cascades [S233,S234]. Various computational simulations were performed [S235S238]. Other studies include fuselage temperature distribution [S239], ow structures [S240], tip leakage [S241], blade cooling [S242S246], design issues (delta-winglets) [S247]. Waste heat recovery in a gas turbine system was studied [S248]. 13. Energy storage Several energy storage units were studied [S22,S249S253]. 14. Miscellaneous This section contains general topics in heat transfer which do not t in any of the above categories. These include supersonic nozzles [S254], regenerative wheels [S255], combustion [S256 S259], cryogenic uids [S260], superuids [S261], space systems [S254,S262], automobile units [S263S266], CO2 heat transfer [S267], reinforced and composite materials [S268S271], ring of

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reactive walls [S272], phase-change materials [S273], ultrasonic waves [S274], corrosion [S275], electric machines [S276], biocrystals [S277] and thermoelectric generators [S278]. T. Solar energy Heat transfer studies in the eld of solar energy address a broad range of topics covering a variety of applications for buildings to power plants. Papers are broadly divided into solar radiation fundamentals and measurement, low-temperature applications, high-temperature applications, building components, and storage technologies. Papers on solar energy that do not focus on heat transfer, for example, papers on photovoltaics (except for those that deal with combined thermal systems), wind energy, architectural aspects of buildings, and control of space heating or cooling systems are not included. Subcategories are summarized below. 1. Measurements and models of solar radiation Most papers in this category present modeling approaches to simulate, evaluate or use measured solar data [T1,T2]. Instrumentation is presented in [T3]. 2. Low temperature applications Low temperature solar applications include solar water and residential space heating [T4T18], space cooling [T19T21], desalination [T22T27], water pumping [T28], cooking [T29], and agricultural (greenhouse) applications [T30T32]. Papers on at plate and low concentration solar collectors include heat transfer modeling and experiments of innovative concepts to improve efciency [T33T49]. 3. High temperature applications The majority of papers this area use concentrated solar thermal energy developed in parabolic trough, parabolic dish and heliostat elds combined with a central receiver to drive endothermic chemical reactions or power systems. Heat transfer investigations in encompass thermal design and analysis of heat transfer and chemical conversion in solar thermo-chemical reactors [T50 T54], electric power systems using volumetric receivers and linear absorbers [T55,T56], and a solar chimney [T57]. Temperature and radiative measurement techniques in concentrating systems are addressed in [T58]. Other papers consider heat sinks for high ux photovoltaic concentrators [T59] and thermal analysis of a co-generation biomass plant [T60]. 4. Building components This section is restricted to modeling and measurement of heat transfer and moisture transport in building components [T61 T66], and building integrated solar thermal and PV collectors [T67,T68] as well building energy use models and data [T69T71]. 5. Storage Papers in this section address both capacity and power of a variety of storage media and storage devices for low and high temperature solar thermal applications. Thermal processes during charging and discharge of phase change materials [T72T74]. Other efforts for low temperature storage consider longer term storage in-ground water storage [T75]. Papers on conventional sensible heat storage in water tanks are included in low temperature applications. Study of high temperature storage considers thermocline ller materials and molten salt [T76]. U. Plasma heat transfer and MHD This chapter includes the characterization of discharge plasmas through modeling and diagnostics of the uid ow and heat transfer in a variety of plasma generating devices. These characteriza-

tions address the fundamental interactions of plasmas with solids (heat and momentum transfer), as well as the description of specic plasma processes. Because of the multitude of physical effects and the strong non-linearity of any such process, a continuous improvement in the descriptions is seen on the removal of simplifying assumptions and by becoming more and more realistic. This holds for the modeling description and for the experimental process characterization. The MHD section is usually devoted to description of different modeling approaches for heat and mass transfer in the presence of electric and magnetic elds with electrically conducting uids. Different geometries, different uid properties and different accelerating forces are considered. This years summary is divided into the following sub-sections. 1. Modeling of plasma properties, plasma generating devices, and specic plasma processes This includes determination of plasma transport properties [U1], simulation of plasma jets in different ow regimes [U2,U3], and plasma generating devices for different applications [U4U7]. 2. Fundamentals of plasmasolid interaction This topic includes electrode effects [U8], surface heating [U9,U10] and plasma particle interaction [U11]. 3. Plasma process characterization This section includes characterization of the plasma spray process including the characterization of the coatings [U12U15], the welding process [U16U19] and of discharges as encountered in electric discharge machining [U20U22]. 4. Magneto hydro dynamics (MHD) This section contains a number of modeling approach descriptions for heat and mass transfer with non-Newtonian uids [U23U27], for different geometries and uid properties [U28 U35], and for different accelerating forces, e.g. ow inside porous media, with free convection or with suction or mass addition through porous boundaries [U36U43]. References
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