Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Published by: Working Group for Water Supply

and Sanitation Advisor: Director General for Urban and Rural Development, Department of Public Works Board of Trustee: Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia Director of Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Water Supply Development, Department of Public Works Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Department of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Department of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Indar Parawansa, Bambang Purwanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono Design/Illustrator: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Agus Syuhada Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113 http://www.ampl.or.id e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity. This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website at www.apml.or.id

From the Editor Your Voice Main Feature Gender Issue in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision Gender Implementation in WSS Development Projects in Indonesia Interview Deputy of Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of Women Empowerment Regulation Special Fund Allocation for Water Supply and Sanitation System Insight What Makes CLTS Work? Regardless of Funding Source, What Counts is the Plan Waste is a Friend Instead of an Enemy Balanced Scorecard Method Inspiration Tatung-Azizah's Willingness to Manage the Community's Water Supply System Our Guest Ananda: Deeply Concerns with Water Scarcity Innovation Bioporous Infiltration Pit Opinion Post Project Facilitation, Anyone Interested? Around Plan Indonesia Togo-togo Needs New Pioneer Around ISSDP Sanitation Workshop in Blitar Produces a Declaration Around WASPOLA Around WSS Program Water for Environmental Health and Human Being Abstracts IATPI Clinic Book Info Website Info CD Info WSS Bibliography

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Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website: http://www.ampl.or.id

Percik Magazine in April 2007 is published on partnership activity between WSS Working Group and Plan Indonesia

D A R I R E DA K S I
ithout our being aware we are now paving our way in the fifth month of 2007. We haven't seen each since the beginning of the year. Now we are back addressing you, Percik's readers, as always with a spirit of "water and environment care and affection". Many things we have to straighten out. Column adjustment, data collection, up to internal coordination. In this 17th edition, we again convey to you water supply and environmental sanitation related information. Within the last four months, many events and activities have taken place, all related to water supply and sanitation. The events and activities are wrapped up to be presented to you, our dear readers. Last March the 22nd was the commemoration of the World Water Day. It's already 10 years since the UN General Assembly recommended World Water Day commemoration every March the 22nd beginning from 1993. It is not without reason that all nations of the world remember that day. Isn't it that water remains a complicated problem encumbering many nations of the world, especially the poor? And it is undeniable that water is human being's basic need. Therefore, in this edition, we discuss topics related to World Water Day. On the history and several activities undertaken by the Indonesian communities for its commemoration. Including the government, private sector, university students, and the common people. The enthusiasm reflects everyone's wish to be liberated from water scarcity. The theme of this year's World Water Day is "Coping with Water Scarcity". Quite suitable, because from year after year water scarcity is becoming more and more significant. In many areas of Indonesia, in the

SOURCE:KRUHA/DOC

Banner posted by KRUHA (People's Coalitian for Rights to Water) for the World Water Day commemoration (the banner reads: Clean water is still a luxury for 100 million Indonesians)

villages as well in the cities, access to water is still the main issue, especially for the poor. And the ones suffering the most are the women. It is already time for women to take an active role in determining the policy related to water supply and sanitiation provision. Not only that, everyone must realize the importance of women involvement. Speaking of women, just as a reminder, on April the 21st once there was born a woman pioneer and educator, Raden Ajeng Kartini. It seems that in this time, women pioneers and educators are in great demand to salvage the families from water scarcity. Our main feature this time is concentrated on gender. Historial background, definition and gender mainstreaming, will hopefully shed a light to all of us. To place gender issue on the table, we try to unearth how far

the projects such as ProAir, Sanimas, WSLIC-2, and Prokes have proportionately provided the opportunity to women to play a role. To make the picture complete we made an exclusive interview with Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH, Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming, State Ministry for Women Empowerment. One column that is planned be continue is "Our Guest". This will bring forth celebrity or public figure who is well connected and competent in water supply and sanitation. We must learn from his/her experience. There are still many more discussions and information in this WSS-WG published magazine. Yet different from the earlier edition, Percik Junior is now published separately for distribution direcly to schools. Your comments are most welcome. Finally, we wish you enjoy reading.

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April 2007

Y O U R VO I C E
Disaster Emergency Opinion
In considering the disaster that hit Jakarta last February 2007 we wish to propose the following preventive measures: Background a. The expansion of settlement areas is difficult to prevent especially for an attractive city such as Jakarta and its urban/suburban areas like Depok and Bogor. b. Relocation of citizens living on riverbanks is equally difficult for various different reasons and considerations. c. Regulation on infiltration pit has been declared effective, but in reality the citizens do build ones but at an insufficient quality, lack of proper maintainance, and is oriented to conservation of shallow groundwater. Therefore the threat of flooding is continuing because the infiltration pits do not function properly. d. The economic burden of the community, especially of the flood vulnerable depression areas, is too heavy. 2. Proposal a. Considering that the availability of sufficient budget both national and Jakarta provincial region, it should be recommendable that the infiltration pit issue is taken over by the government/regional government. b. The infiltration pits should be built at a community level, at a sufficiently large capacity, maintainable, sustaining, and are oriented to conservation of the lower level of groundwater. c. As a pilot project Jakarta should develop a deep infiltration pit, somewhere around 80-100 m deep
CREATED BY: RUDI KOZ

C A R I C AT U R E

It's NATURE'S fault.

d.

e.

f.

g. h.

just like a deep well for groundwater extraction. Should it become clogged it could be flushed and reactivated. In reference to groundwater extraction for drinkling purpose, of which an extraction deep well can supply 20-40 l/sec of water, the same infiltration pit can absorb an equal amount of water, 20-40 l/sec. To maintain and prevent untimely clogging, the draining water is let to pass a control structure to catch sand and gravel and prevent it from entering the pit. This technology may be tried at big hotels or large commercial buildings. To make more applicative it should be previously academically tested. If the technology is well proven in Jakarta it could be disseminated to other provinces/kabupatens all over the country.

Thank you for your attention.

Bambang Widiyoko Staf Dinas Kimpraswilhub Kabupaten Sleman

Request for Percik

My name is Joko Sutrisno, teacher, SMA 1 of Karangmojo, Yogyakarta 55891. One day I came across a Pecik magazine and I get so interested with the various environmental issues discussed in it. I would be thanful if you could regularly send me one copy of the magazine. First it will open new horizon regarding the environment, secondly and so on to get involved in developing ways and means of environmental protection of my immediate neighbourhood and more extensively with the regional government of Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Thank you in advance.
Joko Sutrisno, S.Pd., M.T. SMA 1 Karangmojo, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55891

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April 2007

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in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision

Gender Issue
What is Gender? If we trace back, the term gender came into use in the academic circle only towards the end of the 20th century. For the first time the word gender was traceable in 1976 in a workshop on Women Subordination at the University

veryone, regardless of sex, everyday needs water for various different activities. To met the demand for domestic water, especially of the villages, women play a dominant role, from taking water, cooking, children cleansing, washing, and watering garden. But men hold the rein in decision making related to water supply and sanitation provision. This condition later created inefficiency and ineffectiveness in water supply and sanitation. Most of the constructed facilities turned out to be unsuitable to the demand especially of women who nota bene are the dominant users, both in terms of number of population and also in the role in water use. In the latest few decades there arised an awareness of the need to consider the women's demand in relation to water supply and sanitation provision. This issue is later known as gender issue. Gender Misunderstood Understanding gender as female sex is quite common around us. It is not too surprising if in a meeting someone would ask: "Why all of them are men. Where is the gender?" It is even infrequent we would find in a gender related study that all the experts are women. The reason is simple: "In order to prevent the study from gender biassed." Thus here gender is understood as simply the female sex.

of Sussex. The experts in the workshop pointed out that women, just like men, are biological difference, while women subordination was created socially and not biologically determined. They further ascertained that for the purpose of conceptual distinction of these facts it is

The Evolution of Gender Issue

equally, many of the activities are not sustained. The main weakness of WID projects is its failures to consider the diversity of women's roles or miscalculation of the elasticity of women's time availability. Since the end of 1980s the Gender and Development (GAD) approach was introduced for the intention of abolishing social, economic disparity and political balance between men and women as requirement for community oriented development. Most of water and sanitation sector development at this time uses this approach. However, there are many ways from which this approach is viewed and there is no single blue print to make equality in water supply provision possible. Both WID and GAD approaches are still being applied presently. During the last few years the gender and empowerment approach is being tried to change the present gender linkage through emphasis on women empowerment.

p to the beginning of 1970s the development policy was focused on the demand of poor women in the context of their role as housewife and mother. Now it is known as welfare approach, the main concern being placed in mother and child welfare and health, and nutrition. It was assumed that the benefit from the macro economic oriented strategy will sprinkle to the poor population and thus the poor women will receive some benefit from their husband's welfare improvement. Women are passive welfare beneficiary. Water supply and sanitation service is defined in the context of health and hygiene, which is viewed as women's responsibility. In the decade of 1970-80 Women in Development (WID) approach was directed to integrate women in development process through placing them in the target position, even in a women specific formatted activity. In this approach women remain the passive beneficiary. Although many WID projects did improve health, short term income and human resources, but women are not treated

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FOTO:DOK/CWSH

other time men's role is the central issue. What is Gender Analysis? Gender analysis refers to the systematic way of looking at the different development impacts between men and women. Gender analysis requires data separation based on sex. Gender analysis must be conducted at every level of development, in order to obtain a picture how certain activity, decision, and plan influences men and women in any different way. Why Gender is Important in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision There are several important facts that may serve as the reasons for the importance of bringing up gender issues, such as (i) women are the main collector, carrier, user and manager of water for domestic need and as promotor in water supply and sanitation related activities, (ii) bigger benefit than just a project capacity for provision of water and improved sanitation through o Economic benefit: better access to water will provide the women with more time to income generating

necessary to identify "sex" as biological difference between men and women, and "gender" is difference between masculinity and femininity which is conceived for the most part through education and socialization. Biological factor is permanent and unchangeable, but social factor is changeable. Thus gender later refers to difference between men's and women's in role, right, and responsibility and the relationship between them. Gender does not only refer to men and women, but also how the quality, habit, and identity are determined through socialization process. Gender is generally linked to inequity of power and access to choices and resources. The difference in the role of women and men is influenced by historical, religious, economic and cultural facts. The totality of the roles and responsibilities may change over time. The most recent use of gender it has been used extensively just like class, ethnic, race to describe analysis of social category in social interfactor relation-

ship. To make it simple, gender should not be about women but it is rather the equity of roles between men and women in all aspects of life. In one opportunity, the main is the role of women but this does not deny the possibility that some

Gender Linkage
Gender and Education --- More gilrs go to school when water supply is increased and when there is a separate toilet facility for boys and girls. Gender dan kesehatan --- health improvement directly in favour of women (including in childbirth), and eventually improves family hygiene condition Gender and household chorus --- increased water supply decreases burdens in household activity and provides women more time for their children and for economic generating activities Gender and income --- increased water supply and less illness will give more time for women to find a job Gender and culture --- increased water supply and sanitation facility improves women's dignity, status and opportunity

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activities, responding to the needs of the members of the family, or to provide welfare and leisure time for their own pleasure. Economy, on the whole will provide several benefits. o Benefit to children: Free from the responsibility to take and manage water which would otherwise provide the children especially the girls to go to school. Therefore, the impact may extend through generations. o Empowerment of womanfolks: Involvement in water and sanitation provision projects will empower women, especially if the said project activities are connected to income generating and productive resources such as credit. One of the empirical evidences about the importance of women participation in water supply provision which is often used as reference is the result of analysis of World Bank sponsored rural water supply projects. Based on the analysis it was revealed that women participation improved project effectiveness in the design, implementation, O&M and efficacy of the system. Gender Track in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision In the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2002 the world leaders agreed to integrate gender approach into the international water management policy and practice. This agreement was translated into Political Declaration (Principle 18) that reads "We hereby agree to assure that women empowerment and emancipation and gender equality shall be integrated into all the activities agreed in Agenda 21, and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)." This agreement is the follow up of

SOURCE:PRO AIR

Do you know?
African and Asian women walk 6 km on average to get water. While on average Indian women spend 2,2 hours every day. When sanitation facility is sufficently acceptable for schoolgirls, their attendance increases. In Pakistan, more than 50 persent of schoolgirls drop out because there is not toilet facility in schools. In Bangladesh, water supply and sanitation increases girls' attendance by 15 percent. In Tajikistan, schoolgirls choose not to go to school during menstruation days, for reason of toilet facility not available.

the statement made at the Ministerial Level Conference 2001 held in Bonn, Germany that "water management should be based on participatory approach. Both men and women are involved and at equal in sustainable water use management and in taking benefit. The role of women shall be improved and participation extended. In the 2nd World Water Forum in The Hague 2000 both efficiency and equity

objectives are promoted through gender approach. Gender Mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is a process of measuring women and men implication in every planned activity including legislation, policy and programming at all levels. This is the strategy to create the same concern between men and women in formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policy and

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program in all aspects. In short, gender mainstreaming is intended as a means to guarantee that equity of men and women is properly manifested in planning, operation and maintenance, in project and program management. In water supply and sanitation provision the community based approach the program frequently fails to achieve efficiency and sustainability because the community is viewed as a group of citizens with the same demand without distinction of women and men. In reality, a community is not only a group of citizens with uniform needs and characteristics. A community consists of various different groups who compete one another. When resources are in limited amount there the competition occurs and as usual the poor will be neglected, especially women. The application of gender analysis will help decision makers allocate resources better without causing any harm to the marginal group. When it is agreed that women involvement is a critical factor in achieving efficiency and sustainability of water supply and sanitation, gender mainstreaming is the way out. Gender mainstreaming in water supply and sanitation does, of course, need strategic steps, among others (i) preparation of data for gender analysis through separation of data between men and women; (ii) promoting the involvement of women in decision making, for instance in program scheduling in order to make women involved; (iii) promoting strategic cooperation between community based organisation and NGO with the community and the regional government in WSS provision and small business

development; (iv) improvement the capacity of professionals in gender mainstreaming; (v) involvement of private sector in WSS provision must consider gender aspect.

ple is in Lesotho and South Africa in which there is a specific mention of women proportion in staffing structure. In Rep. Dominika, the Water Supply Authority requires that at least 40 percent of water supply committee memHow Gender Issue Translated into bers are women. Policy In Indonesia, gender isssue has been In many countries the national poliadopted as one of principles of the cy for water supply and sanitation proviNational Policy for Community Based sion has for the most part made specific Water Supply and Environmental mention about the importance of the Sanitation (CB-WSS) Development. In role of women and more detailed in the terms of language it is called the role of division of responsibilities between men women in decision making. The basic principles are then translated into SOURCE:PRO AIR practical implementation by each of the WSS Developemnt projects in Indonesia (WSLIC-2, CWSH, Sanimas, ProAir and so on). The implementation format of this principle differs from one project to another (see further Gender Implementation in WSS Projects in Indonesia in this issue). Some clearly state the proportion of women involvement in a number of activities, while others make it a requirement the provision of equal opportunity for women. There is yet no clear definition of how gender concept shall be applied in WSS provision in Indonesia. The remaining homework When gender concept is correctly understood and when gender concept has been translated into government policy, when gender concept has been brought to implementation in WSS development activity, and as many other whens, the question that wafts out is whether the gender concept related to WSS development in Indonesia is in the right track? The homework reads: how are we going to measure it? This will be our common task, for men as well as for women. (OM)

and women, inspite of the fact that a complete gender focus is quite rare. In Uganda, Gender Strategy in Water Supply Sector was introduced in 2003 with emphasis on women involvement at all levels of water supply management. A relatively more detailed exam-

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Gender Implementation
in WSS Project in Indonesia
SOURCE:PRO AIR

Speaking of gender is like a road without an end. In one place a progress has been made but on the other there is still limitation of the role of women
asically, implied or in reality, WSS projects in Indonesia have implemented the gender sensitive principle. ProAir, or Water Program, the German grant funded water supply development program strongly emphasizes gender oriented principles for its implementation. ProAir Executive

Secretary, Ir. Deni Mulyana, M. Kes stresses that women play a central role in water provision, management and protection. "Therefore, women must be involved in decision making related to the use of water," he said firmly. ProAir Project refers to the national Policy for CB-WSS Development that women are involved in decision

making. One of WSLIC-2 (Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communities-2) focuses itself in gender and poverty. This project is essentially an effort to awaken and unearth the role of women and poor community of their equal rights and responsibilities in expressing their opinion and in decision making. Similarly with CWSH (Community Water Services and Health Project) this project is characterized by gender development approach. CWSH places women in key position as facilitator that is expected to get involved in each level of the development process. While Sanimas Project does not specifically implement gender sensitivity approach. But in actual implementation women are frequently involved in giving soul to Sanimas through facilitation and decision making. Dra. Pimanih, M.Kes, a Planning and Financial Management officer of CWSH describes the important role of women with the fact that they are always connected with water right from waking up in the morning until night time they prepare everything for the family from cooking, bathing and washing. "In their daily household activity women are never far from water, it is their natural character," she says. While according to CPMU WSLIC-2 project Imam Syahbandi, women play a major role in sustaining the activity that's why they are important in determining the technology choice in order

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to be suitable for both men and women. "Women are also important in determining the rules and sanction related to use, maintenance and the size of contribution to cover O&M costs," he says. Equity of Role In reality, is it fair the division of responsibilities between men and women in water supply and sanitation? It is not only in villages that women are considered lady of the house. Even in the urban the difference in social status is still prevailing. From ProAir study in 2004 on knowledge, attitude and practice in water treatment/use especially for women, it was concluded that women are more involved in taking water particularly from the lower income bracket. As for the women from the higher income level the water taking duty is given to their daughter. Of those who take water 27 percent are girls, 41 percent adult women, the remainder are men. While in terms of status, regardles of rich, medium or low the duty for water taking is with the women. According to Pimanih or more intimately called Upi there is still gender inequity such as in meeting for decision making. It is men who are frequently invited because they are considered more knowlegible and more capable of doing the job. Emah, an employee of Dept Public Works who deals with the day to day activity related to Sanimas considers that it is not necessary to argue whose responsibility it is to get water because water is everyone's basic need. However, according to Deni, the role provided for the women is not fully exploited because some women may hesitate if it might have exceeded women's role or fear that they might make mistake because all this time the role is always played by men. And all quota for women representation in each step and community institution personnel (at least 30 persent are women), staff recruitment, and through conducting special gender training and gender advocacy for the socialization of gender approach implementation. In CWSH women involvement could be seen from their paricipation in meetings, workshops, and group discussions. Women are requested to express their opinion in each step of the process, from planning, implementation, use, and O&M. From the beginning there has been a support and involvement of women in the ProAir project implementation so that it is easier to follow the existing rule in each step of its activity. "It all goes back to the women. Whether they are willing to get involved or not, or capable of taking benefit from this opportunity," says Deni. At present, women empowerment and increasing their role is still limited to the loosely defined involvement or participation in each step. It is still necessary to have a more intensive role. Imam described that the current WSLIC-2 efforts in empowerment of women and improvement of their role are conceived as "participation of women" following the principle of "equity" because there is yet no specific effort directed to empowering women. Still an involvement in each step that is moving towards decision making. "In the future, the design of gender sensitive projects must be based on a policy that definitely mention not only the quota and staffing but also a specific project for women empowerment in development role," he says. Whatever it seems if the community empowerment is to be truly implemented, women will become actively involved and their voice will be heard. All that needs a common awareness and adulthood. Bowo Leksono

In CWSH women involvement could be seen from their paricipation in meetings, workshops, and group discussions. Women are requested to express their opinion in each step of the process, from planning, implementation, use, and O&M
these worries that make inequality prevail. Accoring to Emah, women must actively involve in each stage of the development as far as they are capable and opportunity permits them. "Without choosing the role because in reality women can and capable of conducting and playing the role in any position," says the woman who is an employee of Subdirectorate of Wastewater Directorate of Environmental Sanitation, DG Cipta Karya. For water supply provision, said Emah further, women should be given the first priority in providing their opinion and demand, because women are basically the housewives who are the determinant factor for the future of a family. "If our future generation is to be a generation with quality, the first thing to do is to each of the women to become wise and skillful mother," she said. Women Involvement Effort and Concept The method of women involvement in Sanimas is through involving them in each step of community empowerment. This can be seen from the number of women involved in each Sanimas development. In WSLIC-2 women involvement process is done through determining the

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April 2007

I N T E RV I E W

Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH

(Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of Women Empowerment)

WOMEN CARE THE MOST

Women are frequently considered as the lady of the house destined to take care of the household. While men are free to express themselves and determine their steps. Frequently women's demand which is actually the demand of the family fails to be realized. Such as in the case of water and sanitation. The State Ministry of Women Empowerment attempts to improve women's backwardness in various aspects, such as education, health, economics, politics, and decision making process, including the demand for water and sanitation. What does the steps taken by the Ministry look like? The following is an interview made by Percik with Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming Ministry of Women Empowerment Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH.
SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

one out of five people suffers from lack of access to water. While for sanitation one out of two is experiencing difficulty in access to hygienic sanitation. Water scarcity and poor sanitation is a problem that requires national as well as regional level policies if HDI standard is to be achieved. How significant is the role of women in this case? If we take a look at the role of both men and women in terms of access to water and sanitation women are the ones who care the most. The men would care about the details, they will accept it as ready for use. Water must be ready for any form of use. Drinking water, water for bath, washing and so on. Those who care the most are women because they are aware that is will improve familiy health especially to protect the children and the whole family from contamination. Whereas it is too expensive for the poor families to access water, it takes a lot of time and efforts through climbing up and down hill. And the source is too little. They spend a lot of their energy for water. One could imagine that women lose their productive hours only to get water. The poorer they are the mode difficult it is to get water. Therefore, we have to pay more attention to the demand for water and sanitation as the manifestation of respect to women.

ow do you see water and sanitation development from gender perspective? We see from the viewpouint that water and sanitation influences the internationally accepted human development standard and index, namely Human Development Index (HDI) and if it is further classified it will come to Gender Development Index (GDI) to later into gender development index in various specific aspects such as economic and decision making. Looking at Human Development Index (HDI) of 2006 the main topic is water and sanita-

tion. Water scarcity and sanitation significantly impedes human resources development. Who suffers the most if water demand is not sufficiently met? Of the families or population suffering the most because lack of access water supply and sanitation are the poor ones. Who are actually the poorest among the population? They are the women. Poverty in Indonesia bears the face of a woman. Somewhere around 84 percent of the poor population is woman. In a report it is recorded that

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This is unfair, then Yes, it is. As an example, once I had the opportunity to attend a village level Development Planning Meeting (acronym Musrenbang), the lowest development planning system available. There are the so-called men representatives and women representatives but there were too few females attending the meeting. How could women express their aspiration and expection? At that time the chairman wished to have a decision made. Men opted to have improvement to village road, while the women wanted a water supply near the village in order to cut the time for taking water. As it went, women were outvoted. Finally we considered that if women aspiration, expectation, and demand is to play its role in a development process, there must be an empowerment to make them capable of experessing their views in a forum. Decision makers' care? We have seen decision makers at every level, from local, national and global levels and we can conclude that they don't care enough. Water is still regarded as a commodity without economic value. Whereas water scarcity is a serious threat to human resources that may lead to mortality. We aren't aware that the number of infant mortality is by far exceeds the number of death from war.

How far is the Women Empowerment Ministry play its role? One of our programs is women empowerment in decision making at the grassroot level. Oftentimes women aspiration and expectation is far more oriented to family wellbeing, such as the availability of water supply, latrine and good hygiene system compared to that of men. This is where the impor-

operational level.

What are the influencing factors for the inequality? Gender inequality is influenced, first by socio cultural factor. Up to now women are believed as the lady of the house or the second person who are often marginalized from taking any role. Secondly, education. This is one of the reasons why women are always left SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO behind. The the third factor is poverty that makes women more and more marginalized. In reality, if women were involved in decision making through opportunity to express their opinion and negotiate at the village level meeting, women would be capable of winning an important development project such as water supply and sanitation. Women's opintant women role lie to enable them ion must be heard because they care express their aspiration in village level the most. That's why we have to community meeting. involve women in water supply and sanitation development through a In what way? decision made at the village level Our weakness is that we are not in development planning. the capacity to implement activity down to the grassroot level. Our workWhat then is to be done? ing unit is located at the bureau level at We have to look how far is equality the province and and women empowbetween of men and women in reality. erment section at kabupaten level. The Whether program sensitivity has promethod is through working out coopevided equal access? Has it provided ration with women organization, NGO, equal opportunity for participation? and several donors that have activities Equitable decision making? And equias far down as the grassroot level. table benefit? While at the policy level we are workIf the equality has been there, then we ing in coordination with technical can say that the program and its budget is departments or working units at the gender responsive. Bowo Leksono

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Special Allocation Fund for Water Supply and Sanitation Development Pursuant to Finance Ministerial Regulation No. 128/PMK.07/2006

n line with the implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy, the government sets aside in the national budget an allocation for the regions to finance the needs of the regions, one that is called Balance Fund. This is intended to establish an equitable relationship in terms of financing, public service and benefit from natural and other resources between the central and regional governments and among the regional governments. The balance fund consists of Sharing Fund, General Allocation Fund and Specific Allocation Fund (DAK). In principle the three funds are intended to finance the activities that take place in or in conformance with the regional demands, the difference lies in the scope of activities supported but each of the funds. DAK is fund allocation to specific region to help in the financing of regional development activities which are nationally prioritized. While specific activities include the development and/or procurement and/or rehabilitation of basic facility and community infrastructure with

long lasting economic value, including procurement of support physical facility. The basic services include education, health, infrastructure (road, irrigation, and water supply), marine and fishery, agriculture, regional government infrastructures, and environment.

DAK is fund allocation to specific region to help in the financing of specific regional development activities which are nationally prioritized

DAK Allocation for Water Supply and Sanitation As one of the basic needs the development of water supply and sanitation facility deserves funding subsidy from DAK. This is stipulated in Finace Ministerial Regulation No.

128/PKM.07/2006 on Allocation and General Guidelines for the Management of Spacial Allocation Funds FY 2007. Pursuant to the regulation in FY 2007 water supply and sanitation is alloted Rp 1,206 trillion or 6,21 percent Rp 17,094 trillion being the total of DAK Non RB (Reforestation Budget). Reforestation Buddget is the fund collected from forest concessioners for reforestation and forest rehabilitation. The portion for water and sanitation may look relatively small in comparison to the overall DAK Non RB allotted by the government. This is because water supply and sanitation is not yet considered as specific item in the budgeting system therefore it must share with road and irrigation as part of infrastructure development. However, this proportion has increased compared to it was two years earlier when in 2005 water supply and sanitation portion of the DAK Non RB was 5,07 percent and in 2006 it slightly increased to 5,25 percent. Before 2005 water and sanitation sector did not get anything from DAK. In two years since 2005 one could

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notice the growing tendency of budget increment. FY 2006 the allocation increases by 0,18 percent from the previous year while FY 2007 it increases by 0,96 percent from FY 2006. This hopefully may in part erase the pessimism of government half-heartedness in budget provision for water and sanitation development. DAK allocation for water supply and sanitation is intended to increase service coverage and installation efficacy. In more detail the fund is to be used for repair works, construction of new facility for urban as well as rural communities with scarce water source and dry areas. Beneficiary Region To request for DAK fund allocation the region must meet several criteria. The criteria are classified as general, specific and technical. As for general criteria it is mentioned that DAK fund is alloted to priority regions consisting of ones with low fiscal capacity or below national average. The capacity is based on the balance between regional revenue (regional income, general alocation fund, and sharing fund) with the total expenses for regional civil srvants of Regional Budget 2005. As for the specific criteria, the beneficiary region of the following charactristics (a) Papua province as a Special Autonomy Region; (b) coastal and insular regions, regions located at a border with other countries, remote/secluded areas, and food resilience and tourist destination areas; (c) flood/landslide vulnerable areas, transmigration accomodating areas, areas with small islets

The technical criteria differ from one sector with another. For water supply and sanitation the criteria are determined by the Minister of Public Works

close to the border, areas with a general allocation in 2007 does not increase, food shortage and or drought vulnerable areas, post conflict areas, and refugee accomodating areas. The technical criteria differ from one sector with another. For water supply and sanitation the criteria are determined by the Minister of Public Works. The criteria include consideration of the following aspects (a) number of desa or kelurahan (desa/kelurahan as counting unit); (b) number of desa/kelurahan vulnerable to water shortage (desa/kelurahan); (c) total population; (d) waste water service coverage (percentage of population); (e) solid waste service coverage (percentage of population); (f) total inundation areas in Kabupaten/kota (ha); (g) total slum areas in kabupaten/kota (ha); and (h) construction price index. The Obligation of the Beneficiary Region Once a region is selected as DAK

beneficiary it has to make available a counterpart budget at least 10 percent of the total it is going to receive from the central government and is also set aside for physical construction. Physical construction consist of activities other than project administration, preparatory activities, research, training, travel expenses, and other project related general activities. The obligation to set aside a counterpart budget is intended to measure the region's seriousness about the DAK funded activity. Some region, however, is exempted from the obligation if its revenue equals or less than the total expenses for personnel. In the implementation of the DAK the Ministry of National Planning (Bappenas) and the involved Technical Ministry, in the name of central government reserve the right to monitor and conduct evaluation of the DAK funded activity implementation and operational procedures. As for the DAK fund management the government assigns the Ministry of Finance to undertake the necessary monitoring and evaluation. In addition to the said assignments the region is also obliged to submit quarterly report containing the detail implementation and DAK fund disbursement to Ministries of Finance, Technical and Home Affairs. Any delay of failure to submit report by a region may adversely affect the said region and may cause delayed DAK fund appropriation schedule. Through the said regulations it is hoped that DAK allocation may provide an optimum support to the nationally priorized regional development. Afif Nu'man

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WHAT MAKES CLTS WORK?

(A Review from the Social Science Perspectives)

am of the conviction that Kamal Karr, a Bangladeshi, is the creator of latrine development model that is fully implemented by the community (Community Total Led Sanitation). He is a pragmatist. He does not like to be tied in any one pole of social science paradigm but he prefers mixing them into a tool for social engineering to the utmost possibility for improvement the community wellbeing. He pays no heed that among the scientists there are sharp differences, each pole waving its own banner and exclusively group themselves and seldom exchange ideas in a single forum. Whether one admits it or not the effort to manipulate the principles of social science to engineer an influence and ways of changing habit, has been quite successful. Its applicability in some areas in Indonesia has indicated an excellent performance. How not? In a relatively short time the habit of the community who used to defecate in the open has completely changed. Household latrine with a model developed by the community itself is developed within a few months, and coverage of users grows very fast up to 100 percent. Something that never happened before. Something phenomenal is quite interesting, of course. How are we going to explain it? Performance in several areas In Indonesia CLTS has been applied in many areas, such as several villages of Kabupaten Sambas (W. Kalimantan),

By: Alma Arief

*)

Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Bogor, W. Lombok, and so on. Almost all the regions applied the principles at an outstanding result, not only in terms of immediate absortion and growth in coverage area but also the community self reliance and willingness to together change their habit and upholding social control in various different ways. The application of CLTS principles is quite consistent. Several of the main principles are summarized as the following: 1. Without any form of subsidy and external inputs, such as stimulant fund, material or toilet model. 2. The application of triggering and shocking the awareness level and

feeling of the target community that they have been doing is a wrong practice and faulty notion. 3. Growth of individual commitment to immediately change the habit. 4. Facilitation is conducted in direct language, tends to be harsh, without pity. 5. The basic assumption is that the community is willing and capable of liberating themselves from the problem of defecation in the open. In consistence to the above principles it seems that the mainstay of basic sanitation development is the CLTS. Several selected villages in Indonesia are disqualified from the trial because of the pity from the village administration that tried to provide cash inputs to the community out of a pure intention to
SOURCE: DOK/POKJA AMPL

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make the objective be achieved faster i.e the community build toilet at 100 percent coverage. Such an external input is something to be avoided because it does not comply with self reliant CLTS model community and conversely it will create dependency. Pioneer in Indonesia Immediately, after the trial has indicated its success, various communities who have been concerned about improvement of the habit of defecation in the open and improvement of health and environment, were shocked and astonished, just like seeing an achievement that have never been achieved before. Is that really so? When speaking in statistical numbers, sanitation development achievement in Indonesia up to this time is more of a sad story. The percentage of the population without latrine is high and in other words the percentage of those defecating in the open is high. Where do they defecate all this time? In rivers, gardens, backyard, bushes, etc. In short, anywhere in the open. Because of this sad condition, the term water closet (WC) for them turns into sad satire. Some name it with "flying WC" to mention a habit of defecating in a sack and hurl it to a garbage heap, some call "rotating WC" refering to defecating behind a thicket or a tree, and will move around to avoid the sight of passerby, other term is "moving WC" said to defecating while carrying a stick to drive away dogs or pigs that come nearby to grab the faeces, again there is the "plung lap WC" refers to defecating in the river, said of the fact the faeces dissapear into the mouths of

fish as it drops into water, and so on. Some name pig or dog neck toilet instead of goose neck because it is pig or dog that takes the role of a latrine. There is also "helicopter or hanging toilet" for a wooden box for latrine hanging above the river water. There are millions who behave thay way. Sanitation development through stimulant promoted by the government is growing too slowly if not stationary. This is because low community willingnes to adapt, to change the age long habit. Research data indicate that the time lapse between one knowing about latrine until he really builds one in his home varies between 5 - 33 years, a very long time span. From numerical aspect that is a distressing development performance. Unfortunately, the development implementors seem reluctant to learn from experience, and always insist on the model they design. Whereas in fact, there are sanitation development with spectacular results, that should inspire for repetition in other places. Who knows, that kamal Kharr was also inspired from Indonesian cases, took its substance, and synthesized it into CLTS model. Is that true that in Indonesia there has never been a model capable of making such an achievement, and is it true that beneficiary community is slow in responding the idea for improvement of their own wellbeing? In the village of Piyangang, Village of Syawal (C.Java), village of Neglasari, Gunung Sari, Sumur Gintung, Kabupaten Subang (W.Java) and Kab. E. Flores the basic sanitation development has even made a marvellous result. In the village of Piyangang, Kabu-

paten Semarang, the achievement of toilet construction was 100 percent within only several years. There are several methods developed by the Puskesmas facilitator, among others: Manipulating the parents' love to children, distributing simulant assistance through schoolchildren. Inserted here the hygiene behaviour message and the distribution of the stimulant is effected through the kindness of schoolteacher who knows exactly who among the children have not household toilet. At school each class has its own toilet, a wash basin in every classroom, and a small garden in the school yard. Every year there is a clean and beauty competition of the hygiene facilities. In this Piyangang village the hygiene behariour message is also disseminated through religious teacher who then explains it to the jema'ah, and through the PKK gatherings among women of the village. In the village of Syawal, Banjarnegara, C. Java the method is much simpler. In a village whose community used to defecate in a drainage canal, in the dry season when the water is low the stench is spreading all over the place, but within a few years the village is free from defecating in the open. Here the method is placed more on the role of religious teacher, school teacher (organized by Muhammadiyah) and community facilitator. The embarassing village indentity due to the enormous stench was used as the identity to be eliminated through religious gathering, classroom teaching, and explanation by community facilitator. Because of

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his achievement, the community facilitator was frequently asked to join a parade in a national event and to explain his successes so that others could take lesson from him. In the village of Lewoloba, E. Flores the spectacular toilet development achievement was made through compulsion method and imposing of economically heavy sanction, and social embarrassment. When this village was led by a retired army serviceman, one of the priority is toilet construction. During his office the community was compelled to build toilet so that within a short time all the households built a toilet. The compulsion was followed by imposing of economic and social santion for those who failed to obey. In the 17th of August commemoration the families who had no toilet were announced to the public, and were fined with one hen or dog. There was no community facilitator involved, what was there was a firm upholding of rule with sanction behind it. In the village of Neglasari, Gunung Sari, Margahayu, Sumur Gintung, Subang the the method is highly normative following the intensive participatory faciliattion model. Several facilitators from Yayasan Pradipta Paramitha they invited the community to a FGD near a toilet. The facilitation was conducted intensively so that the community really understand the disadvantages/risks of defecating in the open, and what benefit they will gain by building and using toilet. In relatively short time, due to the intensive facilitation, all families in the community built a toilet.

The lessons learned from the cases are: It is necessary to generate awareness through formal as well as non-formal education. Transformation of knowledge through religious teacher, community facilitator, Puskesmas facilitator, school teacher, etc. Imposing extrinsic sanction in cash and in kind. Imposing inrinsic sanction through embarrassment, backwardness, etc. Provision of reward (extrinsic) for prestigious individual/group (group or class competition). Internal reward through social acceptance, self respect, etc. Provision of pressure through influential group power (their own children who are primary school pupils). Provision of pressure through powerful institution (village headman, retired member of armed forces). Triggering Factor One thing peculiar in CLTS model is the dramatising of the community awareness development process, that in a short time capable of making the community understand the disadvantage of the habit of defecating in the open and the advantage of doing it in a hygienic toilet. In organization development theory in the section discussing planned change, the term triggering is more closely comparable with the term unfreezing from Lewin's planned change model than the two other models, i.e action research and

contemporary action research models that are widely known in organization development theory. In the unfreezing phase, a pshychological transformation process is taking place, in which a dismantling of wanted and unwanted behaviours occurs. In terms of time, this process may sometimes produce tension between the group who wishes a change with one who doesn't. In CLTS model the awareness development process is dramatised in such a way that shocks the community and opens their vision. Through role playing on social mapping for identification of the distribution of settlement and who is defecating in the open, role playing for offering who is willing to drink faecal contaminated water through offering a glass of water mixed with a drop of human faeces, and by calculating the quantity of excrement contaminating the environment every day, and taking a transect walk to places where they usually do their defecation, have been able to really shock the community's awareness and feeling (affective as well as cognitive aspects). This is where the awareness process that is called the triggering. The community becomes aware that all this time they have lived a non hygienic life, after they are given explanation how pollutant that quantitavely is enormous is scattered around and through various processes the pollutant contaminates food and drink and finally finds it way into the stomach. At the time when the community is in great shock from the short awareness development process and is in a highly guilty feeling, together

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they are asked to give their commitment to change behaviour through building a toilet. The participants of the discussion are asked to clap their hands each time an individual mention his name and give his commitment, and they are named the pioneer hero of behavioural change. At the final session of the triggering the community has had a plan to build a toilet. Guided by the facilitator, each of the paricipants will inform the name and when he will finish the toilet construction. The group of community members who has given its commitment will serve as pioneer in behavioural change, and will continuously become the change control group, just like a snowball that is growing larger and larger, finally the participants will reach 100 percent of the community. One of the determining phases of CLTS model is the upholding of social control. This varies widely. Some activate children as spy force who would directly inform other members of the community of someone defecating in the open. Some compose songs to embarrass those who defecate in the open, and so on. This is the most effective form of punishment and will make the violator wary, more effective than imposing a fine. Social Science Perspective As mentioned above, Kamal Karr does not care about the polarization of social science paradigms, he tends to dissolve them into social engineering for the good of the community. As a matter fact there is in social science a polarization wherein each school carries its own banner. On one side standing firmly scientists conceived as

naturalist school who analyse social phenomenon scientifically assuming that the community is similar with nature or other object of science whose behavioural order and principles can be determined, and therefore can be measured by way of statistical method. To this school of thought belong several sub-groups such as functional structure, conflict structuralist that is further divided into Marxist and Non-Marxist structuralist, and behaviorist sub-groups. While on the other side standing equally firmly the humanist group, who sees man as a unique phenomenon that cannot be generalised or be deduced its rules. The humanist group strongly denies the naturalists' views who reduce human values into identical with natural objects, including animal. CLTS model uses various principles in each social science paradigm to create behavioural change (manipulate social science principles) regardless to polarization of school of thoughts, which, in realty is quite intense. Several of the principles that are manipulated to engineer CLTS: Where are the theoretical components of each of the school of thoughts being manipulated for the engineering? Here is the explanation: 1. Social control: It comes in various different models, some uses children to spy on who is defecating in the open, some use songs to generate embarrassment for the unwanted practice, etc. 2. Socialization: intensive discussion, dramatizing and role playing to transfer experience and knowledge on hygienic life. If successful this process will give birth to a new norm and

value that serve as glue and collective agreement. 3. Upholding of rules through a strong/firm sanction. This process is the continuation of social control with a more concrete and mutually agreed sanction. 4. Basically the inroduction of hygiene behaviour inherently contains conflicting aspect, i.e fighting for hygienic space to live in. On one hand stand a group who use to defecate in the open, while on the other a renovation group who wish to live hygienically, create a clean and healthy environment. 5. Social integrity is established by coercive power: Upholding of the established and agreed norms and values is guarded together through imposing a sanction which is essentially a compulsion. Everyone must obey, or suffer a consequence for being considered uncivilized, being ostracized, alluded to in any meeting, announced during 17th of August commemoration, and so on. Essentially this is violence, insistence, though not in terms of physical encounter. 6. If there is benefit (reward) for a certain activity, then the activity will be sustained. The triggering participants will give their commitment to change behaviour, because the facilitator is capable of explaining in every way that they will be benefited if they live hygienically. On the other hand, if he fails, the community will never obey him. 7. Man tends to avoid a behaviour that does not give him any benefit or reward, in other word man tends to avoid punishment. In management the principles as mentioned in 6. and

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7. are called the carrot and stick principles. Here man is assumed as an animal looking for reward (carrot) and avoiding punishment (stick). As with CLTS the community will obey a common agreement governed under new norms and values, otherwise he will undergo a punishment, becomes a laughingstock, object of public taunt, public announcement, etc. Although the punishment is never corporal such as lashing. While if one is obedient the reward is social acceptance, improvement in health, etc. 8. The value of one thing or symptom is obtained from social interaction process. Up to now the community defecates in the open because up to now (since childhood) the knowledge taught by the elders and other people around them that river, garden, bushes, etc. means a place for defecation, garbage disposal, etc. 9. The value of one thing or symptom will change through interaction

with other things or symptoms. In CLTS it is obvious that the triggering participants learn a new knowledge about the meaning or river, garden, bushes, etc. That those places are no place for defecation. That defecation must be properly managed so that the environment becomes clean and healthy. That defecation must be done in a toilet, et cetera. The success in introducing new meaning to a thing or sysmptom highly depends on the skill of the triggering facilitator. 10. The reaction to a certain symptom or thing depends on the mind set how the meaning of symptom or thing is defined. If someone defines that river is place for disposing of any waste including for defecation then he won't feel guilty using river as place for defecation. But if the definition has changed as mentioned in 9. he will certainly feel guilty and will no longer use it as place for defecation. This change is strength-

ened if it is followed by common agreement and application of santion (point 4). Those are several principles in social science that are manipulated in developing CLTS engineering. If it is so, then the CLTS principles have since a long time before been in application in Indonesia, as discussed above. Then what makes it different that CLTS performance has been so marvellous, producing sky rocketing result at 100 percent coverage within less than one year? The answer is the triggering that therein contains dramatization of community awareness through implanting of new knowledge, and visual demonstration, and directly asking for commitment for behavioural change and an agenda when it will be put into action. No less important is social control which may come in various different forms.
*) WASPOLA Consultant

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONALIST SCHOOL

Social control as a mechanism to control behavioural deviation Socialization of values and norms to stabilize social system -

STRUCTURALIST (MARXIST AND NONMARXIST) SCHOOL

Establishment of social order by force/ compulsion Harsh sanction for violator Conflict for control of scarce resources as social reality Social integrity is established through coercive power

BEHAVIORIST SCHOOL
Through experiment with certain animal it is concluded that: 1. If beneficial (rewarding) in doing a certain activity, the activity will be maintained 2. Will avoid any unbeneficial/ rewardless activity or in other words avoid punitive activity. In management this is called carrot and stick principle

HUMANIST/INTERACTIONIST SCHOOL
Each thing or symptom has a specific meaning: The meaning of a thing or symptom is obtained through social interaction (the knwledge about name of a thing or symptom is obtained from intraction with others) The meaning of a thing or symptom changes through interaction with others Response to a certain symptom or thing depends on the definition of the meaning of the thing

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Lesson from Pekalongan in Optimizing DAK for Water Supply

Regardless of the Funding Source, What Counts Most is the Planning

n the National WSS Development Policy Implementation at Semarang last February Kabupaten Pekalongan made a quite interesting presentation. In front of 70 participants representing 50 kabupatens from 9 provinces the Kabupaten Pekalongan WSS-WG told the audience how they made a coordination approach with the DAK (Special Allocation Fund) 2006 funded water supply project management. The Pekalongan WSS-WG does really care with the development and this is translated into the best effort they can take. Through preparation of the beneficiary community, it is hoped that the water supply facility could be managed properly by the community. Through this effort community management team was established in 11 villages to manage a facility called "Village Water Utility" or Village PDAM. When it was time for workshop participants to leave for DAK beneficiary villages several questions were raised to the management and the community. In essence the participants wished to know how far the community is involved in the overall stages of development from planning, implementation, and management. There is an impression that the community participation does exist except in quite limited amount, at the time when the project was about to be implemented. The community was asked to determine the site for deep well, but the reason for deep well was selected none of community knows anything about. During

By: Sofyan Iskandar

implementation it turned out that there was a need for additional distribution pipes, the community held a meeting and agreed to contribute. Although it is still far from community based management principles -in which the decision lies with the community- but still the effort of the Pekalongan WSS-WG in inviting community involvement should be commended. It seems that effort bears some hope as evidenced from the effectively functioning facility. However, facilitation must be given from time to time because the facility employs a relatively advanced technology for which the required technical skill is not always available in villages. What is interesting from the Pekalongan experience is the revelation of a wrong perception regarding the management of DAK. It seems there is a belief that DAK funded activity falls right away from the central to the region, and with such rigid regulations it seems impossible for the region to undertake any non physical preparation. If only the DAK mechanism and regulations were well understood by all of the development implementers, the regions could have taken the best benefit out of it. The DAK allocation process is in essence designed as bottom up mechanism. The first stage is the regional government prepare a proposal submitted to technical department, in case of water supply it is to Dept of Public Works. Then the techni-

cal minister submits the proposal to Dept of Finance. The minister of Finance accompanied by Minister of Public Works and Home Affairs, and Bappenas discuss the proposal to Budget Committee of DPR (Parliament). Finally Minister of Finance decides DAK allocation for each of the regions. It is clearly seen that the role of regional government is prerequisite, the initiative must come from the regions. It should be recommended that the region proposes activities that it is capable of doing by itself, taking into consideration the community preparedness, and the capacity of the government itself. In PP (Government Regulation) No. 25 of 2005 on Balanced Budget there is a mention that a Special Allocation Fund (DAK) is fund originating from national revenue is allocated to specific regions for specific regional activity in accordance with national priority. The said specific activity is development and/or procurement and/or rehabilitation of basic facility and infrastructure of the community and long lasting economic value, including procurement of support physical facility. Specifically with water supply, DAK is intended for rehabilitation works, improvement of level of service for optimum use, and construction of new facility for areas/villages vulnerable to water scarcity during dry season, using appropriate technology and is located beyond the existing PDAM/PAM distribution network, at village scale coverage and is managed by the local community.

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SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

There are certain rules that must be observed in relations to DAK, such as: The beneficiary region must specifically mention the DAK allocation and what is paid for. DAK is used in accordance with the Technical Guidelines on Use of DAK fund. DAK is not to be used for administration purposes, preparation of physical construction, research, training and travel expenses. The beneficiary region is obliged to provide counterpart budget for a particular DAK at least 10% of the DAK amount. Counterpart budget is used to pay for technical construction costs. From the rules it is obvious that DAK provides only room for physical construction, not for preliminary activities, training, and so on. Even the counterpart budget provided by the region is also for physical construction. The question now is, whether the preliminary activities are not needed or they are necessary but they may not use DAK fund. Whereas in fact the real intention is the development of a facility that is effectively used and sustain-

ably managed by the user community. This can be seen from the technical guidelines issued by the Minister of Public Works. For DAK 2006 implementation, it is clearly seen that the definite plan must be prepared in consideration of the program formulation phases, screening and site selection, budget calculation, and method of implementation. Pursuant to the abovementioned rules, the preparatory activities including community preparation is an inherent part of the regional government responsibility. This is made clear in the attachment of the regulation in which the evaluation of the implementation progress includes three categories, namely i) preparation, consisting of availability of counterpart budget, fixed plan, letter of appointment, socialization of the activities within the community, ii) implementation, consisting of tender process, contracting, actual activity, tranfer of project, and post project activity consisting of community management team, effective use by the community. It is obvious that DAK funded water supply program is an activity that needs specific attention from the very

beginning, during implementation and post implementation. It is still a question how far the regional government could classify which of the activities are directly paid by DAK and which ones by the internal budget as part of regional responsibility in WSS development. Imagine a kabupaten that has its water supply development plan. It has divided the region into zones and priority for development. Some areas are assigned for PDAM service expansion, some are intended for community based facility. Based on the priorities, inter-agency working group begins facilitation for demand evaluation to determine the priority area/village. Through a guidance provided, the village is motivated to develop its water supply development plan, consisting of: selection of water source, distribution system, im-plementation mechanism, contribution, and O&M plan. All these activities will, of course, need financing, of which the regional budget would provide. The question is now which of the acivities is to be funded by DAK and which one is fully paid from the regional budget as part of regional responsibilty in water supply sector development. From the village proposals then the regional government proposes the funding to various different sources including the DAK. As the fund is available the physical construction can immediately start without any meaningful preparation. The limitation of DAK fund for physical construction does not mean that the activity can be implemented without community preparation. Rather, it is implied therein that the regional government assumes the responsibility for comprehensive and pragmatic planning. In this respect the regional government of Kabupaten Pekalongan deserves a high commend for all its efforts in preparing her community to support the DAK funded water supply in the area.

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Waste is a Friend Instead of an Enemy

A Community Based Biogas Plant at Batu, East Java
By: Muji Dwi Leksono, S.H., M.M.

ince the beginning of regional autonomy in 2001, the city of Batu has officially been an autonomous region separated from Kabupaten Malang. This mountaineous city is famous for its fertile soil, cool and beautiful scenery quite suitable for tourism and recreation area. Further, Batu is welknown for dairy farms and home industries such as tempe and tofu and broiler chicken raising. Consequently it is necessary to take serious attention to the environmental issues caused by wastes from animal raising and home industry. The attention is translated into taking benefit from the wastes -solid as well as liquid- as alternative fuel and farm manure production. The Potential The city has a lot of water springs (111 in all) as source of water supply and irrigation for some part of E. Java. With this potential it is suitable for cattle farming. There are about 6.000 milking cows spread in the Kecamatans of Bumiaji, Batu and Junrejo. In addition there are 165 home industries producing tempe and tofu and broiler chicken raising. These industries are scattered in the kecamatans of Batu and Junrejo. The area with fertile soils and cool climate is ideal for microorganism for biogas and farm manure production. What is left now is how to introduce

order to prevent environmental pollution and sustain water quality. Community Involvement In every community based program it must start from socialization in order to make the community understand the purpose and the benefit from the program. This program is no difference. The program was put into reality through labour intensive activity especially by thos who were to directly benefit from the program. In view of long term use the community must first
SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

changes to the community that waste is not an enemy, rather it is a useful friend. This inducement should start from taking benefit from waste materials (from tofu, tempe, chicken and cattle) to produce biogas as alternative source of energy and production of farm manure. However, the treatment of these wastes must consider sanitation and final disposal of the waste water in

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agree with the site of digester. The installation is managed communally among the owners of cattle and puoltry farmers and small industries. In the event of the transfer of the installation by the local government emphasized the management to take care the installation in order to last long. Benefit of Technology In the treatment of liquid waste for the benefit of the community it is necessary for the selection of an applied technology considering low construction cost, simplicity in operation and low O&M cost. In connection with applied technology in biogas production it is necessary to make BOD5 content (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) i.e the amount of oxygen in ml/litre required for completely oxydize the organic matter of a water sample in 5 days, and COD (chemical Oxygen Demand), the amount of oxygen for chemical decomposition of organic matter. The wastewater treatment facility produces methane gas as alternative energy and farm manure. Most importantly that it reduces environmental pollution. A test indicates that BOD5 and COD levels decrease by 90 percent. The Product Each program implementation must be directed towards an expected target for evaluation of similar effort in the future. The product of this activity is the resolution of pollution problems caused by liquid waste from tofu, tempe industry, poultry farm and cattle raising. This is evidenced from the drop of BOD5 and COD by 90 percent in river water. Therefore the environment will

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

Each program implemetation must be directed towards an expected target for evaluation of similar effort in the future

remain clean, healthy and helps to improve aesthetique because solid as well as liquid waste is properly contained. Methane (CH4) gas produced is an alternative source of energy for cooking and lighting. The slurry produced has an economic value because it can be sold as ready for use manure, thus it helps to support household income.

Improvement of community participation and introduction of appropriate technology in environmental management will significantly contribute to eradication of the negative notion to waste material. That liquid as well as solid waste is useful in supporting and makling the burden of the community lighter from increase of fuel price, the biogas and and electricity produced from waste treatmen facility as an alternative source of energy. Environmental issue is our common responsibility to maintain since it is the initial capital and important factor for community wellbeing. It is therefore necessary to have a strategy make it into reality and capacity and willingness of both the government and the community is establishing and building Environment Care Community (Indonesian acronym: My Darling).

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Balanced Scorecard Method

As performance indicator of Waste Management System Institution

he increasing frequency of waste related environmental problems in big cities of Indonesia (Bandung, Jakarta, and others) is a reflection the stakeholders' including the waste management institutions' failure to pay sufficient attention to the performance of institution operating under each one's control. Various social conflicts caused by inability to transport all the daily produced waste, leakage of garbage truck leaving traces of leachate along the roads, up to rejection of the local community to Waste Treatment Facility, are examples of insufficiency of waste management operation. There is a big worry that community would lose its confidence to the waste management institution that eventually is a total loss to the institution. To prevent this to happen there is a need to make an overall study on the performance of the institution for performance improvement. One of the methodologies is the application of Balanced Scoreboard Method. With this method it is hoped to produce an illustrative simulation and finally provide a recommendation for performance improvement. Definition of Balanced Scorecard Method Balanced Scorecard Method was first introduced by Robert S. Kaplan of Harvard Business School and David P. Norton, Chairman, US

By: Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc *)

Consultancy in 1992. This method analyses the company performance from several aspects: internal aspect, human resources, external relations, financial, external relations, and business development. This method is one of the various institution performance measurement methods including Total Quality Management (TQM) that is also popular and frequently used. Along with the regional autonomy in Indonesia, this method will significantly help the central government in facilitating the regions. The central provides inputs and makes a regular facilitation assistance for effectiveness and efficiency. As an example, it is quite possible that Province A need a different type of facilitation from Province B. This is because the performance of the institution on Province A is good in some aspect but poor in another. On the other hand in Province B relatively every aspect of the institution is running all right. This of course will decrease the investment needed for Province B, the balance could be reallocated to Province A. Internal Performance Aspect Internal performance deals substantially with technical performance. From the technical aspect the calcula-

tion of waste management capacity must be able to answer the real demand for whole system. Each subsystem of the management from collection, transport, up to treatment must be thoroughly considered and computed. The technical feasibility and efficacy must guarantee that 100 percent of the waste produced is treated daily. Besides, in spite of the calculation of tariff represent the costs for operation and maintenance, the financial capacity of the community to contribute must also be taken into cosideration. And, the opportunity for investment must be within the achieveable range, although one must consider the feasibility and technical reasonableness. As an example, failure to collect, transport and process 100 percent of the daily produced waste will certainly reflect a poor institutional performance. In addition to quantitative capacity the waste management system must operate excellently. If the daily waste produced can be dealt with 100 percent one must assure that it is done properly, such as timely garbage collection by the cartmen, the garbage truck does not leave traces of leachate along the roads, and operation of treatment facility in accordance with the standard operational procedure. Human Resources Aspect Human resources are an impor-

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INSIGHT

SOURCE:DOC/WWS

tant facttor to guarantee an excellent performance. Human resources include a synergy between quality and quality to achieve an objective. As a general policy human resources development is necessary considering the increasing quantity of waste to be dealt with from time to time. And HRD through education and skill training is no less important. An institution management must be able to guarantee that manpower distribution is based on h real need of each division or section. HRD must be directed to achievement of the objective. A mistake in providing advanced education or training without a clear conceptual mapping will end to wastefulness. There must be a clear framework, that an advanced training investment to a number of personnel will contribute a certain percentage of the total objective. If in this case an increment of benefit or profit does not take place, there is demand for awareness that the training or education is a mere wastefulness. Selection of potential employees to gain benefit or profit must be based on the performance of the employees themselves. Through the right selection, the targeted benefit and profit will be likely achieved. As an example, a potential employee in designing waste management system is given an advanced training on modern waste management system. While an employee who is capable in administrative and organizational matters should be directed to an advanced traing in business administration. External Relations Aspect External relation is a very important aspect considering its role to pro-

mote for the institution to move forward. The relationship with other institutions can be very useful. The opportunity for other institution to invest in the infrastructure is something quite possible. Relations with educational institution may be useful in obtaining inputs through academic studies for performance improvement. Relations with information dissemination institution particularly mass media may lead to the establishment of control by the public. The information about the institution may be disseminated by the media through an excellent external relationship. As an example, the rejection by the surrounding community of an integrated waste treatment plant may be considered as poor external relations.

It is because it is unable to communicate the planned facility to the surrounding community. Mass communication aspect is absolutely necessary to convice the community that the planned system has met the regulations and will produce a minimum negative impact to the surrounding. Financial Aspect Financial aspect is a parameter that must be looked upon if we want to find out what the performance looks like. The capability in financial management determines the sustainability of the institution. A management efficiency through cutting down high cost economic tentacles is absolutely essential. Financial embezzlement must be given serious attention other-

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INSIGHT

wise the institution may come to a serious problem. The calculation of community contribution must be based on the viable financial condition of institution. For example, budget for waste treatment must be higher than the fixed costs (such as salary of personnel, office supplies, travel expenses, etc.). On the hand however, the type of institution serves as the basic budget reference structure. A regional public company is expected to become a contributor to the Regional Government Budget, but if the institution is a government agency it is expected to provide services without profit. At any rate, budget formulation must be prepared professionally and transparently in order to maintain accountability. Consumers' Satisfaction Aspect The level of consumers' satisfaction is also an important indicator. In terms of waste management, consumers' satisfaction is viewed from waste collection, transport, treatment of all waste produced daily. In addition, reasonableness and level of contribution collected from the community in return to the level of service. Complaints from the community for insufficient service must be immediately followed up in order to maintain good performance. The capacity and skill in responding the complaints is an indicator for evaluation in this respect. As an example, a survey could be conducted on the quantity of consumer's complaints submitted in a drop box. Then a review is made on the time required to respond these complaints, community access to track down the complaints they sub-

Human resources are an important facttor to guarantee an excellent performance. Human resources include a synergy between quality and quality to achieve an objective.
mitted, up to the possibility for illegal fees collected by the workers. This can be done by way of a questionaire distributed to the consumers. Business Development Aspect Business development is an entrepreneurship effort to achieve an optimum service coverage without sacrificing the primary service mandated to the institution. The effort to expand the service qualitatively as well as quantitatively and at the same time improve the institutional performance both in terms of benefit and financial gains. As an example, selling recycled product from inorganic waste may produce an additional income. In addition, the cost for treatment of the inorganic waste would become less, and finally cutting the overall cost for the system's operation. Through this approach, the community conribution could also be lowered because of the cross subsidy from selling the recycled product to cover part of the O&M of the waste treatment system. The Advantage of Balanced Scorecard Method With this method the central government can provide the involved

agengies with better targeted waste management guidance for each of the different regions. What the central government needs to do is to place weight or scoring factor for each of the six aspects mentioned above, in order to measure objectively and uniformly all institutions throughout Indonesia. The central government also needs to disseminate this information to all of the regional level institutions and let them know that this evaluation is not intended to pass judgement on, rather it serves to trigger service improvement of waste management system in Indonesia. This will provide opportunity for regional institutions to develop internal coordination and venture into cooperation with similar institution of other areas. This of course will lead to improvement of regional institutional cooperation to improve service coverage and at a better quality. As an institutional performance measurement, this method still needs a policy and strategy analysis in order to effective as means for performance improvement. This method is one of the various methods that may be used for the same purpose. It is hoped that by using this method it can confirm more clearly the performance evaluation of waste management institution. This of course will serve as a good step to prevent repetition of cases wherein Integrated Waste Treatment Site is rejected by the community or sliding of wase hill like the one in Lewigajah, in the future. Hopefully!
The author is employee of the Subdirectorate of Policy and Strategy, Directorate of Programming, DG Cipta Karya, Dept. Public Works; Member, Indonesian Solid Waste Association (InSWA), and Association of Environmental Engineers

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I N S P I R AT I O N

Tatung-Azizah's Willingness to Manage the Community Water Supply

any areas of Indonesia are currently without access to proper water supply. Not only in the urban, even in the most remote village people also suffer from water scarcity. It is not infrequent the community develop their water supply system at their own initiative. One of them is the community of Kelurahan Ulu 12, Kecamatan Sebrang Ulu, Palembang, S. Sumatra. Since 1992 the community of the upstream village took the initiative to developing a limited network of water supply installation. To make water flow into the consumers' house it is necessary to recruit volunteer workers to serve the community. It was Tatung Ibrahim and Azizah, a couple who live in Kelurahan Ulu 12 who was and still is is willing to manage the water installation. It is not only managing the installation, Tatung also serves as operator after attending the necessary training and education "For more or less one year the installation was managed by the village administration. Because of financial and operational difficulty the administration handed it over to us with an agreement that the land and the installation shall remain the government asset," says Tatung proudly. The couple worked diligently managing the installation. Tatung takes care

the technical matters in the installation and the distribution network. While Azizah handles procurement of materials such as solar fuel and chemicals, and collection of contribution. It should be admitted that water quality supplied by this installation is less than that of PDAM. But because of the 24 hr service the consumers are sufficiently happy. Each of the consumers pays Rp 50.000 a month flat. Some consumers are willing to pay higher because they can resell the water. During dry monsoon, says Tatung, the installation consumes approximately 45 litres of solar fuel pr day at Rp 4,500 per litre. The fuel is bought at a supplier using a boat at the river Musi. To neutralize water 1,5 kg caustic soda is used. The price of caustic soda is Rp 10.000 per kg." While alum is used as the main compound for water purification. About 50 kg or one sack of alum at Rp 105.000 per sack is used in 3 days. And chlorine for desinfection 1 kg for 3 days, the price is Rp 65.000 per kg. Azizah tells her story, the installation has only one pump in operation. The reserve has been broken long ago. Because of the age, Azizah must set aside at Rp 50.000 a month for repair. "At least Rp 750.000 is needed for mechanics each time he comes for repair. The amount excludes the costs for spareparts," she says.

To help the daily activity Tatung hires 3 hands recruited from the neighbourhood. As financial manager, Azizah pays them each Rp 250.000 a month. Once in two weeks the workers clean the treatment and storage basins and remove the silt and sediments. Although the consumers built their own piping network, yet whenever there is a damage or leakage it is Tatung and his crew who have to repair. "Almost everyday there is something to be checked and repaired. At least Rp 15.000 is spent for this daily," he reveals. Currently they are in dire need for new investment to replace the old and sickly pumps. Tatung has requested assistance from the village administration but there is no answer. Bank loan has also been tried. The Bank, as a common practice, requested the evidence of land certificate or any other collateral. None of it can be produced by this couple. "The amount is actually not so much, what is needed is money to buy 2 pumps at a total cost of Rp 5 million," says Tatung. Tatung and Azizah are convinced that they can fully pay back the loan through monthly installments. Anyone willing to help?
Job Supangkat The author is a team member of study on small scale water supply provider WASPOLA-BAPPENAS

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Our Guest
Ananda, Queen of Environment Indonesia 2007

Apprehensive About Water Scarcity

chool texbook that says that water and sunshine are natural commodities and are free for human being to take and use, is no longer relevant. Ananda, Miss Environment Indonesia 2006, wishes to implant in Indonesian children's mind that water is now getting scarcer. "That's why we have to use water efficiently", says the runner up of Indonesian Beauty Contest 2006 and at the same thime named as Miss Friendship and Unity Indonesia. According to Nanda, as she is intimately called, the government has chosen one solution to water scarcity i.e digging infiltration pits. "Infiltration pits works both ways, to prevent water scarcity and prevention of flood during rainy season," says the beauty contestant who was born in Banjarmasin on 3 June 1984. Nanda visited many places in Indonesia and she shares her experience with us about water scarcity, including her hometown Banjarmasin. The Indonesian delegate in the Miss International Earth describes that in some kecamatan in Banjarmasin the community, especially the poor families, have difficult to access water so that they have to buy from water street vendors. One day, the daughter of H. Ir. Nur Achmad MH and Hj Dra Nurana Alwi who once was also a free lance contributor to daily Banjarmasin Post, visited Ujung

Berung in Bandung and she noticed the area has been experiencing water scarcity for 12 years now. "It is very sad to see the people walk a long distance to get their daily need for water," says photography hobbyist who stands at 170 cm and weighs 50 kg. She is not only a Miss Indonesia Environment, as a candidate for Miss World contestant shen feels deeply concerned with water scarcity experienced by the Indonesian community. "Indonesia is located in a humid a wet tropical climate. Yet ther are vast areas that suffer from water scarcity," she says. Water scarcity, according to the winner of The Beauty of Indonesian Eyes Contest by Soft Lens X2, is not a mere natural phenomenon. There is human factor that contributes to the environmental degradation, such as cutting forest to build a villa without considering environmental protection. They, according to Nanda, are thinking in terms of immediate benefit in disregard the future generations. Accumulated Environmental Degradation Environmental

damages such as denuded forests and waste clogged rivers will lead to flood disaster. In Nanda's opinion flood is a disaster that must be dealt with con-

FOTO :DOK PRI

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tinuously. "Floods that frequently hit Jakarta a couple of months ago and during the recent years is the result of accumulated environmental degradation," said the Mustika Ratu advertisement star and one of car manufacturers. She takes as an example the environmental degradation because of the shrinking of resorption areas due to construction of buildings without considering environmental conservation. The non hygienic habit due to poor water quality and insufficent sanitation is happening unconsciously. It will finally cause several diseases. According to the graduate of Faculty of Medicine University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin she has a way in resolving the various diseases. Nanda said that to overcome the prevalence of water borne diseases is through extension activities. "Especially to the communities of the remote areas," she says In addition, says Nanda further, a preventive measure through construction of water reservoirs for the community. "Basically water borne diseases are caused by non hygienic habit," says the young physician who once participated the IndonesiaCanada youth exchange program. What Miss Environment Means To Nanda, Miss Environment title means the holder is someone who is highly concerned with environmental sustainability. According to the young lady with numer-

ous achievements and experiences, within the next decade, the environment care must be built intensively in order to cope with the continuing degradation of the environment. "With the Miss Indonesia Environment it is hoped that the community gets more conscious

demands a high responsibility to always reflect care to envirnment. "Environmental care must always be translated into application any time and anywhere. If everyone cares to environment an environmental balance balance will surely be achieved," says the lady who is also a skilled Master of Ceremony. Therefore, as Miss EnvironFOTO:DOK PRI ment, the former member of National Paskibraka*) maintains a mission to convince the community that the responsibility for improving the degraded environment, as is happening up to now, not only lies with the government particularly the Ministry of Environment, but also with the community including the NGOs that specialize in environmental matters. Nanda promises that if someday she is no longer the Miss I n d o n e s i a Environment, she will continue to campaign that environment is a that environment is useful to sup- vital part of human life. "If the port their life," says the presenter environment were deteriorated of "Mathematics is Beautiful" in human life will be seriously threatTVRI national station and a mor- ened," said the lewading lady of an ning news reader of a private TV indpendent movie entitled "Oren station. Nanda feels the title Jus". Bowo Leksono

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I N N O VAT I O N

Bioporous Infiltration Pit

Marvellous Pit from Simple Technology

ndonesia is blessed with a relatively high preciptation rate. Ironically, though, there are many who are afraid of water scarcity. Vast areas are suffering from drought and other areas are suffering from flooding. Year after year water scarcity is not only in terme of quantity but also quality. This conditon is a consequence of many who do not feel grateful to God with the blessing and be prepared for for the event of disaster, such as flood, landslide, and drought. Men tend to blame natural phenomenon as the cause of every disaster. A soil scientist and expert in IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture), Ir. Kamir raziudin Brata, MSc developed a simple technology and relatively non costly to bribng down runoff velocity through digging infiltrastion pits. This technology is called "Bioporous Infiltrattion Pit" (BIP). BIP consists of cylindrical holes 1030 cm diam. at a depth of somewhere around 100 cm or not deeper than the groundwater table and are placed at a distance of 50 to 100 cm from each other. These holes are filled with organic waste in order to stimulate the formation of biopores. Biopores or small cavities are formed by microbial activities of by plant roots. The capacity of each of the small hole is to hold 8 litres of water. This simple technology has many advantages. It is not only to increase infiltration rate, this method is also beneficial for preventing inundation and therefore a preventive measure against malaria and dengue fever. While the use of organic waste is a

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

means to reduce environmental pollution from the habit of littering that may eventually clog drainage system and contamination from various diseases. Another advantage is that the organic waste will finally turn into compost, which is good for our plants. "I have developed this simple technology so that no one would have any excuse of being responsible for preventing water scarcity," says Kamir R. Brata, instructor at the Faculty of Agriculture, IPB when Percik visited him in his campus. Simple and Non Costly The technology can be applied easily by any level of the community, rich and poor. A family with a small patch of land around the house can and need to dig these infiltration holes. Kamir further explained that organic waste that is filled in the pit will soon sink

from decomposition and must be refilled. "The compost so produced can be harvested at the end of every dry season and the activity at the same time serves as maintenance to the pit. To strengthen the the mouth of the pit we can apply a lip made of concrete mixture 2-3 cm wide and 2 cm thick around the mouth," adds the expert who graduated from IPB in 1974. According to Kamir, the number of pits to be dug can be computed using an equation: number of pit = rainfall intensity (mm/hr) x area of waterproof surface divided by infiltration rate per pit (litre/hr). For example, for a region with rainfall intesity at 50 mm/hr and rate of infiltration per pit at 3 lt/min (180 lt/hr) for every 100 m2 waterproof surface we need to dig (50 x 100) : 180 = 28 pits. If the diameter of a pit is 10 cm and the depth is 100 cm each pit can fill 7,8

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I N N O VAT I O N

litre of organic waste, this means each pit can contain organic waste for 2 to 3 days. "Therefore the 28 holes can be fully filled only after 54 to 84 days, that's the time when the pits must be refilled," says the expert who is currently preparing his doctorate dissertation from IPB. Kamir himself did not only start digging infiltration pit in the yard around his house. He also did it around the campus such as the spaces in the surrounding yards, at the park particularly around a tree and in the research garden. The pit is even effective for the bottom of a ditch as is evidenced if we dammed it up. He guarantees that 100 percent of the drainage water will penetrate the ground. "This method does not need any special attention. The only thing that needs to be done is removal of inorganic materials that may clog the pit." According to Kamir digging a pit is easily done using soil augur that can be made by a blacksmith at a cost of between Rp 150 to 200.000. "The cost for digging will be cheaper if one augur is bought collectively by several families," he says. Nothing to Lose There is a belief that the organic waste buried underground will spoil underground water reserve through contamination brought in by the infiltration water. Kamir denies this belief on ground that the organic waste is relatively too few and the infiltration water is not stagnant. "This does not retard microbial decomposition process thus it is safe for the infiltration water," says the expert who is a graduate from the Western University, Australia. Even, according to Kamir, the ordi-

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

nary infiltration well is less effective because of the big amount of water entering the well so that water will not penetrate immediately and for some time it will remain stagnant. "Because the amount of water is beyond the capacity to penetrate it will dampen and soften the soil around the well and further retard the infiltration process. Finally it will produce some stinking odour and source of contamination because the organic matter does not decompose immediately," he reveals. Lack of Promotion Everyone needs water and everyone produces waste. The problem is how to make water demand satisfied and waste does not harm others. Who would think the expert has created the bioporous infiltration pit technology since 1970s. Yet there are not many who have tried it including the IPB campus itself. As a matter of fact it was only last April 5, 2007 this tech-

nology was officially made public by the campus. According to Kamir, the community ignorance is because it lacks promotion and a want of a technical guidance. He hopes that all interested parties such the technical government agencies would help in promoting it to the community. "All this time I have been hoping that the community would be interested in applying it. The method is by looking at the application," ke said. In Jakarta, said Kamir, it is only the Office of the Ministry of Environment that has put it into trial. "I have an intention to promote and apply this technology in the vicinity of the State Palace," he said firmly At any rate the effort in environmental care such as digging bioporous infiltration pit that is capable of restoring clean water content will enrich this earth. So, what are waiting for? Let's try! BW

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OPINION

Post Project Facilitation, Anyone Interested?

uite often we heard the term sustainability. This is a keyword that is frequently mentioned in every community based project, WSS related or otherwise. It is used as precondition by donor organizations and by project managers. Various strategies have been developed to guarantee that the keyword could actualize in the community. One of the strategies is through building community participation or contribution in cash and in kind. This is frequently made as prerequisite in almost all community based projects. The partipation and contribution though at varied levels are required at the different project phases and in all economic strata. The question is whether all these strategies effective to guarantee sustainability? These are not guranteed in the community based projects because there are still other factors influencing in the various phases of the implementation. The uniqueness of our country is that she has a wide variety of social, economic, cultural characteristics. And it is not easy to translate the keyword "sustainability" into practical application. However, the paternalistic pattern of our community in which a facilitator is always needed is never too far from within our community. Taking this as point of departure it is undeniable that there is a need for

some one to assume the role of a facilitator who could become a pioneer and capable of stimulating the phases of sustainability development process is needed and can assume the responsibility continuously even for several years after the project has entered the O&M phase. Since it is the actual pioneer's role and is expected to become part of problem solution rather than problem creation. Pioneer must not always be understood as the role one man, neither as individuals but may also an institution, government or otherwise, that is willing to intensively facilitate and behaves as truthful guardian of the community. From several visits made to water supply and sanitation projects that have been in O&M stage for more than 3 years nearly in all cases it was found that there is no more pioneer who intensively conducts facilitation to stimulate the community management team to function properly. On the other hand there is a tendency that the intensity of the management team is decreasing, therefore the dream of sustainability is moving away from reality. It is sad indeed seeing that the fact frequently happens in a village that has been given assistance from more than one project. The question now is how and who should prepare the pioneer and is

capable of acting as facilitator acceptable by the community from the initial phase up to O&M of the system. Even, if necessary up to the project reinvestment paid for from the community's internal sources. Must there be a special strategy for identifying and preparing a pioneer in community based projects in order that the actual sustainability could really happen in the community? It is no secret that the Regioanl Government as the reponsible and authorized party is incapable of playing the pioneering role, much less making the preparation since admittedly the activity is not interesting at all. What about the donor? Neither does it seem an interesting effort worth trying. Is it possible that the lack of Government support is due to the post project facilitation is considered as the community's or the local government's responsibility? If neither the party with resources nor the financial provider is interested in post project facilitation, than are we going to let the investment that cost billions even trillions rupiah meet the same fate? Or merely a monument? When are we going to move a step forward? Tofik Rochman
contemplation of a worker in water supply and sanitation sector

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ARROUND PLAN INDONESIA

Togo-togo Needs New Pioneer

he Togo-togo water supply system is one of the systems developed in 1994 from cooperation between Plan Indonesia with the community. The system draws its water from underground source using deep well pump. From a depth of 102 m below ground a pumping test was made indicating the discharge at that time at 20 litres/sec. At the beginning of its operation the system operates at a capacity of 13 litres/sec serving 125 home connections and 20 public hydrants, each of the hydrants is used by 10-15 households. A watr meter is affixed at each service point, home connection as well as public. The system charges the same tariff for both services. Then the O&M costs, consisting of electricity, salary of personnel, and estimated costs for spare parts and pipes, were calculated. For a system using pump as technology choice, the Togo-togo system is exceptionally excellent in terms of O&M management. After operating for more than 12 years the system is still functioning and even has significantly expanded its coverage area and consequently its consumers and monthly income. The things that help in maintaining its existence, namely the high demand for water supply and accountability of the management team, especially the first batch of management team that was in office from 1994-2005. During that period a replacement of pump that cost Rp 90 million was made payable from the savings fund. In 2001 Plan Indonesia help in the expansion of the coverage area from three to 5 villages making a new total of

home connections to 1.000 households. The monthly gross income from water contribution increases from Rp 1,8 million before year 2000 with saving capacity of 500 to 600 thousand. In

Batang. The election is made through open election system and is directly informed to the community/users. For the elected chairman it will be a big challenge for him to straighten

TOGO-TOGO WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM SERVICE PROGRESS

Year 1994 1995-1997 1998-1999 1999-2000 2001-2003 2004-.... Total consumers HC 125 212 350 >500 1000 >1000 PH 20 20 20 20 20 20 Tariff 300 300 450 700 1250 1500 Area of Service (Village) Togo-Togo Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba, Bontorappo, Bontoraya Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba, Bontorappo, Bontoraya

HC = HOME CONNECTION; PH = PUBLIC HYDRANT

2007 the gross income from the same is Rp 14 million with a balance of asset Rp 15 million. The total amount for O&M is Rp 12 million a month, of which Rp 6 million for electricity, salary for 13 people including 3 from local government officials (approximately Rp 4,5 million) and Rp 1 to 1,5 million for actual maintenance and Rp 50 thousand for tax for mining groundwater payable to the Mining Agency. It is unfortunate that since 2005 the capacity of facility has gone down from 13 to 8 litres/sec. Also the position of Chairman of the Management Team is now vacant. There is a worry that this vacancy will lead to slowdown in the management. For the time being pending the election of a new Chairman the position is held by the chairman of board of directors, i.e the Camat of

things out that calls for extra hard work in order to prevent the decline of quality of management that is becoming noticeable from continuing. The success in straightening things out and improving management and quality of service of the Togo-togo system is notwithstanding depends on the quality of the new chairman who must be able to become a pioneer in the community because the needed capital within the community is already there, i.e the high demand for water supply. What is lacking is the presence of a highly integrated pioneer in motivating the available capital of the community.
Source: Lessons learned from a visit made by Budi Suranto from Plan Indonesia when passing Togo-togo on January 22, 2007.

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ARROUND ISSDP

Workshop on Sanitation in Blitar Produces a Declaration

he cities that participatein the Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Project (ISSDP) have indicated a significant progress. From the six participating cities Blitar, Solo and Banjarmasin have reached the City Scale Sanitation Strategy Plan formulation phase. While Payakumbuh, Jambi and Denpasar are still finalising the White Book on Sanitation, containing the portrait of sanitation condition that will be dealt with through the formulation of City Scale Sanitation Strategy Plan. On 28-29 March 2007 the second sanitation workshop of the six ISSDP cities carrying the theme "The Road towards City Scale Sanitation Strategy" was held in the city of Blitar. The purpose of the workshop was as a means for information sharing among ISSDP cities. In this activity the municipalities may improve their capacity in the strategy plan formulation and strengthen their cooperation with the central government and the stakeholders. It is also hoped that from this activity some support could be gained from the municipality legislators and inputs from central governments that may help in promoting sanitation development. The real political support was evidenced from the presence of the mayor of Blitar, mayor of Banjarmasin, Regional Secretary of Jambi, Chief of Bappeda Surakarta, Assistant II of Denpasar Municipality, Head of Health Agency Payakumbuh, and ISSDP consultant team.

FOTO:ISSDP DOC.

Also present as paricipants were representatives of the cities participating in the Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project (MSMHP) consisting of Medan, Bandung, Makassar and Yogyakarta. Their presence was to take a lesson in the City Scale Sanitation Strategy Plan formulation currently being developed through ISSDP. In this workshop a Blitar Declaration was agreed and signed by the mayors of the cities involved in ISSDP. The city managers agree to implement the declaration through formulation of an action plan that was to be completed within one week after the date of the signing. They realize that up to now sanitation service is

way below the demand and improvement of sanitation facility, especially of the slums, constitutes a strategic step towards poverty reduction in cities. The first day of the workshop started with keynote speeches by Basah Hernowo, the Director of Housing and Settlement Systems, Bappenas and Chairul Djaelani, Head of Housing Agency of E. Java Provincial Government. This was followed with presentations by M. Taufik, Chairman of Bappeda Blitar who presented the topic on Pro Poor Sanitation, Alex Chalik, Head of Subdirectorate of Drainage System and Waste Mnagement, Bappenas who discussed a topic on Minimun Service, and an

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ARROUND ISSDP

SOURCE:ISSDP DOC.

ISSDP consultant who discussed the Framework of National Policy and Sanitation Funding Sources. In his welcome speech, Basah Hernowo, emphasized his hopes that the 6 cities could function as centre of excellence or replication agent for sanitation development in other cities of Indonesia. To get a better picture about pro poor sanitation in the city of Blitar the participants are invied to visit 3 locations, namely Puskesmas Bendo (citizen charter), Sanimas 3 facility at Kelurahan Sanan Wetan, and BR2LK (Subsidy for Revitalization of Impaired Houses) at Kelurahan Tanjung Sari. In the visit to Puskesmas Bendo it was revealed that the Puskesmas is one of the citizen charter projects constitutes a contract between the municipality government as service provider and the community as the customers. The project emphasizes on what and how a service should be provided and how the community should con-

tribute. The innovation that was introduced is the understanding and implementation of the rights and responsibilities of public service actors. This approach has proven capable of improving Puskesmas services. To supervise and monitor service performance a supervisory body was established manned by members of DPRD and community leaders. Puskesmas performance evaluation is measured from customers' satisfaction. Apart from that this approach is applicable because of support from Blitar regional government in providing achievement incentive. In visiting Sanimas 3 it was evident that the community are capable of developing and maintaining sanitation facilities and provide access to the poor families. The involvement of the community from the beginning of the planning is the key to Sanimas 3 successes in Sanan Wetan. The visit to BR2LK site was intend-

ed to take a look at an effort made by the government of Blitar to combine sanitation program with BR2LK for the poor community. From the improvement of decrepit houses up to provision of sanitation facility there are strategic steps that could inspire other cities in implementation of propoor program. The municipal government provides stimulant subsidy to repair and develop worthy settlement aimed at the poor families. Blitar Municipal Government provides a specific fund for construction of communal septic tank to make the settlement worth living in. On the second day the workshop agenda was allowed to presentation of the progress made by each of the Sanitation WG. The WGs of Jambi, Payakumbuh and Denpasar each declared their plan to write a white book on sanitation, containing the portrait of city sanitation condition. Discussion and questions and answers in each presentation looked quite lively, a process that provides additional inputs to each city's program. The last session of the workshop was group discussion on the method of sanitation strategy plan formulation. The workshop was concluded with a summary by Tri Nugroho Utomo, Chief of Subdirectorate of Drinking Water and Waste Water, Bappenas. Nugroho underscored the Blitar Declaration as an important momentum for sanitation development and it will be made into reality through the city government's commitment. The workshop was officially closed by the Chairman of Bappeda of Blitar. After the closing the participants took the opportunity to visit the city's library and Bung Karno's cemetary. IA and
YW

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ARROUND WASPOLA

WASPOLA Activities January-March 2007

Nurse Wisdom to Harvest Success

t is almost a decade now since WASPOLA took the first step carrying the mission on Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (WSS) Policy formulation for the purpose of increasing the regional level WSS services. It was not a short time and the countless barriers that have been met while taking each of its steps. In spite of all those, the exit strategy in this year is marked with the spirit of nursing wisdom in interpreting the Nastional Policy for Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (CB-WSS) Development in the regions through looking at the successes made by the regions from implementing the policy. The need for executive and legislative support The evidence of succes can be seen in several regions from the fact that political support from the regional head which is shown from the involvement of the officials of the technical agencies in the policy implementation. Besides, the legalization of WSS-WG institution through Letter of Decision from the Head of the Region or legalization of the WSS development Strategy Plan. Another achievement is the institutionalization that indicates the strength of WSS-WG role and function through various regional level WSS-WG initiative and innovation. And the funding support in the form of budget allocation for WSS-WG operation, mobilization of funding sources in operationalization of the Strategy Plan. The Bupati of Gorontalo, David Bobohoe Akib in an interview with a

FOTO:DOK WASPOLA

team or writers for the preparation of Lessons Learned WASPOLA expressed that community involvement will broaden achievement and success because of the sense of belongingness and awareness of the community. Commitment for participation should be supported by the regional government and parliament," he says. While the Chairman of DPRD of Kabupaten Gorontalo, Anto Naue, has no objection in supporting the commitment and participation of the community. This is evidenced from the team's visit to 3 villages: Dembe I, Olimoo, and Lonu. Since 2004 WSS-WG has been playing major role in facilitation of problem solving faced by the previously organized institutions such as BPAM, UPS and so on. Regional level WSS-WG facilitated

the meeting with the community and the result is a solution developed by the community itself. CLTS (Community Total-Led Sanitation) has been implemented successfully. The community enjoys the changes towards betterment in their daily life. With the availability of a toilet, the womanfolks now say: "We are happier now." While their men could concentrate on their job, "We go out to sea we do not have to think of taking water any more". Strategy Plan, one of key outputs from policy adoption Strategy Plan for WSS Development for a region is an important output for us as a yardstick to guarantee that policy adoption has been going within the planning mechanism. Up to the end of December 2006 14 regions have final-

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ized their Strategy Plan, 8 completing draft, and 24 formulation in progresss. Several kabupatens have indicated innovation or initiative to ascertain that the Strategy Plan is given support from the stakeholders including the community. One of them is Kabupaten Pekalongan which in last January conducted the second workshop that was intended for deliberation and consideration of the inputs from the stakeholders including the community. While in S. Timor Tengah on 19 January a Strategy Plan workshop was held and was attended by 25 participants representing the stakeholders. The result was an agreement of WSS development strategic objectives consisting of bringing down the prevalence of contagious diseases, improvement of awareness, and formulation of regional policy for community based WSS development. The workshop that was held at Rotendao was opened by the Bupati and at the closing session the chief of DPRD confirmed his support in the formulation of Strategy Plan. During the two day session the second WSS developemnt stategy plan was completed. Several agreements and confirmation from the workshop will be revised as working material for presentation to the Bupati and DPRD before legalization. Diversity of Approaches in Policy Operationalization February 2007, W. Sumba and E. Sumba together held a wokshop and formed a working group that was attended by 60 paricipants representing the stakeholders from the government and the community. The workshop was opened by the deputy Bupati. E. Sumba sees it as an important mandate for the formation of a working group because there are many facilities built in the past but they are not sustained, low service coverage, and waste of productive time for schoolchildren to

FOTO:DOK WASPOLA

take water from far away palces. Several programs were proposed, among others capacity improvement, preparation of WSS development strategy, promotion of environmental protection, improvement of WSS service, and improvement of community participation. In the meantime the C. Java provincial WSS-WG puts emphasis on the strengthening of working group institutional capacity through provision of improvement session to its 20 members. The topic discussed included development paradigm, national policy for WSS development, principles of facilitation, working group collaborative management, and formulation of action plan. Kabupaten Kebumen held CLTS (Community Total-Led Sanitation) training at Bocor village for sanitarians. Attended by 57 participants from the Health Agency and community leaders. This training produced an action plan for the Health Agency to conduct triggering activity in 11 selected villages and establishing a support from the local government that sanitation program

can be implemented from non-subsidy approach. Building Commitment and Sustainability To collectively build commitment to sustainable WSS development a National Workshop was held in Semarang on 6-9 February 2007. The event was attended by participants representing the regions, 21 participants from WSS-WG and WASPOLA. Semarang was selected the site for the workshop because of an innovative example from Kabupaten Pekalongan that is considered as successful in adopting the policy principles into WSS development program. The topic of the National Workshop is sharing the Strategy Plan experience, funding innovation and improvement of the role of coordination and effectiveness. At the end of the workshop, triggered from the experience from other regions all the provinces and kabupatens feel optimistic to go on with the WSS development agenda. This calls for support and assistance for its implementation. WH

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Establishing Water Supply and Sanitation Communication Network

Making Water Supply and Sanitation a "Sexy" Issue to the Media

ach of the crews is standing by in his position. The light is set to famous presenter who is coming with a glass of water. The cameramen are ready each with his angle. The the program director signalled; "Action". "Hullo, good morning, I am bringging a glass of water because today is the World Water Day, greeted Dick Doank and Desy Ratnasari in opening the Good Morning" at Trans TV. That morning it was specially to publish a series of water and sanitation related topics. WSS-WG Coordinator Dr. Oswar Mungkasa was present as a special guest. The awareness of TV, radio stations and printed media in presenting water and sanitation related news is of course something that make us happy. It is because all this time the media practitioners do not consider WSS related issue some "sexy" (read: interesting) to publish. In fact the matter is important for the public to know. Beside its complicacy, the data available with the water and sanitation implementers are grossly inconsistent, a fact that confuses everyone. Then, where do the media have to go to get the information? It still remains unclear, while the media needs a quick response. The opinion was brought up by media practitioners in the WSS Open House 22 February 2007 at the WSS-WG secretariate at Jl. Cianjur 4, Menteng,

SOURCE:WWS DOC.

Jakarta. On the other hand, this sector's implementers claim that they have completed so many projects but the benefit and echo to the public is barely audible. The news in the media is always the bad side of WSS. Therefore it becomes a challenge for all to sit together including in this case the mass media, to think a way out for an optimum synergy between the parties. Bringing Up WSS Issue through Mass Media In this early 2007 the central government is preparing a series of communication strategy implementation activities, one of them is media relations and media advocary. It started with the participation of WASPOLA

team in Communication Workshop on Water and Sanitation Reform in East Asia - Discussion Forum for Governments, Mass Media and WSS Agencies organized by WSP/World Bank in Bangkok early February. It was attended by 6 nations representing the government and mass media. The Indonesian delegates consisted of Public Works, Health, Bappenas, and mass media consisting of the Jakarta Post, Kompas, Antara Nerws Agency, Xinhua News Agency and Trans TV. As a follow up of Bangkok meeting the first action was inviting mass media to visit WSS-WG, WASPOLA and ISSDP on 22 February 2007. The event consisted of light discussion followed by a luncheon was attended by 25 journalists from various media

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including 4 TV stations. The media practitioners were introduced to the key officials related to WSS sector development, including Bappenas, Public Works, Dept Home Affairs, Dept Health, Ministry of Environment, WASPOLA, ISSDP, and ESP-USAID. Most of the journalists said that they need more information and materials for publication. From the meeting everyone takes into consideration the importance of developing a sustainable communication network and the involvement of media in similar agendas in the future. Communication Network Development As a response, the above event was followed up by Communication Networking Workshop attended by 50 WSS implementers and mass media on 27 February. The workshop was organized by BAPPENAS and WASPOLA in cooperation with Water and Sanitation Network (WASAN) and FORKAMI. The purpose of the workshop was to initiate a meeting of minds and mapping of everyone's potential through communication networks mechanism to collect information more extensively. From the strategy mapping something interesting cropped up, it turns out that there are many overlappng acttivities have been done by the various implementers and stakeholders. It would be more effective tyherefore, if each one of them contribute or make use the other for the sake of common good. Jakarta Post and Media Indonesia made mention that the media needs more information and reliable and accurate data and the pictures of real field condition to support publication such as the World Water Day. While the WSS implementers have

in their possession a lot of information but they do not know how to publish them. It is clear that there is a need and each party could respond the other, what is needed now is some adjustment. This meeting concluded an agreement for establishment of a "WSS Communication Network" as the vehicle for sharing of information and public campaign. A meeting is scheduled every three months, the secretariate will take place at the WSS-WG office. One of the common activities was made int reality on 20 March by conducting "Media Dialogue on Raw Water Scarcity: A Challenge to Urban Water Supply" in the framework of World Water Day commemoraton. The event invited Erna Witoelar, the MDGs Ambassadress, Syahrial Loetan, Deputy for Infrastructures, Bappenas, Agoes Widjanarko, DG Cipta Karya, Dept Public Works, I Nyoman Kandun, DG for PP & PL Dept Health, Budirama Natakusumah, Head of BPLHD of Jakarta Provincial Government. Followed by a visit to Kelurahan Jatake, Kecamatan Jati Uwung, Tangerang to take a look at MCKPlus++ a product from BEST facilitation to see that MCK does not only work as a place for defecation but also at the same time to produce biogas for daily cooking purposes. The media practitioners seem so enthusiastic with such sanitation model as evidenced from the fact that more than 6 stations put the news on air. The Need for Information Centre and the Development of WSS Media Partnership relations that is progressing with mass media show us that the WSS issues that used to be non

sexy is beginning to be looked upon. Several special cover stories and broadcasts on water and sanitation are beginning to get place in various mass media. A monitoring indicates that during March 2007 there were more than 6 TV stations intensively discussed the issue through news, air magazine, as well as talkshow. The same is with radio and printed media. WSS related reports have been well directed. The positive progress needs be followed up with establishment of Information Centre to help the mass media to bring forward WSS related issues in the future. As an initial step, on 11-14 March WASPOLA in cooperation with PUSKAT Audi Visual Studio conducted a WSS Media Development Training for internal staff and Central WSS-WG in Yogyakarta. During the three day training-bydoing implementation was designed to build a good understanding and skill of the participants about a well targeted and effective WSS communication media, including in it the teamwork capacity. The participants trained themselves on media characteristics and producing their own photo essay, radio drama, and video/TV service advertisement program. The team also had had an opportunity to visit Radio BBM Community that is selfmanaged by the Minomartani village and conducted a live broadcast together with the local community. At any rate, the WSS sector implementers need the media's power for publication while mass media need WSS related materials for their purpose in broadcasting to the public. The establishment of dialogue and public sphere becomes one of the important strategies in building favourable and critical public participation in WSS development. WH

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The largest number of toilets (1719 units) built within one year

MURI Certificate for Pandeglang Community

FOTO:WIWIT

s many as 1719 units of household latrines were built within one year. It was quite an achievement for the community of 6 villages in five kecamatans, namely Saketi, Pagelaran, Angsana, Patia and Sukaresmi of Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten. The more so it is because the latrines were built from their own resources free any external subsidy, government or otherwise. This achievement was made through the community's awareness about environmental pollution and the risks from defecation in the open or in the river. This awareness eventually thickened into the community's initiative to build household latrine. It is no wonder that this achievement wins an appreciation from MURI (Museum of Indonesian Records). "Construction of the largest number (1719 units) of toilets within one year," so MURI records the Pandeglang community achievement. The appreciation is inseparable from the initiatives made by Banten Provincial WSS-WG and PCI (Project Concern International), the government of Kabupaten Pandeglang, and the supporters consisting of the forum and PKK movers of 5 kecamatans, as well as Central WSS-WG and WASPOLA. The certificate was presented by Nadri, MURI Representative to A. Dimyati, the Bupati of Pandeglang on Sunday 1 April 2007 which happens to be the Kabupaten Pandeglang Inauguration Day. Dimyati mentions that this appreciation is a challenge to be more concerned in building the culture of hygiene

it turned out that the approach developed through exciting abhorrence and embarrassment among the people has proven effective to stimulating the people to build toilet

behaviour. "The spirit and hard work is the common responsibility between the regional government and the popula-

tion," he said after receiving the MURI (Indonesian Museum of Records) certificate. This movement started from an initiation by WASPOLA through CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation) at Banten provincial level training. This has inspired the Banten Provincial WSS-WG to follow it up with PCI facilitation. The community empowerment focused movement was initiated from a study on the surrounding environment of the locality and the risk from the habit of defecating in the open. And it turned out that the approach developed from exciting abhorrence and embarrassment among the people turned out to be effective in stimulating the people to build toilet. BW

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World Water Day 2007

Strategy for Coping with Water Scarcity

t is more than 10 years now that World Water Day was first launched. It seems that water will remain a complicated problem in many parts of the world, especially the poorer countries. It is undeniable that water is indeed human being's basic need. World Water Day is commemorated every 22 March. The Commemoration serves as vehicle for renewal of the determination for the implementation of Agenda 21 that was proposed in the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro. The event is known as the Earth Summit. At the 47th UN General Assembly on 22 December 1992 through Resolution No. 147/1993 the Agenda 21 proposal was passed and at the same time it was determined that World Water Day is commemorated on 22 March every year beginning 1993 by all UN members including Indonesia. Today, somewhere around 100 million of Indonesian population has no access to safe water for consumption. Accoding to Central WALHI record the total volume of world water is 1,4 billion km3. An exceedingly big amount, of which 97,3 percent is salt water of the seas. Only 2,7 percent is fresh water available on lands. But even so, of this planet's total fresh water 77,3 percent 37,8 million km3 is contained at the top of mountains and glaciers, while ground and infiltration water is only 22,4 percent and lake and mashland water 0,35 percent. Then water vapour of the atmosphere 0,04 percent, the remain-

SOURCE:MALIK

ing 0,01 percent is water in rivers. It's quite relevant therefore that this year's World Water Day commemoration bears a theme "Coping With Water Scarcity". This theme highlights the world's water scarcity and the need for integrated and collaborative effort to assure a sustainable, efficient and equitable resources scarcity management at the international as well as local levels. As a tropical insular country, in terms of quantity, Indonesia will not have any water shortage. Unfortunately, from time to time her water quality is decreasing while the demand for clean water is cntinuously increasing. Therefore the theme becomes more important considering the fact that our source of water is deteriorating at an increasing intensity that it is presently becoming a serious threat

to clean water supply. In a similar condition is the increasing frequency of water related disasters (flood and landslide) that hit the country during the last 5 years claiming death tolls of more that 750 lives, 250 people lost and hundreds of thousand took refuge and more than 200.000 homes destroyed. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations - Water (UN-Water) in its capacity as the organizer, prepared several agendas for the World Water Day commemoration that took place from January till March. The commemoration on 22 March was held at FAO Headquarters in Rome. This event was attended by experts from all over the world to present their views and opinions related to water scarcity issue. The World Water Commemoration

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Day in Indonesia was translated by various different communities each in its own format and way of doing it. 1. Bappenas, FORKAMI, ESPUSAID and Central WSS-WG held a Discussion and Media Visit that was wrapped in a theme: "Scarcity of Raw Water: Challenge to Urban Water Supply" at the Bappenas Building, Jakarta on Tuesday 20 March. The Discussion was attended by Syahrial Loetan, Deputy for Infrastructures, Bappenas, Agoes Widjanarko, DG Cipta Karya, Dept Public Works, I Nyoman Kandun, DG for PP & PL Dept Health, Budirama Natakusumah, Head of BPLHD of Jakarta Provincial Government, who were invited as resource persons. Ms Lula Kamal was named the moderator. After the discussion, the newsmen were invited to visit Kelurahan Jatake of Kecamatan Jati Uwung in the city of Tangerang to take a look at the MCKPlus++ facilities. 2. An interesting talkshow wrapped in "Good Morning" program was put on air by TransTV, Thursay 22 March, presented under a topic "Life in an Improved Sanitation and Water Supply". Present as resource person Oswar Mungkasa, the Head of Subdirectorate of Water and Drainage Systems, Bappenas. Ms. Desy Ratnasari and Dik Doank were named the presenters. 3. Radio Delta FM held a talkshow on water under the program "Indonesia Siesta" on Thursday, 22 March. The talkshow presented a theme "Scarcity of Raw Water; Challenge for Urban Water Supply". Oswar Mungkasa chief of Subdirectorate of Water and Drainage Systems, Bappenas was forced to become the resource person accompanied by artist Shahnaz Haque as presenter. 4. Various different activities were coordinated by the Dept of Public

WORLD WATER DAY YEARLY THEME

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Caring for Our Water Resources is Everyone's Business Water and Women Water for Thristy City The World's Water: is There Enough? Groundwater-The Invisible Resource Everyone Lives Downstream Water for 21st Century Water for Health Water for Development Water for Future Water and Disasters Water for Life Water and Culture Coping with Scarcity

Works among others were water care campaign and promotion of World Water Day, several workshops, exhibition and contests, and regional/local activities. The peak national event was planting of economically valuable rare plant species (arboretum) at critically degraded river basin under the spirit of "Plant While Young, Harvest When Old" on 9 May at lake Cikaret, Bogor. 5. A number of environmentally focused NGOs held an environmental care campaign at Ancol Beach, N. Jakarta. The campaign that took place on the World water Day was sponsored by the UN and National Integration Movement affiliated Anand Ashram Foundation. They urge the community to love water and the environment. 6. Some 45 students of Surabaya Institute of Technology (SIT) who are members of Environment Love of SIT Cycle held a theatrical show at the Gubeng Pojok Square, Sunday 11 March. They specifically highlighted their concerns to the highly polluted Kalimas river yet it is still being used for drinking water by the Surabaya population. 7. On the commemoration of World Water Day hundreds of primay schoolchildren of the city of Solo released fish fingerlings into Kapujanggan pond located at the Sriwedari Entertainment Park, Friday 23 March. They also

cleaned the area surrounding the pond that was built during the reign of king Pakubuwono X. 8. The students of Environmental Engineering Department of the Technical Faculty University of Indonesia offered free of charge or 90 percent discount water quality test to examine water quality within specific paramaters. The water quality test ran from 1 till 22 March 2007. 9. The World Water Day in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam was centred at the Taman Sari to serve as manifestation of the importance of protecting water source for the good of the community. The theme of the event "Water Scarcity" has attracted the attention of the majority of Serambi Mekah (Mecca's Veranda) population. It is not only the city of Banda Aceh that experiences scarcity of water, it is also felt in the upstream areas such as in the village of Jreuk Balee. 10. An NGO named Gebrak (Gerakan Bersama Rakyat, Movement in Collaboration with the People) made a public theatrical show by bathing in Batam Authority Circle in commemoration of the World Water Day. This theatrical show was to illustrate how difficult and expensive it is to get water, the basic need of human life. BW

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Discussion and Media Visit

Sanitation is Our Common Responsibility

he access to water supply and sanitation for the majority of Indonesian communities is wanting. Up to now, more than 100 millions of Indonesian population is desperately in want to safe water supply as is to sanitation. Based on MDGs Report Asia Pacific 2006 and the report A Future Within Reach Indonesia belongs to the group of nations with a decreasing MDGSs achievement. That is the problem that was revealed from the Discussion and Media Visit with the theme "Raw Water Scarcity: Challenge to Urban Water Supply' in commemoration of World Water Day 2007. The event was organized by WWS-WG in cooperation with FORKAMI and ESPUSAID on March 20 at the Bappenas Building. The event that was attended by newsmen from both printed and electronic media was also attended by resource persons consisting of Erna Witoelar (MDG Ambassadress), Syahrial Loetan (Acting Deputy for Infrastructures, Bappenas), Agoes Widjanarko (DG Cipta Karya, Dept Public Works), I Nyoman Kandun (DG for PP & PL Dept Health), Budirama Natakusumah (Head of BPLHD of Jakarta Provincial Government). Ms Lula Kamal was named the moderator. MDGs Ambasadress, Erna Wotoelar, put forward that in order to achieve MDGs target in 2015 Indonesia's performance has been less impressive if not declining. This places Indonesia into the lowest category nations together with Bangladesh, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. "In 2006 report Indonesia's and several

other nations' declining performance is not limited in water and sanitation only, but also in some other sectors such as education and mortality of mothers following delivery," Erna reveals. According to her there are a number of factors influencing this decline, such as political conflict and the frequent occurrence of disasters. Ironically, though Indonesia belongs to 10 nations rich in water resources yet the threat of raw water scarcity seems unavoidable. Based on records of water balance on the island of Java, up to year 2000 per capita water availability is 1.750 m3 per annum is lower than the minimum of 2.000 cu m per capita per annum. This amount is continuously decreasing down to 1.200 m3 per annum by 2020. Outside Java, the scarcity is also threatening Bali, W. Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and S. Sulawesi. The potential for raw water scarcity is made worse with the pollution of rivers especially by domestic wastes. Up to 76,2 percent of the rivers of Java, Sumatra, Bali, and Sulawesi are heavily polluted with organic matter. While eleven major rivers of Java are heavily polluted with ammonia. The majority of the rivers flowing in densely populated of Java tend to be polluted with coliform and fecal coli bacteria. The presence of fecal coli bacteria indicates pollution from human excrement, the main cause of diarrhoea. Further Erna revealed the apprehensive condition of Indonesia that demands cooperation from all stakeholders to improve it. "Any community participation is important such as campaign, river cleaning, digging infiltration pit, and so on. Similarly was expressed by Syahrial

Loetan (acting Deputy for Infrastructures-BAPPENAS). According to him, poor sanitation management in Indonesia is caused by the belief that the responsibility for sanitation lies fully with the households and problem is considered resolved once the household has built a good sanitation facility. "We have to take in mind that sanitation is no longer a problem of the individual family, instead it is a common problem of the government and the community. Therefore the problem must be dealt with collectively because the demand for it is pressing and cannot wait any longer," says Syahrial. Further, Budirama Natakusumah, the Jakarta Provincial Head of BPLHD, explained the condition of surface and groundwater of Jakarta and its vicinity. In Jakarta domestic waste comprises the dominant source of pollution to the 13 river basins of the city. "In this connection it is necessary to have preventive measures through upholding of regulations related to domestic wastewater management," he says. While I Nyoman Kandun, DG for Disease Prevention and Environmental Sanitation (DG PP & PL) Dept Health stated his wishes to continue with socialization of hygiene behaviour. Isn't it impossible to live hygienically without water?" he said. Based on the result of studies washing hands with soap and flowing water prevents contamination by 65 percent. The hygiene behaviour depends to the most part on the economic condition and a good education. The key is, our world is habitable because of water," so said I Nyoman Kandun. BW

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More Comfortable with MCK Plus++

ho wouldn't feel comfortable living in a hygienic environment? Moreover if the demand for MCK (bath, wash and defecate) facility is met satisfactorily. This of course is everyone's dream. The problem of basic MCK frequently encounters the urban community, who for the sake of a better life they have no choice but to live crammed in a crowded city. "Since the operastionpresence of this MCK++ we live more comfortably now. Gone were the days when we had to wait in a long queue at the water pump", said Hartati (54) a housewife of Jatake, Kecamatan Jati Uwung, Tangerang, during the media visit on the World Water Day 2007 commemoration held by WSS-WG on Tuesday 20 March. Hartati, one of the housewives of the area feels quite lucky to have an MCK++ built in her neighbourhood. "There are many factory workers living in rented houses and water was always in short amount. Now everything has been fulfilled. Bathing, washing, eveything becomes very easy," she says radiantly. The facility was built with German technology and is located at Kelurahan Jatake RT 02/01, Kecamatan Jatiuwung, Tangerang City consists of 12 rooms, 6 for toilet and 6 bathroom with shower. While washing floor is built outside. In addition, the human excrement is used to produce biogas for cooking and lighting. The 3 m by 8 m facility that was built at Rp 200 million is also equipped with an infiltration well and a green garden to make the environment clean, hygienic and comfortable. Marwan (50) the MCK++ attendant starts his day immediately after Subuh prayer and he works till 10 PM.

FOTO:BOWO LEKSONO

According to him the tariff for defecation Rp 300, bath Rp 400 and wash Rp 1.000. "Most of the users are factory workers. On average 150 users come to the outfit," says Marwan, father of three children. Accompanied by his wife they operate a small foodstall at the outfit. To prepare instant noodle or hot water for coffee the biogas produced by the MCK++ is quite enough. There is nothing to worry about, the MCK++ complex is always clean and comfortable. The MCK project was implemented BEST (Bina Sosial Ekonomi Terpadu, Integrated Social Economic Development) involving the community participation. Hamzah Harun Al Rasyid, BEST Director, says the MCK++ is built waterand air tight. "Therefore it is guaranteed clean and hygienic'" he confirms. There have been many households in Indonesia, especially those of the towns, built septic tank to contain their

excrement. Almost 80 percent of them. But the question remains whether the excrement collector system has met the hygiene requirement? Since one of the preconditions is that the septic tank is free from leak and must be located at least 10 m away from their water well. There are in Tangerang 26 MCK++ currently in operation. In 2003 through cooperation with AusAID, WSP and the World Bank the Government of Indonesia adopted this system for application in a pilot project named SANIMAS (sanitation by the community). In SANIMAS community involvement is the main key to the project implementation. Community contribution is prerequisite and the facility is directly managed by the community. Since 2005 the SANIMAS concept has been replicated by the Dept Public Works and has presently reached somewhere around 80 kabupatens/citys. Bowo

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Workshop for Formulation of Policy for Handling Slum Areas

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

lum is characterized as a very densely populated settlement area, decrepit houses and improper basic facilities including water supply, road, liquid and solid waste disposal and drainage systems. The effort to formulating a policy for development of slum areas started with a workshop held on 7-9 December 2006 by the Directorate of Housing and Settlement Systems, BAPPENAS in

cooperation with State Ministry for Housing. It is planned that the policy

formulation will involve all the stakeholders through formation of a working group. It is hoped that through this effort a policy framework for resolving the problem of slum areas can be formulated for use as guidance by all who intend to improve the condition of slums in Indonesia. BW

Workshop on Planning and Coordination for WSS Development Program in NTT

n connection with program implementation in 2007 the NTT (E. Nusa Tenggara) government in cooperation with UNICEF held a workshop on Coordination and Planning for WSS Development on 28 February - 1 March in Kupang. The workshop was officially opened by the Secretary of Bappeda of NTT and was attended by representatives from Bappenas and Dept of Public Works, secretariate of Central WSS-WG, provincial and regional level agencies of the site of UNICEF assisted activities consisting of Kabupatens of Alor, Ende, Belu, and Sikka. This workshop was organized in cooperation with UNICEF, Bappeda NTT, WSS-WG and WASPOLA. Astrid, the UNICEF representative stressed the importance of an improved WSS development program cooperation

between GOI and UNICEF. "At this time the working partners only cover NTT and NTB, but later they can be expanded to nine other regions," she says in between the workshop sessions. During the discussion there were several WSS development related issues revealed, they are (i) environmental degradation and pollution of water
FOTO:DOK/POKJA AMPL

source, (ii) lack of community's capacity, (iii) lack of community involvement in O&M of the facility after construction, (iv) choice of appropriate technology, (v) lack of community awareness, (vi) conflict right of use of water source, (vii) weak inter-agency coordination, (viii) inconsistency between plan and implementation, (ix) lack of data base, and (x) absence of strategy plan. In broad line the collaborative activities during 2007 will cover (i) capacity improvement through establishment of WSS-WG in each region, straightening up data collection and processing and formulation of strategy planning, (ii) improvement of community awareness through hygiene behaviour and CLTS, (iii) physical construction particularly rainwater collector and school toilet system, and (iv) improvement in monev program. BW

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In Anticipation of the World Water Day

Sharing Trees Sharing Life

"M

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

adam, do you know when is it the world water day?" asked Geri Andrian, a YPI 45 Bekasi High School student to a woman driving a car. While accepting a tree seedling from Geri, the woman asked back, "I have no idea. When is it really?" It may not be too important for this woman to know when the world water day is. And there is no compelling requirement that we must celebrate it. Because what is important is that we are aware of the reality and essence behind it. Water is basic human need, no human being can live without it. The date for the commemoration world water day is 22 March 2007, and on 18 March Coca Cola Indonesia in cooperation with USAID Indonesia organized several activities at the Cibubur Camping Ground. This activity involved 40 students from 4 high schools of Bekasi, namely SMAN 2, SMAN 6, SMA YPI 45, and SMA AlAzhar Kemang Pratama. Why was it that the World Water Day event concentrated in Cibubur? According to Trijono Prijosoesilo, the Deputy Chief Executive Operating Committee Coca Cola Foundation Indonesia, Cibubur is a water catchment and infiltration area that is nearest to Jakarta. "Cibubur commanding an area of 210 ha is an urban forest that serves as water infiltration area demands a specific attention from the community," he said. As the main agenda of this event is distribution of 2.007 seedlings to the community. It is hoped the community will pay a greater attention to water and environmental conservation. Five hun-

dred seedlings were distributed to drivers who day after day commute the roads around Cibubur. The remainder

were distributed to schools and the management of critical lands and upper watersheds. While Titie Sadarini, Chief Operating Committee of Coca Cola Foundation Indonesia, says that by distibuting tree seedlings the committee invites the community attention to plant trees in their neighbourhood for the purpose of helping water infiltration process. "In so doing, each individual actively participates in the effort to resolve the water scarcity problem," she continues. Not only in Jakarta. The Love Water Program was also held in several locations in Semarang and Surabaya. BW

Learning While Playing

s. Linawati, a Biology teacher of Public High School No. 6 in Bekasi diligently teaches the student to love water. She taught them the technique of measuring oxygen content in Cibubur lake water during the World Water Day event sponsored by Coca Cola Indonesia and USAID. "The result is 1,7 ml for every 3 minutes," said Tia Marianti, second year Science student after collecting lake water in a measuring glass and poured it into a container with Hydra sp. a plant species in it The teacher concludes that the oxygen content is at medium level. "The more the plant the more extensive is the oxygen producing photosynthesis," said Linawati. As a student Tia was very happy to have the opportunity to join the World Water Day event. She used to study more of the theoretical aspects, now she

has the practical application, making observation of oxygen content in water. "I come to a conclusion that it is time for us to economize water use. We must start it from ourselves, such as taking bath with a douche," said the charming girl. The students of four high schools in Bekasi were invited to to join the environmentally sensitive event particularly one related to water and environmental conservation. To Percik, Prijono Projosoesilo said that Go Green School, a program involving high school students is part of the educative approach of Love Water Program. "By involving the youth it is hoped they will become a generation who is aware of the importance of water and environmental conservation,: he said firmly. BW

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PROGRAM

Water
for Healthy Environment and Human Being

he United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded Environmental Services Program (ESP) in cooperation with Indonesian communities and local governments develops programs for the prevention of diarrhoea through improvement of access to clean water, construction of communal septic tanks, protection of water springs, improvement of the understanding and care to the importance of handwashing with soap, protection of water treatment and storage, and waste collection for composting and recycling. ESP is operating in water catchment areas of 7 provinces: Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, N. Sumatra, E. Java, C. Java, Yogyakarta, W. Java and Jakarta covering about half of the 200 million plus Indonesian population. ESP applies upstream-downstream approach in integrating water resources management wth improvement community health, creating a Blue Thread approach taking water as theme for intration to link environmental health with human being. Based on the community initiatives, ESP provides support in 4 technical aspects: 1. Water Borderline Management and Biodiversity Conservation; in cooperation with the stakeholders ESP helps in stabilising and improving raw water supply for the downstream communities. 2. Provision of Environmental

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Service; ESP helps in improvement of water supply, sanitation, and waste management for urban and sub-urban areas. 3. Funding of Environmental Service; ESP attempts to help the communities and private sector with long and medium term funding as needed to stimulate investment in water supply system and the development of wastewater drainage system. 4. Communication Strategy for Behavioural Change; ESP in cooperation with the network of local mass media promote care and discourses of important issues such as water, environment and health

through multi media campaign program. In each of the seven provinces where ESP is operating it applies an integrated approach to bring the four technical aspects simultaneously into application for supporting the community of locally specific initiatives. The integrated ESP approach consists of Blue Thread, Clean-GreenHygiene, and Water for the Poor. Blue Thread In Blue Thread ESP uses raw water source as entry to improve community health and restore and maintain ecosystem that sustain water source for the

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PROGRAM

community. ESP helps in creating community networking, from upstream to downstream, to enable to talk and take action locally to develop care to the water catchment as a whole. The ESP field staff helps the community identify the possible action to be taken to protect water catchment areas. With ESP's support, the community is beginning to protect water spring, establishing gardens, dan replanting degraded lands. Clean Green Hygiene The Clean Green Hygiene approach uses sanitation and waste as another means for improving community health. Waste water and domestic waste contain organic and inorganic contaminants and harmful bacteria that need pretreatment before disposal into the environment. Unfortunately, in most regions of Indonesia, there are not enough infrastructures such as collection and waste transport system, and urban sewerage system that are needed for such treatment. Water bodies such as rivers, irrigation canals, and drainage ditches are frequently used for disposal of domestic and agricultural, and also industrial wastes. It is tragic indeed, though still remediable, that as a result of life quite close to wastewater and untreated solid waste is the degradation of water bodies, spreading of diseases, increase of cost for health care, increase in school absence, retarded growth of children, and eventually lost of human life. The program is implemented in collaboration with the community, the local government, and non government organization to identify all possible actions they could take by themselves, from the simplest to the most complex resolution, such as assisting the com-

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

With ESP's support, the community is beginning to protect water spring, establishing gardens, dan replanting degraded lands

munity to identify their present condition and the opportunity for implementation. Water for the Poor In urban areas, ESP improves PDAM capacity to protect its water source. Technical assistance is made available to as many as 30 PDAMs. In the area of feasibility study for improvement of raw water source and or of distribution networks. Along with improvement in PDAM

technical and financial capacity and protection of water source, it will improve its service to community with main emphasis on the poor families who otherwise were overlooked. The principle maintained by ESP in increasing the access for the poor is that the poor families are capable of paying the normal PDAM tariff so that they should have sustaiinable service under flexible payment condition (daily paayment by a local communty organization instead of monthly payment at PDAM office). Rather than asking PDAM to build more public taps which are difficult to monitor, where PDAM and the poor community are apt to loose money, ESP designed a program to motivate the community around the public tap and has started with a new program combining individual and public water meter for a group of poor families in various different metropolis of Indonesia. All the above is an ESP effort to help Indonesia in achieving MDGs in relation to improvement of access to water supply and sanitation for all. FN

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ABSTRACT
This column deals with abstracts of WSS related thesis or dissertation

Perceptive Evaluation of Facilitation of Adoption and Implementation of the Policy for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development in 7 Provinces through WASPOLA Project
SOURCE:DOC/WASPOLA

The problem of sustainability of water supply and sanitation facility that was provided by various different projects has attracted a wide variety of attention. During the era of decentralization, the responsibility for water supply and environmental sanitation (WSS) development has been relinquished to the regional governments. The central government's responsibility is limited to facilitation, technical assistance, and provision of the necessary directives and guidelines. The government effort in formulating a national policy for WSS development demands the responsibility for implementation by the regional governments. Upon completion of the policy formulation in 2003, it was immediately brought to trial implementation in 7 provinces, and later it must be implemented more extensively to other areas. This study is intended to take a look into the response of the seven provinces, -they are W. Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, Banten, C. Java, W. Nusa Tenggara (NTB), S. Sulawesi, and Gorontalo- to the National Policy for Community Based WSS Development. Through a measurement made to the level respondents' acceptance of the logic of the policy we will know the average perception of the respondents of the policy. The level of respondents' perception is stated in scale, varying from 1-4, scale 1 for unacceptable, 2 fairly unacceptable, 3 acceptable and, 4 highly acceptable. The respondents comprise the

officials and employees of the government agencies involved in WSS sector development, who are responsible in the daily affairs and management of the sector development. Based on theory, the acceptance of the logic of a policy is prerequisite for its implementability. The study indicates that 11 policy statements, both individually as well as collectively indicate an average value of 3,31. This figure tells us that the average policy logical acceptance varies between acceptable and highly acceptable. However the average respondents' perception on policy implementation shows a lower value, i.e 2,98. This figure indicates implementability slightly below implementable. The average difference in logically acceptable and implementability indicates the presence of various barriers in the water supply and environmental sanitation development. This study also takes a look into the performance of the regions that were

given policy facilitation through WASPOLA project since 2005. Respondents' perception is measured through 8 indicators: i) inter-agency coordination in WSS development; ii) knowledge and understanding regarding participatory approaches particularly in WSS sector development; iii) involvement of stakeholders outside the government in CB (community based) WSS development; iv) priority of CBWSS development; iv) regional government budget for the physical construction of the CB-WSS development; vi) regional government budget to support the CBWSS development; vii) legal ruling in support of the CB-WSS development; and viii) planning activities in support of the CB-WSS development. Through the measurement of respondents' perception on the condition before and after the facilitation, there are three possible trends: i) changing towards a better direction, ii) no change, and iii) changing towards worse condition. With the application of nonparametric statistical analysis using McNemar test, an overal 81,275 Chi Square value was produced. This value is greater than Chi Square Table of 3,481 for free 1 grade and 5% significant level. This means that the policy facilitation according to the respondents' perception has produced a positive change.
Summarized from Masters Thesis at the Public Policy and Planning Graduate School of the University of Indonesia, by Sofyan Iskandar

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I AT P I C L I N I C

Question can be forwarded through Percik magazine Contributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono (Sandhieb@yahoo.com) Lina Damayanti (Ldamayanti@yahoo.com)

Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column. This column deals with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation

Drinking Water
Question: How do we determine the coagulant dosage in Water Treatment Installation (WTI)? Seto, Bandung Answer: The most widely used coagulant in Indonesia is alum or aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3. The dosage is determined through a laboratory test using a tool known as jar test. The dosage depends highly on the raw water quality (turbidity, suspended particles, amount of organic compound, and pH), the quality of the coagulant (purity and particle size), operation procedure in the WTI (percentage of coagulant solution, technique of application, and stirring intensity), and the quality of the treated water (particularly turbidity dan suspended particle to be disposed of). In the examination using jar test, coagulant is applied at a variety of dosages (between 30 - 80 mg/l) stirred at 100 rpm (quick stirring) for 1 minute and continued with slow stirring at 60 rpm for 10 - 20 minutes. It is a standard procedure in WTI that the 100 rpm is considered as a model for quick stirring (coagulation process) and the 60 rpm as slow stirring (flocculation process). After the slow stirring the jar test is switched off and let to stand for 20-30 minutes (model for sedimentation process), and the quality floc is evaluated. The measurement is made on the velocity of floc sedimentation (depth of jar against time required to reach the bottom of the jar), the type of the floc (solid or non solid), turbidity and suspended particles isolated after stirring.

The dosage variation within the abovementioned range is made to determine the opttimum dosage. There is a fixed level above which the turbidity and the remaining suspended particles increase. This indicates that the coagulant dosage is exceedingly too high and the optimum must be lower than that. For the average turbid surface water in Indonesia the coagulant (aluminium sulfat) dosage level is around 40-50 mg/l.

Drainage
Question: In a drainage construction what is the advantage of one with concrete floor compared to one without? Rama, Kupang

Answer: Drainage serves to quickly drain a location in order to prevent inundation (flooding). Using a canal with low roughness coefficient (such as concrete with Manning roughness coefficient of 0,013) will make water flow faster. However the benefit of unpaved canal bottom (vegetative covered or infiltration floor at the canal bottom) will increase water infiltration rather than discharging it directly into a river (as runoff). With the provision of infiltration floor the underground water reserve will increase thus helps in groundwater conservation. This will prevent underground water contamination, since surface water is relatively easier to get contaminated than underground water is.
Sandhi Eko Bramono, ST., MEnvEngSc
SOURCE:RESKI DD

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BOOK INFO

Gender Equality and MDGs

s we all know, the achievement of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) is set for 2015. Yet there are still many nations, especially the poorer ones, are still lagging far behind in the achievement of various sectors. There are even cases of decreasing in achievement. The MDG projects are based on agreement of 198 world leaders in September 2000 to together fight the problems faced by the majority of the developing nations of the world. The problems include poverty, illiteracy, hunger, high infant mortality rate, lack of education, and lack of water supply and sanitation. This book was published by Gender

Title

GENDER EQUALITY AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Author:: Gender and Development Group Penerbit: Gender and Development Group, World Bank, 2003 PAges: 24 halaman

and Development Group of the World Bank. It presents a picture on gender

equality and evaluates gender equality with MDGs particularly in the context of poverty, education, health and nutrition, as well as environment. Provided with data in target achievement diagrams we can see the achievement in terms of difference of sexes. It is also provided with attractive photographs illustrating the role of women in varous different nations. Gender equality is not intended merely as a dream, more important than anything is to turn it into reality. The role of women is very important because it is very close to issues such as poverty, education, health and nutrition, as well as environment. BW

Implementation Manual for Gender Based Policy

he ADB sponsored water supply and sanitation projects have in the last several decades proven a strong positive link between gender sensitivity and women involvement in one hand with project success and sustained water supply and sanitation management in the other. Women are the collector, transporter, user, and manager of domestic water and as the promotor in sanitation related activities within the household and the community. However, in many communities, women opinion is not systematically represented in decision making institutions. Water supply and sanitation project provides the best opportunity to narrow this gap. The purpose of this book is to help ADB staffs and consultants in implementing ADB policies and stategic objectives in relation to gender and development

Title

GENDER CHECKLIST
Author: Sonomi Tanaka Publisher: Asian Development Bank (ADB) Pages: 28 halaman Year: 2005

(GAD). Beside the above purpose, this book questions the importance of gender in water supply and sanitation project and the primary step in project cycle. An ample

discussion is also made on example of terms of reference (TOR) for gender specialist. It is hoped this checklist will serve as a guideline for users from all project/program phases in determining gender based access to resources, roles and responsibilities, constraints and priorities in the provision of water supply and sanitation and in designing gender sensitive strategies, components and indicators in response to gender issues. This checklist is mainly developed for water supply and sanitation projects in villages and for urban community based projects. In spite of a number of issues and methodologies brought forward in this book, yet in general they are for application in water supply and sanitation projects.
BW

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WEBSITE INFO

related information. The background is clearly presented, the relationship with human right and additionally the addresses of other websites that could support the information related to the papers.

published topics are: a Change of Course, The Millennium Development Goals Through the Lens of the Women's Global Charter for Humanity, Taking Actions: Achieving Equality and Empowering Women; Mainstreaming Gender to Achieve the MDGs: Summary Record. This website is a collaborative effort by UN Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality, the OECD/DAC Network on Gender Equality and Multilateral Development Bank Working Group on Gender.

GENDER AND WATER ALLIANCE (GWA)

www.genderandwater.org
I n this website the visitor could find important gender related information. The information may come in the forms of case studies, publication, bulletins, declaration, training materials, and links. Several interesting publications could be found here, among others: Advocacy manual for Gender and Water Ambassadors; For Her-It's the Big Issue; Putting Women at the Centre of Water Supply; Sanitation and Hygiene; Gender, Water and Sanitation: a Policy Brief; The Gender Approach to Water Management; MDG, Gender & Water. GWA is a global network dedicated to popularize gender issues related to water resources management. GWA is managed by a committee elected for 2-3 years. GWA is a program associated to Global Water Partnership (GWP). The site is maintained by WHRNet a project managed by the Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).

ELDIS GENDER RESOURCE GUIDE

www.eldis.org/gender

GENDER EQUALITY AND THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT

www.mdgender.net
This website serves as source of information to promote a better understanding and various tools towards gender equality. It provides the visitor with various published materials such as books, reports, working papers, articles, and speeches. Several of the interesting

WOMAN HUMAN RIGHT NET (WHRNET)

www.whrnet.org/docs/issuewater.html

In this website the visitor could obtain Water and Water Privatization

This website contains various gender related publications, among others: Gender and Integrated Water Resources Management; Gender and Participation; Gender Health and Wellbeing; Gender and Poverty Reduction Strategies; Gender Focused Manuals and Toolkits; Gender; Conflicts and Emergencies and many other interesting topics. The papers are presented in .pdf files. This website is maintained by Eldis. Eldis is a resource centre under the Institute of Development, Sussex, England. Eldis is funded by SIDA, NORAD, DFID and SDC.

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CD INFO

The Path Walked By NTT Community to Get Water

Village women together with their children walk in a single line along the trail in the steep hills and barren vales. This long walk is made for only one purpose: get water for their family to live. "We make this walk twice a day, morning and afternoon. Walk from home to the water source," says one woman from one of villages of NTT Province. A clear picture nicely presented in a documenbtary film entitled "Is it difficult for you to get water?" illustrating the hardship borne by the community of the arid NTT to get clean water. This pathetic reality of life was the routine before the ProAir (Clean Water Program), a program from the cooperation between the Indonesian and Federal Republic of Germany was introduced to the eastern regions of together with ProAir to find ease in getting clean water. What is interesting is that one of requirements for the ProAir cooperation is the involvement of women in the project. Women are the prime actors for the availability of water in the family. It can be seen from the presentation that the women are actively involved in the water supply management. As a promotion media, this ProAir produced short documentary film is well in target as it exposes the local potentials, such as the location, cultural traits, and traditional music of the locality. The structure of the film is easy to follow. Yet there are some scenes that seem trivially too long so that the half an hour presentation is felt as being too slow. BW

Indonesia. The 30 minute VCD presentation portrays the walk of the grassroot community in the remote areas until they finally agree to a common effort and

New Way of Getting Drinkable Water

A film as an audiovisual product is quite effective in influencing a community way of thinking. Therefore, an advertisement with commercial background must be prepared as attractive as possible. This concept has been used effectively by Dian Desa Foundation in the socialization of a PUR (water purifier) product to purify turbid water and at the same time kills bacteria so that the end product is readily drinkable. This product takes the form of a powdered mixture of materials that kills harmful bacteria and removes dispersed solids to clear the water. This eight minute film is opened ways of using PUR to produce drinkable water. The powder is quite suitable for areas with turbid water source or places frequently suffering from floods. The effective, safe and economical character of the product is presented as the advantage of this product. The presentation is quite attractive because the picture taking is made that way so as not boring combined an excellent editing process. The more so, this is made more attractive by the presentation of the widely known Cici Tegal. She alone is an additional attraction to the show.
BW

through a fragment of a show. The fragment introduces the advantages and the

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WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY

R E P O R T

ACCESS INFORMATION SHEET TO SUPPORT THE INTEGRATION OF GENDER AND POVERTY Publisher: ACCESS WORKSHOP ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PILOT PROJECT AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMPONENTS Publisher: Cal Recovery Europe Ltd., 2006 REPORT OF STUDIES ON SANITATION OF THE URBAN LOW INCOME COMMUNITIES, A NATIONAL PICTURE Publisher: PT Wisesa Tirta Association with BaliFokus-WSP, 2006 (in Indonesian)

PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION MAKING, EXPERIENCE IN WATER RESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Publisher: Public Policy Advocacy Team, 2005 WATER AND CULTURE: WATER IN OUR LAND Publisher: Tirta Dharma - PDAM of the City of Surakarta PEAT WATER TREATMENT INSTALLATION FOR DRINKING WATER Publisher: Water Resources Research and Development Centre, Agency for Research and Development Dept of Public Works, 1994 ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS AND GREENWAYS: CONCEPT, DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2004 WATER CRISIS: MYTH OR REALITY? Publisher: Taylor / Balkema, 2006 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN WATER AND WASTEWATER SANITATION Publisher: Lewis Publishers, 2002 WORLD WATER RESOURCES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY - INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGY SERIES Publisher: Cambridge University Press - Unesco, 2003

R E G U L A T I O N
HOME AFFAIRS MINISTERIAL REGULATION NO. 23/ 2005 ON THE TECHNICAL AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES IN WATER PROVISON FOR REGIONAL WATER UTILITY COMPANY (PDAM) STATE MINISTRY FOR PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT/BAPPENS REGULATION NO. 005/M.PPN.06/2006 ON METHODS IN PLANNING AND PROPOSAL SUBMISSION AND EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY FUNDED BY FOREIGN LOAN/GRANT FUND

PUBLIC WORKS MINISTERIAL REGULATION NO. 294/PRT/M/2005 ON SUPPORT BODY FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

M A G A Z I N E
PERCIK JUNIOR MAGAZINE Edition 1, January 2007 PERCIK MAGAZINE December 2006 Ediition, English Version KOMBINASI MAGAZINE (Community for Development of Information Networks) Edition 19, March 2007 DRINKING WATER MAGAZINE March 2007 edition

BOOK

ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS OF INDONESIA 2005 Publisher: BPS, 2006

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AGENDA
DATE
16 17 18-19 18 18-19 23-24 24 29 29-30 30 31 31 5-8 6-9 13 16 20 22 22-23 23 26-28 26 27 28 2 5 5 5-6 5-6 6-8 8 5-9 9 13 14 12-14 14-17 16-17 18 20 20-23 21-23 22 22 23 26-27 27-30 28-29 30

MONTH ACTIVITY
January January January January January January January January January January January January February February February February February February February February February February February February March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March March Limited Discussion: "On the intricacies of water privatization" by KruHa (Coalition of Population Rights to Water) in Jakarta Workshop on Minimizing Urban Solid Waste, held by WJEMP in Jakarta ISSDP Evaluation Workshop, held by Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) at Purwakarta Media Discussion "Fighting Diarrhoea Through Improved Access to Water Supply and Sanitation", held by ESP-USAID in Jakarta Workshop on Consolidation and ISSDP Performance in Jakarta Workshop on Gates Foundation Project, held by DG PP&PL Dept Health in Jakarta Meeting for Finalising of Guidelines for Implementation and Capacity Improvement of Nat. Policy for CB WSS Development, held by WASPOLA in Jakarta Workshop on Sustainability of Raw Water for PDAM, held by Bappenas jointly with Univ. Merdeka of Malang Workshop on Condition of Sanitation in Metropolis and Big Cities of Indonesia, held by DG Cipta Karya, Dept Works Preparation of Conference on Sanitation Indonesia 2007, held by ISSDP in Jakarta Workshop on WSS Data, held by UNICEF in collaboration with WSS-WG in Jakarta Coord Meeting on Planning of Housing Sanitation Program in Surabaya Monev of ProAir Activity, by DG PP&PL Dept. Health National Workshop on consolidation of Implementation of National Policy for Comm Based WSS, by WASPOLA in Semarang WG Meeting: Water and Sanitation Activity 2007, by AusAID jointly with UNICEF and WSS-WG WASP Review Meeting for Component E - Water and Sanitation Monitoring, by ISSDP in Jakarta Coord Meeting of Cooperation between Indonesia-UNICEF, by UNICEF and WSS-WG in Jakarta Open House on Water Supply and Env Sanitation, by ISSDP jointly with WSS-WG and WASPOLA in Jakarta Workshop on Strengthening of NTT Provincial WSS-WG, by DG PP&PL Dept. Health in Kupang Seminar: "Demand for Higher National Budget for Provision of Water as Basic Human Need", by LP3ES in Jakarta CWSH Supervision Mission, by DG Cipta Karya in Aceh WSS-WG and UNICEF Meeting in Jakarta Workshop on WSS Communication Network Development, by WSS-WG jointly with WASPOLA, Forkami, Water and Sanitation Network and ISSDP in Jakarta Workshop on Coordination and Planning for Water Supply and Env Sanitation of NTT Prov. Program, by UNICEF in collaboration with WSS-WG in Kupang Working Group Debriefing, by AusAID together with WSS-WG and WASPOLA in Jakarta Dialogue for Sharpening of Water Consumption in Indonesia, by DG Cipta Karya Dept. Public Works Info Meeting re BRI Financing Scheme for ESP Program, by ESP-USAID in Jakarta CWSH Supervision Mission, by DG Cipta Karya in C. Kalimantan Socialization of Special Allocation Fund Technical Guidelines for Infrastructure 2007, by SecGen of Dept. Public Works CWSH Supervision Mission, by DG Cipta Karya in Nias, N. Sumatra Workshop for Formulation of PLP of Solid Waste, by DG Cipta Karya, Dept. Public Works Post Construction Institutional Orientation for WSLIC-2 Kabupaten and Provincial level WSS-WG, by DG PP&PL at Mataram Socialization of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Activity, by WASPOLA in Jakarta Workshop on Solid Waste Management Best Practices within the framework of Regional Initiative on Environment & Health ASEAN & East Asian Countries, by DG Cipta Karya, Public Works Workshop on solid waste management institutional strengthening, by DG Cipta Karya in Jakarta Training on WSS Media Production, by WASPOLA in Yogyakarta Finalising of Guidelines for WSS Policy Operationalization, by WASPOLA in Yogyakarta Meeting for Improvement of General Guidance for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program by DG for PP&PL dept. Health at Prov. NTT Love Water Program: Distribution of Tree Seedlings, by ESP-USAID at Cibubur Discussion and Visit by Media re Commemoration of World Water Day 2007, conducted by WSS-WG in collaboration with WASPOLA, Forkami, and ESP in Jakarta Facilitation for Sumba Timur WSS-WG, conducted by WASPOLA in Waingapu Basic Facilitator, by WASPOLA in Kebumen TV Talkshow re World Water Day in Good Morning Indonesia program by Trans TV Station Jakarta Radio Talkshow re World Water Day, theme: Scarcity of Raw Water Source, A Challenge in Urban Water Supply broadcast by Indonesia Siesta program by Radio Delta FM Jakarta Preparation for Implementation of WASAP Component D - Sanitation City Pilot, by ISSDP in Jakarta Training Seminar on Facilitation, by WASPOLA in Semarang Sanitation Seminar for 6 cities of SSDP II, by ISSDP in Blitar, E. Java Training Seminar on Facilitation, by WASPOLA in Brebes, C. Java Follow-up meeting on Small Scale Independent Water Providers Study, by WASPOLA in Jakarta

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