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Presentation Topics:
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
How to define a Rehabilitation Objective per ASCE 41. Data Collection and Testing. Analysis Requirements. Modeling. Results Evaluation. Design and Rehabilitation.
It is mainly a combination of two FEMA documents: FEMA 356 Technical Requirements for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings Superseded by ASCE 41. FEMA 274 NEHRP Commentary on the Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings. ASCE 31 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings (supporting document).
To improve the seismic performance of any existing structure: ASCE 41 addresses rehabilitation of Architectural, Mechanical, Electrical and Structural systems. ASCE 41 can be used to rehabilitate historic structures. Where performance based rehabilitations are desired.
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A Seismic Evaluation must be performed to identify deficiencies to be rehabilitated. ASCE 31 (Formerly FEMA 310) can be used for the evaluation. Define the Rehabilitation Objective - a combination of a Target Building Performance Level, an Earthquake Hazard Level, and an Objective Classification.
Structural Performance Level: ASCE 41 1.5.1 and Tables C1-2,3, & 4 define six levels: Immediate Occupancy (S-1) Damage Control Range (S-2) Life Safety (S-3) Limited Safety Range (S-4) Collapse Prevention (S-5) Not Considered (S-6) Tables C1-2 to C1-4 defines typical damage that accompany these levels.
Primary component Any structural element that resists loads and deformations from seismic loads in addition to gravity loads. Secondary component any element that resists deformations + gravity loads.
Nonstructural Performance Level: ASCE 41 1.5.2 and Tables C1-5 & 6 define five levels: Operational (N-A) Immediate Occupancy (N-B) Life Safety (N-C) Hazards Reduced (N-D) Not Considered (N-E) Tables C1-5 & 6 define typical damage that accompany these levels.
QUIZ ???:
What document did ASCE 41 replace?
Rehabilitation Objective:
Now that you have defined you Rehabilitation Objective what is next?:
Data Collection Analysis Requirements Modeling Results Evaluation Design and Rehabilitation
Data Collection:
1. 2.
Requirements depend on your Rehabilitation Objective and the information available to you from existing plans. Testing is needed to obtain enough information to build the linear or nonlinear model. Material testing to support modeling can be very expensive and time consuming.
Data Collection:
Knowledge Factor scale factor to reduce element capacity due to uncertainty in element composition. Comprehensive plan required when exist. dwgs dont have enough information.
Testing:
Testing:
Steel coupons and clay tile wall sample for testing. Use ASCE 41 to determine number of tests and locations.
Testing:
Testing:
Testing:
Testing:
40 x 40
Testing:
Analysis Options:
1.
Linear static - LSP (considered the least accurate) Linear model subject to lateral loading determined by ASCE 41. Similar to IBC / ASCE 7 equivalent lateral force method. Allowed only for structures without irregularities defined in ASCE 41 (basically the same irregularity types defined in ASCE 7). Allowed only for some structures which do not have any irregularities defined for the NSP.
Analysis Options:
2.
Linear dynamic - LDP (considered more accurate than the LSP) Linear model subjected to response spectral or time history loading. Allowed only for some structures which do not have any irregularities defined for the NSP. V = 0.85 VLSP
Analysis Options:
3.
Nonlinear static NSP (considered accurate enough for most structures) Structural model with nonlinear material behavior assigned to structural elements pushed to a static displacement defined by ASCE 41. This is called the Target Displacement. Can be required by your client. V = 0.7 VLSP
Analysis Options:
Buildings with non-orthogonal lateral system. Building with a vertical stiffness irregularity. Building which has a torsional stiffness irregularity in any story. When the first mode period is more than 3.5Ts with Ts = S1 / Ss p. 26. Any structure where the horizontal dimension of any story exceeds that of an adjacent story by 1.4.
Analysis Options:
4.
Nonlinear time history - NDP (considered the most accurate) Structural model with nonlinear material behavior assigned to structural elements subjected to an earthquake time history loading. Required for certain structures including those when R> Rmax. R is a parameter related to the structures capacity / the seismic demand. Permitted for all structures and a third party review may be required for this analysis method.
QUIZ ???:
What should you do if the existing plans do not have information on the existing materials in the building?
A. B. C.
Ask the Architect for more fee? Initiate a comprehensive testing program? Analyze the structure using the Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure?
Likely plastic hinge regions modeled with FEMA 356 nonlinear hinges. Material stress strain relationships assigned to concrete, steel, masonry, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) and clay tile structural elements (etc).
2.
Curve 1 Ductile material with a post yield residual strength (deformation controlled). Curve 2 Ductile material without post yield residual strength (deformation controlled). Curve 3 Brittle material (force controlled).
HCT in shear. Steel HCT in compress.
Q applied load. Qy yield force. a, b, c, and d defined by ASCE 41. The Engineer must use these relationships along with definitions for points a, b, c, and d to define material nonlinearity.
Ductile Range
Brittle
E2 = 0.1 E1
E2 Brittle
E1
Programs:
These programs are expensive per license and require a strong computer to run the models. Example 12 NL load combos takes 20 hours to solve.
QUIZ ???:
The following represents what kind of material behavior?
A. B. C.
For a Nonlinear Static Model you are basically in need of establishing the pushover curve for the structure and verifying that R < Rmax. This is done by:
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Defining the Target Displacement for the structure at the control node:
Co factor to equate a SDOF system to actual bldg. C1 inelastic scale factor. Te effective first mode period. C2 factor for pinched hystersis + cyclic strength degradation.
Push the model, using inertial forces applied to the model in proportion to the first mode shape, to the target displacement and define the Static Pushover Curve for the building. The target displacement will vary for each major direction of the structure. This process is iterative and time consuming.
Define R based on the results of the push over analysis. R is a measure of system stability. Rmax is a measure of system ductility.
Cm mass effective in the first mode and Vy is the structure first yield force. y yield displacement. d target disp. Rmax roughly the same as R from ASCE 7. Vy structure first yield, W str weight, Sa response spectra acceleration at Te.
The target displacement is dependent on the level of seismic activity expected at your site, the soil properties of your site, mass effective in the first mode, and amount of viscous damping capacity of your structure.
Vd maximum capacity
kips
24 x 30 bays with 2 12 tall stories, 18 x 18 columns, and 6 thick diaphragms at the roof and second floor.
R < Rmax Individual component behavior is within the acceptance criteria limitations for that component. This is dependent on the loaddeformation limits prescriptive to the Rehabilitation Objective. (i.e. IO, LS, CP) Individual component behavior is within the limits defined by the governing code using load combinations and factors defined by ASCE 41. (i.e. = 1.0)
3.
Rehabilitation Options:
Addition of new concrete shear walls Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer laminates to strengthen masonry, unreinforced clay tile, or concrete members. Add steel bracing Improve connection capacities Reduce structure mass Global stiffening
of installing FRP belts or strips to the substrate. Strips are fully cured prior to being laminated to the substrate with epoxy.
Wet layup system => Fyfe. Is the process of
installing FRP fabric to the substrate following saturation of the fabric with epoxy. This process is like paper mache.
ASTM D4541
Fiber direction FRP is typically a uniaxial material MBrace system from BASF
FRP pre-cured laminates can give you about 10 klf (5 klf for wet lay ups) per side of additional shear capacity.
ACI 440.7
QUESTIONS???