6.

002

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Capacitors and First-Order Systems

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

Motivation Demo
5V B 5V 0V 5 A 0 5 B 0 5 C 0 Delay!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 12

5V

Expect this, right? But observe this! Expected Observed

Reading: Chapters 9 & 10

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

The Capacitor
D G S drain gate m+ e+ t + a+ l + + o x i d e s i l n-channel p i MOSFET n-channel c o n n D G S n n-channel MOSFET symbol

source

CGS
6.002 Fall 2000

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

Lecture 12

Ideal Linear Capacitor

+ + A ++++ ----d
EA C= d obeys DMD! total charge on capacitor = +q q = 0

i C q + v

q = C v coulombs farads volts

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

Ideal Linear Capacitor

i C q q = C v dq i= dt d (Cv ) = dt dv =C dt
E = 1 Cv 2 2

+ v

A capacitor is an energy storage device memory device history matters!

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

Analyzing an RC circuit
Thvenin Equivalent:

vI (t )

+ vC (t )

Apply node method:

vC vI dvC +C =0 R dt dvC + vC = vI RC dt
units of time
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

t t0

vC (t0 ) given

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

Lets do an example:
+

v I (t )

vC (t )

vI (t ) = VI

vC (0 ) = V0 given

dvC RC + vC = VI dt

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

Example
vI (t ) = VI

vC (0 ) = V0 given dvC RC + vC = VI dt
total homogeneous

vC (t ) = vCH (t ) + vCP (t )
particular

Method of homogeneous and particular solutions: 1 Find the particular solution. 2 Find the homogeneous solution. 3 The total solution is the sum of the particular and homogeneous solutions. Use the initial conditions to solve for the remaining constants.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

1 Particular solution

dvCP RC + vCP = VI dt vCP = VI RC

0 In general, use trial and error. works

dVI + VI = VI dt

vCP : any solution that satisfies the original equation X

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

2 Homogeneous solution

dvCH RC + vCH = 0 dt

vCH : solution to the homogeneous equation Y (set drive to zero) vCH = A e st

assume solution of this form. A,

s?

dA e st + A e st = 0 RC dt
R CA s e st + A e st = 0

Discard trivial A = 0 solution,

R C s +1 = 0
1 s= RC or
vCH = Ae
t RC

Characteristic equation

RC called time constant

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

3 Total solution

vC = vCP + vCH
vC = VI + A e
t RC

Find remaining unknown from initial conditions: Given, so, or thus also

vC = V0

at t = 0

V0 = VI + A A = V0 VI
vC = VI + (V0 VI ) e
t RC

dvC (V0 VI ) RC e iC = C = dt R
t

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

vC = VI + (V0 VI ) e

t RC

vC
VI

V0
0

t
RC

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12

Examples
vC 5V 5V vC

5 + 5e
0V VO = 0V
VI = 5V

t RC

5e

t RC

t 5 0

0V VO = 5V
VI = 0V

t 5 0

= RC

Remember B demo

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture 12