Cep

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
Construction Industry:
Before discussing project players we should be familiar with: Contractor: The term Contractor comes from legal agreement. There will be a legal agreement between the owner and the builder. A contractor may be a builder but a builder may or may not be a contractor. Contract: A construction contract is defined as, An agreement between two parties such that it is enforceable by the law and must be agreed Contract is a negotiation between owner and contractor for the cost control.
Project Players:
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) i) Owner OR Client Construction Manager General Contractor Sub Contractors OR Specialty Contractors Designer OR Architect Engineer Insurance Companies Banks Suppliers Public Construction Labor Force Owner: Owner is also called client. Owner is the person who actually arranges finance for particular project. Owner is the real instinct who has to launch idea. Owner may be a person or Government. Construction Manager (CM): CM is the person who actually coordinates the construction process on behalf of the owner. Construction manager is not common in Pakistan, usually in foreign countries client assigns construction work to a CM who deals and manages all the things related to construction. General Contractor (GC): GC is a person who actually execute the contract, he actually negotiate the contract with client. Following are the duties of GC: a) Assure the work to be completed on time he specified. b) He must use Tool & Plant (T&P) at the site, which he has specified at the time of contract. c) He must arrange labor force. Sub Contractor: Sub contractor is also known as Specialty contractor. They are actually the
ii)
iii)
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Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE people who provide other facilities to the General contractor for the sub projects. There exist some agreement between General contractor and Sub contractor. Some facilities which Sub contractor can provide are: a) Electric wiring b) Plumbing c) Air Condition supply d) Wood work e) Paint f) Providing Soil for project v) Designer: Designer may be Architect or Engineer who gives complete design to the project on the basis of their previous experience. Insurance Companies: These are the companies which provides, a) Bid bond Facility b) Performance Bond c) Payment Bond by the contractor to the owner. Bank: The bank will allow funding on behalf of client, and provides complete insurance to the contractor. Suppliers: Suppliers are actually the people who provide construction material. i.e. bricks, concrete, cement, etc Public: Public is the labor force that are managed by the contractor or sub contractor or by the masons or by the skilled workers. Construction Labor Force: Following are the labor force, a) Masons i) Brick Masons ii)Brick stone Masons iii)Block Masons iv)Cement Masons b)Carpenters c)Construction equipment operator d)Electricians e)Fixers OR Steel Fabricator f)Glazers g)Painters h)Plumbers i)HVAC
vi)
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viii)
ix)
x)
Organization of the Construction Industry:

i) ii) iii) iv) i) Residential Construction Commercial Construction Industrial Construction Heavy/Highway Construction Residential Construction: In this type of construction generally two types of homes are constructed, these are: a) Tract Homes: These are those homes which are constructed on same pattern and design usually constructed in same area. b) Custom Homes: These are those homes in which we can do alteration even after its construction. Commercial Construction: Commercial construction includes construction of Plazas, offices, shopping malls etc Commercial construction is usually carried out by two sectors: a) Private Sector: Sector where privately single person or group of some people invests money for construction. b) Public Sector: Sector where Government invests money for construction. Industrial Construction: Industrial construction includes construction of mills, factories, power generation plants etc Industrial construction is usually carried out by two sectors: a) Private Sector: Sector where privately single person or group of some people invests money for construction. b) Public Sector: Sector where Government invests money for construction. Heavy/Highway Construction: This includes construction of roads, railways, airports, seaports, dams, etc. These constructions are oftenly carried out by Government.
ii)
iii)
iv)
Flow chart of Project players:
OWNER
DESIGNER/ENGINEER
CONSULTANT
CONTRACTOR
QUALITY CONTROL
PROJECT MANAGER
PLANNING ENGINEER
QUANTITY SURVEYOR
FINANCE ACCOUNTING
SITE ENGINEER FOREMAN
ADMINISTRATION OFFICE
SUPERVISOR ASSISTANT LABOR ASSISTANT
Pre-Qualification of Contractor:
Pre qualification is financial and technical evaluation of contractor by employer or engineer. The owner ensures financial and technical soundness of contractor to handle the project.
Criteria for Pre-Qualification of Tenderer/Bidder/Contractor:

i) ii) iii) Company Assets: Company should asset the contractor. The contractor should be well recognized. Financial Status: Financially the contractor should have to satisfy the company. He should have financial or bank statement for previous year. Organo-Gram Unit: In Organo-Gram unit a) The contractor should have list of skilled staff. The contractor should have to manage all these things before the time of execution of work. b) The contractor should also have skilled labor. The masons should be perfectly skilled. Tool & Plant (T&P): The contractor should have all types of machinery related to the project to satisfy the client. Experience of Previous Project: Contractor should have lists of previous projects being executed by him in order to satisfy his client. Experience About Current Project: Contractor should have executed the same type of project which he is going to execute, so, he can handle it carefully. Registration with PEC: Contractor should be registered from Pakistan Engineering Congress. His degree should be valid.
iv) v) vi)
vii)
Contract: A construction contract is defined as, An agreement between two parties

such that it is enforceable by the law and must be agreed
Types of Construction Contracts: There are three types of construction

contracts, i) Lump Sum Contract ii) Unit Price Contract iii) Cost Plus Contract i) ii) Lump Sum Contract: It is typically used in building construction projects in which quantities are accurately measured. Unit Price Contract: It is used when it is not possible to calculate the exact quantities at that place.
iii)
iv)
For example for earth work, this can not be measured accurately before time. The payment is given at the given excavated amount of earth. Cost plus Contract: This contract is used in the situation where it is not possible either for the owner or contractor to predict the cost. Cost Plus Contract is of three types, a) Cost plus fixed fee (Owner Prefer) b) Cost Plus Percentage c) Innovation & Trend (used for heavy work e.g. highways, railways etc) Innovations & Trends OR A+B Contract: This contract is used in road construction, railway lines, etc
Contracting Methods: These methods will facilitate the owner/employer regarding the procurement of contract. There are two contracting methods, i) Design Build ii) Design Build Operate i) Design Build: It is a contracting method in which contractor will design, build and execute the project himself. Contractor becomes wholly responsible for design and execution of project. Design build is usually a cost plus a guarantee minimum price (GMP). Design Build Operate: It is a contracting method in which contractor will design, build and operate the project after completion himself. For example, Toll plazas on highways which in return generates revenue, water treatment and purification systems etc.
ii)
Types of Bonds: i) ii) iii) Bid Bond: This bond assures that low bidder will accept the contract if offered and will submit the required payment and performance bond. Payment Bond: This bond guarantee's that contractor will pay sub-contractors and suppliers. Performance Bond: This bond guarantee's that contractor will complete the work in accordance with plan and specifications.
Criteria Of Contract:
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) There must be mutual agreement or meeting of mind. There must be an offer. The offer must be acceptable. There must be consideration for the service performed. The subject matter of the contract must be lawful. The contracting parties must have the legal capacity to enter a contract.
Purpose Of A Contract:
i) ii) iii) iv) A quality construction. Construction on time. Construction within budget. Safe construction.
Essentials of contract/Tender documents:

The document comprises of following items, i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) Introduction to Tendrers Tendering Data General Conditions Of Contract Specific Conditions The Specifications Form of Tender and Appendixes to Tender Bill of Quantities Form of Tender Security Form of Agreement Form of Performance and Security Bond and Mobilization Advance Guarantee The Drawings
Some of these contract documents are explained below:i) Agreement: Agreement is the document which represents and reflects the legal (contract Agreement) between owner and contractor. It is simply letter constitute legal evidence and forms, the agreement must contain following documents: a) Date of agreement b) Name and addresses of parties c) Description of work d) Time limitation e) Contract consideration f) Payment condition g) Reference to other documents h) Signatures General Condition: Documents called general condition is essential part of contract, it defines responsibilities of parties involve in the contract, i.e. owner and general contractor. It describes the guide line that will be used in the administration of contract. It contains some documents as standard to all contracts, these are: a)Owner b)Contractor c)Engineer d)Administration of Contractor e)Sub Contractor f)Changes in work g)Time h)Payment & Completion i)Protection
ii)
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE of person & property j)Insurance & bonds k)Uncovering & correction of work l)Miscellaneous provisions m)Termination and suspension of contract iii) Special or Supplementary Conditions: Supplementary and special contracts are known as special provisions and special conditions. The purpose of special conditions is to provide an extension of general condition of contract to fit the specific project at hand. They serve as amendment to the general condition either included in special conditions or entirely subject to the description of owner/employer. Special conditions contains the following data: a) Number of copies of contract received by contractor. b) Survey information provided by the Engineer/employer. c) Material provided by the owner. d) Change in insurance formalities/requirements e) Phasing requirements f) Site visits g) Start date of construction sub-initial. h) Requirements for security and temporary factors i) Procedure for sub-initial and processing shop drawing j) Cost and schedule requirements k) Street cleaning and traffic control requirements l) Responsibility for testing of material The Specifications: It is also known as technical provision, they are written instrument to be used in conjunction with the drawings, and so, together the drawings and the specifications fully describes and defines the requirements of contract to include the quality that is to be achieved. The specifications or technical provisions consists of following data, a) Quality of material b) Quality of workmanship c) Execution and installation procedure d) Test and inspection requirement method Specifications may also describes these criterias, a) Accuracy and adequacy b) Definite and clear stipulation c) Fair and equitable requirements d) A format that is easy to use during bidding or tendering and also during construction e) Legal enforceability v) The Drawings: Drawings are the mean by which designer convey the physical, quantitative and visual description of the project to the contractor. Drawings are the two dimensional representation of physical structure that conveys the objective of the owner.
iv)
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE The drawings which are normally used are: a) Architectural drawings (A-I) b) Electrical drawings (E-I) c) Mechanical drawings (M-I) d) Structural drawings (HVAC)
Some Important Terms Related To Tender:

i) ii) Bid Opening: stands for the opening and tabulation of bid at the prescribed time and place. Addenda: Any change to the tender document after they are released for tendering actually requires issuance of addenda. This formal document changes original tender or bid document and becomes the part of original tender package. Addenda may not be issued within about five days of tender opening unless tender approval is also extended accordingly. Owner/Employer: Owner means the person and legal successor entitled to such a person, e.g. engineer. Engineer is only representative to contractor or sub contractor. Letter of Acceptance: means the formal acceptance by the employer of the tender. Commencement Date: means date upon which contractor receive the notice to commence the project. Notice To Proceed: It is a document that establishes the contractors right to have access to the owners property. It is issued after the contract between the owner and general contractor is executed. It establishes the official start date of the contract and also the completion date of the project.
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iv) v) vi)
Cost: Cost is the actual expenditure incurred. Amount: Amount is any numerical figure which can be evaluated or it is a numerical value prior to expenditure.
Estimate:
An estimate is an anticipated or probable amount of construction which is usually made before the execution of the actual construction work.
Estimation:
Estimation is the scientific way of working out the approximate amount of an engineering project prior to the execution of the work. Some important points about estimation: i) Estimated amount is totally different from calculation of exact cost after the completion of the project. ii) Estimate should not differ more than 5% to 10% of actual cost of the project.
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE iii) Estimation requires thorough knowledge of construction procedure, labor and construction materials. Estimation requires: a) Drawings b) Specifications c) Rates
a) Drawings: Drawings are the mean by which designer convey the physical, quantitative and visual description of the project to the contractor. Drawings are the two dimensional representation of physical structure that conveys the objective of the owner. The drawings which are normally used are: a) Architectural drawings (A-I) b) Electrical drawings (E-I) c) Mechanical drawings (M-I) d) Structural drawings (HVAC) b) Specifications: It is also known as technical provision, they are written instrument to be used in conjunction with the drawings, and so, together the drawings and the specifications fully describes and defines the requirements of contract to include the quality that is to be achieved. The specifications or technical provisions consists of following data, a) Quality of material b) Quality of workmanship c) Execution and installation procedure d) Test and inspection requirement method Specifications may also describes these criterias, a) Accuracy and adequacy b) Definite and clear stipulation c) Fair and equitable requirements d) A format that is easy to use during bidding or tendering and also during construction e) Legal enforceability c) Rates: There are mainly three types of rates: 1. Scheduled Rates 2. Non-Scheduled Rates 3. Item Rates 1. Scheduled Rates: They are called composite scheduled rates because they provide us total rates (company overheads+salary of labor+every expense). Composite scheduled rates
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE are published by the standing rates committee for the Punjab that provides schedule rates for the preparation and concentration of an estimate. Tender Price: Tender price will be the estimated amount through these composite schedule rates (CSR) plus 20% or 30% of premium on that year will be announced on the rates. 2. Non-Scheduled Rates: Rates for those items which are encountered during execution of project and were not considered during preparation of estimate. These rates are taken in to account due to some unavoidable circumstances. 3. Item Rates: Rates which are not considered or given in composite scheduled rates but considered in estimates, bill of quantities, acceptance letter and contract.
Stages of an Estimate:
Serial No. Stage Estimated Procedure By Reason For Estimate To compare alternatives and give the owner an indication of funds required To provide more accurate indication of funds needed to complete the project and to assists in the assessment of tenders as necessary in to completion Method Used Comparisons with previous similar projects or use of CSR of the road and building construction
01
Feasibility study
Designer
02
Completion of detailed design
Designer
Bill of quantities (BOQ) rates from previous similar projects are adjusted
03
Tender stage
Contractor
As basis of tender
Operational estimating unit rate estimate, sub-contractor quotation
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Need for an Estimate:

Main purpose of an estimate is to know probable amount before the work is executed. The actual cost is always obtained after completion of the project. If the estimate is prepared with a lot of accuracy and with care then the estimated amount will be near to the actual cost, thats why an experienced person is employed for this purpose. Estimate will help us in following ways, i) It tells whether the project is suitable or not by considering the cost comparison. ii) The quantity of major components of the project like cement, bricks, steel, sand etc and their cost to be incurred. iii) It helps to invite tenders. iv) It helps to monitor the contractor payment record (invoicing record). v) We can also check the contractor work being executed. vi) It helps to experience the details of the work to be executed and to foresee the minor and major components of the project. vii) Estimate will serve as the basis for developing job costing system and the construction schedule. Job Costing: The job costing system compares actual cost of project (item of estimate) at specific time for particular item of estimate, this date tells which item needs more cost control during construction process. viii) It helps in preparing construction schedule prior to execution. ix) It helps to find out various activities for construction schedule, e.g. duration of work. Duration of work = Magnitude of work/Standard output(No. of labors, machines) x) The essence of an estimate consists of forecasting future events in construction process and then placing rupee value on those events. However many additional factors can also effect the future events of construction. a) Labor production b) Material availability c) Financial markets d) Weather e) Construct ability issues f) Equipment availability g) Contract types h) Ethics i) Quality issues j) Project control system k) Management ability
Qualities of good Estimator:

i) ii) iii) iv) Estimator has ability to read and interpret drawings and specifications. Estimator should have good communication skill. Estimator should have knowledge of basic mathematics. Estimator should have patience.
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE v) Estimator should have good understanding of fields operations and procedures. vi) Estimator should have ability to visualize three dimensional projects from looking at drawings. vii) Estimator should have ability to identify the risks and then neutralize as much as possible. viii) Estimator should have good organizational ability to communicate the estimate in logical and clear presentation. ix) Estimator should have ability to produce construction schedule. x) Estimator should have ability to anticipate all construction steps in building projects. xi) Estimator should have good understanding, labor productivity, and equipment performance, i.e. good output ability. xii) Estimator should have understanding and ability to use the construction companys job costing system. xiii) Estimator should have ability to recognize when Construction Companys standard for estimating cost does not apply to particular line items in estimate. xiv) Estimator should have understanding of contractual relationship. xv) Estimator should have creativity and ability to think of alternate methods of constructions. xvi) Estimator should have ability to develop strategy for being successful in bidding and negotiation phase of the project. xvii) Estimator should have ability to meet deadlines and still remains calm. xviii) Estimator should have a solid load of ethics.
Types of Estimates:
Following are the types of estimates: i) Preliminary/Approximate/Rough cost estimate ii) Plinth area estimate iii) Cube rate estimate iv) Approximate quantity method estimate v) Detailed/Item rate Estimate vi) Revised estimate vii) Supplementary estimate viii) Supplementary revised estimate ix) Annual repair & maintenance estimate First four are the rough cost estimates, whereas, next five to nine are detailed estimates. i) Preliminary/Approximate/Rough cost estimate: Estimate of cost before the construction from the line planes for architectural drawings when detail and structural drawings are not prepared. Objective: These estimates are used for obtaining administrative approval from the concerning authority. Method: Average unit cost is worked out for projects of similar nature, i.e. the project under consideration. In this method average unit cost is multiplied by total quantity of present work in the same unit.
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE e.g. a) For building cost per person b) For hospital cost per bed c) For student Hostel cot per student d) For hotels cost per person Plinth Area Estimate: Covered area of building is worked out and unit obtained is square feet. For cost per square feet of the covered area, plinth area method of estimation is most commonly adopted. This is practical and usual method of obtaining rough cost estimate. Cube Rate Estimate: In this method third dimension height is introduced and included so cube rate is established. In cube rate estimate the covered area is first calculated and then multiplied up to level of ceiling. For each floor level separate cube rate estimate is obtained. Approximate Quantity Method Estimate: In this method a linear length is used for estimation, therefore, total length of the object (wall) is calculated in running foot (m/ft). This length is then multiplied by running rate per running foot of object (wall) to get cost of the wall. In this estimate the structure is divided in to the sub-structure and super structure mostly used in roads, railways, streets, bridges etc. By using this method cost may be found in following ways: a) For roads & railways Cost/Km or Cost/miles b) For street Cost/100ft or Cost/30m c) For bridges cost/ ft. or cost/ meter of clear span* *Clear span means distance between two supports of bridge.
ii)
iii)
iv)
Example: Given that Covered area of ground floor = 10000sft. Covered area of first floor = 10000sft. Covered area of second floor = 10000sft. Covered area of third floor = 5000sft. Covered area for parking = 4000sft. (unit cost for parking is 12/sft.) Walkways + Land Scapping + Boundary wall + External services = Rs.1750000/Unit cost Rs/sft. Floor Building worth 438/Sanitary Electricity Gas/Sewerage
Total
Rs. 628 10000
Ground
88/-
70/-
32/-
=6280000/570 10000
1st
350/-
105/-
70/-
45/-
=5700000/641 10000
2nd
403/-
123/-
70/-
45/-
=6410000/-
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 3rd 700 5000 432/140/80/48/-
=350000/18740000/-
Covered area cost per sft. = 18740000/35000 = 535.43 Rs/sft. Area for Parking cost per sft. = 4000 12 = 48000 Rs/sft.
Detailed Estimates: Detailed estimates are prepared carefully and separately

calculating in detail the cost of various items of work that constitute the whole project, from the detailed working drawings and the specifications after the design as being finalized. If there is any mistake in rough cost estimate, then it will be eliminated in detailed cost estimate. Detailed estimates are submitted to competent authorities for obtaining technical sanction. The whole project is divided in to different items of work or activities. The quantity for each item will be calculated separately from drawing as accurately as possible. This procedure is known as taking out quantities or quantities take off.
Bill of Quantities (BOQ): The quantities for each item may be calculated and shown
in following pattern, which is known as bill of quantities. Serial No. 01 02 Description of items Brick work in 1st step Brick work in 2nd step No. 3 2 Measurements Breadth Height b b c c Quantity x y Total Quantity
Length a a
(x + y)
Priced Bill of Quantities:

Serial No. 01 Description of item A+B Unit Cft. or sft. Quantity Rate Rs./cft or Rs./sft. Cost Rs./-
(x + y)
The total cost is then multiplied by 1.5 to get total cost of project including all expense plus profit of contractor.
Center line Method of Estimation:

The given drawing for school building consists of two class rooms, teacher room and verandah. Consider all possible item of work and estimate total amount of building? Estimate the following quantities:i) Excavation ii) P.C.C iii) Brickwork (Sub & Super Structure) iv) D.P.C
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Schedule of Openings: Serial No. Description 01 D1 02 D2 03 W1 04 W2 05 Lintels Note: Lintels are provided on doors and widows. Dimensions 4 7 3 7 6 4 4 4 0.75 0.5
Plan and Section of School:
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Bill Of Quantities:
Serial No. Description Of Item Earth work in excavation undressed lead up to 100 ft. Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D PCC (1:2:4) in foundation Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D Brick masonry (1:6) Sub Structure Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 1.5' 1.5' 1.5' 1.5' 1.125' 1.125' 1.125' 1.125' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5'' 2.5' 2.5' 2.5' 2.5' Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft 70.88 44.25 15.6 6.6 53.16 33.19 11.67 4.92 177.19 110.63 38.91 16.41 3 2 1 1 31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 2.5' 2.5' 2.5' 2.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' Cft Cft Cft Cft 118.13 73.75 25.94 10.94 228.75 No. Measurements Length Breadth Height Unit Quantity Total Quantity
01
3 2 1 1
31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75'
2.5' 2.5' 2.5' 2.5'
3' 3' 3' 3'
Cft Cft Cft Cft
708.75 442.5 155.63 65.63
1372.5
02
03
1st Step
2nd Step
583.4
3rd Step
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 04 DPC Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D Deduction D1 D2 Brick masonry in Super Structure Wall A Wall B Wall C Wall D Deduction W1 W2 D1 D2 Lintels Over D1 D2 W1 W2 3 2 1 1 2 1 31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 4' 3' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' Sft Sft Sft Sft Sft Sft 70.88 44.25 15.6 6.6 6 2.25 137.3
8.25
05
3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1
31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 6' 4' 4' 3'
0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75'
11' 11' 11' 11' 4' 4' 7' 7'
Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft
779.63 486.75 171.19 72.19 54 24 21 15.75
1509.75
114.75
2 1 1 1
4' 3' 6' 4'
0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75'
0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5'
Cft Cft Cft Cft
3 1.13 2.25 1.5
7.88
Priced Bill Of Quantities:

Serial No. 01 02 03 04 Description of an item Excavation P.C.C Brick Masonry D.P.C Unit Cft Cft Cft Sft Quantity 1372.5 228.75 1970.5 129 Rate Rs. 399.9/1000 Cft Rs.5627/100Cft Rs. 3457/100Cft Rs. 954/ 100 Sft Cost Rs. 549/Rs. 12872/Rs. 68120/Rs. 1231/Total= Rs. 82772/Total cost including Contractors profit 82772 x 1.5= 124158 Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38) 18
Long wall/Short wall Method of Estimation:
Plan and Section of three room house:
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Schedule of Openings: Serial No. Description 01 D1 02 D2 03 W1 04 W2 05 Lintels Note: Lintels are provided on doors and widows. Dimensions 3.5 7 4 7 4 4 6 4 0.75 0.5
ESTIMATION OF HOUSE USING LONG WALL/SHORT WALL METHOD:
Bill Of Quantities
Serial No. Description Of Item Earth work in excavation undressed lead up to 100 ft. Long wall Short wall PCC (1:2:4) in foundation Long wall Short wall Brick masonry (1:6) Sub Structure Long wall 1st Step 2nd Step rd 3 Step up to plinth Short wall 1st Step No. Measurements Length Breadth Height Unit Quantity Total Quantity
01
2 4
45.875' 14.25'
2.5' 2.5'
3' 3'
Cft Cft
688.13 427.5
1115.63
02
2 4
45.875' 14.25'
2.5' 2.5'
0.5' 0.5'
Cft Cft
114.69 71.25
185.94
03
2 2 2 4
45.375' 45.1875' 45' 15.25'
1.5' 1.125' 0.75' 1.5'
0.5' 0.5' 2.5' 0.5'
Cft Cft Cft Cft
68.1 50.84 168.75 45.75
287.69
200.91
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 2nd Step 3rd Step Up to Plinth Level DPC Long wall Short wall Deduction D1 D2 Brick masonry in Super Structure Long wall Short wall Parapet Long wall Short wall Deduction D1 D2 W1 W2 Lintel over D1 D2 W1 W2 06 R.C.C Lintels D1 D2 W1 W2 R.C.C Slab Flooring Room 1 Room 2 Room 3 Plastering (inside) Room 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 4.5' 5' 5' 7' 45' 14' 16' 12' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 16' 16' 16' 16' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Sft Sft Sft 3.38 1.88 5.63 5.25 360 224 256 192 4 4 15.625' 16' 1.125' 0.75' 0.5' 2.5' Cft Cft 35.16 120
04
2 4 2 1
45' 16' 3.5' 4'
0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75'
Sft Sft Sft Sft
67.5 48 5.25 3
115.5
8.25
05
2 4 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 1 3 2
45' 16' 45' 16.75' 3.5' 4' 4' 6' 4.5' 5' 5' 7'
0.75' 0.75' 0.375' 0.375' 0.75' 0.75' 075' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75'
11' 11' 1' 1' 7' 7' 4' 4' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5'
Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft
742.5 528 33.75 12.56 36.75 84 36 36 3.38 1.88 5.66 5.25 1316.81
208.92
16.14 360
07 08
672
09
2 2
14' 16'
11' 11'
Sft Sft
308 352
1980
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Room2 Room 3 10 11 Plastering Slab Sofit White Washing Room 1 Room 2 Room3 12 Pointing (outside) Front & Back Walls Side Wall Deduction of windows W1 W2 D1 D2 2 2 2 2 1 16' 16' 12' 16' 43.5' 16' 11' 11' 11' 11' Sft Sft Sft Sft Sft 352 352 264 352 696 696
2 2 2 2 2 2
14' 16' 16' 16' 12' 16'
11' 11' 11' 11' 11' 11'
Sft Sft Sft Sft Sft Sft
308 352 352 352 264 352
1980
2 1
45' 17.5'
11' 11'
Sft Sft
990 192.5
1182.5
3 2 2 1
4' 6' 3.5' 4'
4' 4' 7' 7'
Sft Sft Sft Sft
48 48 49 28
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Road Estimation:
Mean Sectional Area Method:
B2
S :1 d1 Sd1 B1 Sectional Area = Area of Rectangle + 2 (Area of Triangle)
A1 = Bd1 + 2(Sd12/2 ) Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38) 22
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE A2 = Bd2 + 2(Sd22/2 ) Mean of Area's = (A1 + A2)/2 Quantity Breadth = Bdm + Sdm2/2 Quantity of Earth = Mean Area Length of section
Station OR Chainage
Length
Formation Level
Ground Level
Height OR Depth
Central Area
Side Area
Mean Area
Quantity
Cut
Fill
Prisimodal Formula Method:

Quantity of Earth = L/6 (1 + A2 + &Am) Where, A1 = Bd1 + 2(Sd12/2 ) A2 = Bd2 + 2(Sd22/2 ) Am = Bdm + 2(Sdm2/2 ) => dm = (d2 + d2)/2
Quantity of Earth = L/6 ( d1 + Sd12 +Bd2 +Sd22 + Bdm + Sdm2) Quantity of Earth = 3BL/6 ( d1 + d2) + 2LS/6 (d12 + d22 + d1 d2) Quantity of Earth = L [ {B(d1 + d2)/2} + {S(d12+d22+d1d2)/2}]
Station OR Chainage
Height OR Depth
(d2 + d2)/2
Central Area {B(d2 + d2)/2} "Y"
d12
d2 2
d1 d2
(d12+d22+d1d2)/2
Slope Area "SX"
Total Area "SX+Y"
Length
Quantity Cut Fill
23
Trapezoidal Formula For Series of Sections:

Quantity = L [ {(A0 + An)/2} + A1 + A2 + A3 + . + An] When as volume, Volume = L/3 [{(A0 + An)/2} + 4(A1 + A3 + A5 + . + An-1) + 2(A2 + A4 + A6 + . + An-1)]
Question No. 1: Reduced level of a ground along a centre line of proposed road from chainage 20m to30m are given below, formation level at 20m chainage is 107 and road is downward gradient of 1 in 150 up to chainage 24th and gradient 1 in 100downwards. Formation width of road is 10m and side slopes of bank is 2:1 (H:V) Ground Level 105 105.6 105.44 105.90 105.42 104.30 105 104.10 104.62 104 103.3 Formation Level 107 106.8 106.6 106.4 106.2 105.9 105.6 105.3 105 104.7 104.4 Length Height or Depth 2 1.2 1.16 0.5 0.78 1.6 0.6 1.2 0.38 0.7 1.1 dm Central Area Bdm Side Area Sdm2 Total Area Bdm Sdm2
Chainage
Quantity Cut Fill 633.6 437.7 290.4 216.3 441.96 402.6 318.6 274.5 179.49 318.6
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
1.6 1.18 0.83 0.64 1.19 1.1 0.9 0.79 0.54 0.9
16 11.8 8.3 6.4 11.9 11 9 7.9 5.4 9
5.12 2.785 1.38 0.81 2.832 2.42 1.62 1.248 0.583 1.62
21.12 14.59 9.68 7.21 14.732 13.42 10.62 9.15 5.983 10.62
Total fill = 3513.75 at rate of 300% cu.m Total Cost = 300% 3513.75 = 10541.65 = Rs. 10542/Question No. 2: Estimate quantity and cost of earthwork for portion of road from following data. Width= 8m Side Slope= 2:1 (banking) Side Slope=1.5:1 (cutting) Rate for banking = Rs. 40 per cubic meter Rate for cutting = Rs. 70 per cubic meter Formation level = Upward gradient = 1 in 200
24
25
Rate Analysis: It is a study of principal role played by various

constituents/elements of construction like equipment, cost of labor, No. of equipments etc. Rate of an item = Cost of material(A) + Cost of labor (B) + Cost of scaffolding(C) + Cost of water charges(D) + Cost of Sundries*(E) *Sundries mean cost of all small items which can not be accounted separately. Factors Affecting Rate of An Item: i) ii) iii) iv) v) Locality & situation Size & extent of work Nature of project Height/Level of work at which it is being executed Environmental & climatic conditions Standard Unit 100 cft 100 cft Loose or Dry Volume 120 cft 154 cft Labor Effort 30 hours Sub Structure M* 2 hrs L* 48 hrs Super Structure M* 8 hrs L* 68 hrs Sub Structure M* 16 hrs L* 28 hrs Super Structure M* 20 hrs L* 36 hrs 18hrs
S No. 01 02
Item Mortar C/S P.C.C
Wages 30/8 = 3.75
0.25 6
1 8.5
03
Brick work
100 cft
1350
2 3.5
2.5 4.5 2.25
04 05 06 07
Earth work Plastering Pointing D.P.C
100 sft 100 sft 100 sft 100 sft
5.21*
*M is Mason *L is Labor *(10100.51/12) = 4.17 ,we always take loose volume greater than the standard Volume, so we take 5.21 here.
26
Some Important Terms Used In Rate Analysis:

i) Earth Work: Earth work is basically digging of earth in medium soil in buildings and bridges where depth of excavation is up to 5 feet and lead is not more than 100 feet. Lead: Lead is the horizontal distance through which excavated earth is carried for final dumping. If it is more than 100 ft contractor will be paid for this. Lift: Lift is the vertical distance through which excavated earth is carried for final dumping. If it is more than 5 feet contractor will be paid for this.
ii) iii)
Purpose Of Rate Analysis: The main purpose of rate analysis is that it helps us in estimation of the project.
Standard Procedure for Rate Analysis:

Step I: Cost of material ------- (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B)
Labour
Skilled Labour (Labour which have some kind of technical knowledge)
Semi Skilled Labour
Unskilled Labour
Labourer
i)Mason 1st class ii)Carpainter 1st class iii)Steel fixer 1st class
i)Mason 2nd class ii)Carpainter 2nd class iii)Steel fixer 2nd class
Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 1% - 2% of cost of (A + B) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 2% - 3% of cost (A + B + C) Step V: Contractor Profit 10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) ------------- (E) Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E
27
Rate Analysis for digging of 1000cft earth in medium soil in buildings and bridges where earth of excavation is up to 5ft and lead is not more than 100ft:
Step I: Cost of material ------- nil (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) One laborer can excavate 75 to 100cft per day with 8 working hours, Let he can excavate 80 cft in one day, then, Output = 80/8 = 10 cft/hr To excavate 1000 cft he will take =1000 cft /10 cft/hr = 100 hrs Wages for 100 hrs = 100/8 = 12.5 Total wages = 12.5 200 = Rs.2500/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 2% of cost (A + B + C) = 2% (0 + 2500 + 0) = Rs. 50/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (0 + 2500 + 0 + 50) = Rs. 255/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 0 + 2500 + 0 + 50 + 255 = Rs. 2805/ 1000 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:2 Cement sand mortar (C/S):

Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =2 Total = 3 As for mortar, 100 cft wet volume = 120 cft dry volume Cement = 1/3 120 = 40 cft Sand = 2/3 120 = 80 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 40/1.25 = 32 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 32 = Rs. 8000/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then,
28
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Cost of sand = 80 6 = Rs. 480/Total cost = 8000 + 480 = Rs. 8480/- ------- (A)
Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft mortar a laborer will work for 30 hours, Wages = 30/8 = 3.75 Total wages = 3.75 200 = Rs.750/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (8480 + 750 + 0) = Rs. 277/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (8480 + 750 + 0 + 277) = Rs. 951/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 8480 + 750 + 0 + 277 + 951 = Rs. 10458/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:6 Cement sand mortar (C/S):

Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement = 1, Sand = 6 Total = 7 As for mortar, 100 cft wet volume = 120 cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 120 = 17.14 cft Sand = 6/7 120 = 102.86 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 17.14/1.25 = 13.712 bags = 14 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 14 = Rs. 3500/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 102.86 6 = Rs. 617/Total cost = 3500 + 617 = Rs. 4117/- ------- (A)
Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft mortar a laborer will work for 30 hours, Wages = 30/8 = 3.75 Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38) 29
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Total wages = 3.75 200 = Rs.750/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (4117 + 750 + 0) = Rs. 146/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (4117 + 750 + 0 + 146) = Rs. 502/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 4117 + 750 + 0 + 146 + 502 = Rs. 5515/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:2:4 P.C.C For Flooring: Here coarse aggregate is Brick ballast.
Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =2, Aggregate = 4 Total = 7 As for P.C.C, 100 cft wet volume = 154 cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 154 = 22 cft Sand = 2/7 154 = 44 cft Aggregate = 4/7 154 = 88 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 22/1.25 = 17.6 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 17.6 = Rs. 4400/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 44 6 = Rs. 264/As, 1 cft aggregate costs = Rs. 4.5/then, Cost of aggregate = 88 4.5 = Rs. 396/Total cost = 4400 + 264 + 396 = Rs. 5060/- ------- (A)
Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a laborer will work for 48 hours, Wages of laborer = 48/8 = 6
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Total wages = 6 200 = Rs.1200/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 2/8 = 0.25 Total wages = 0.25 400 = Rs.100/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 1200 +100 = 1300 Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (5060 + 1300 + 0) = Rs. 191/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191) = Rs. 655/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191 + 655 = Rs. 7206/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:2:4 P.C.C For Flooring: Here coarse aggregate is Brick ballast.
Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =2, Aggregate = 4 Total = 7 As for P.C.C, 100 cft wet volume = 154 cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 120 = 22 cft Sand = 2/7 120 = 44 cft Aggregate = 4/7 120 = 88 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 22/1.25 = 17.6 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 17.6 = Rs. 4400/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 44 6 = Rs. 264/As, 1 cft aggregate costs = Rs. 4.5/then, Cost of aggregate = 88 4.5 = Rs. 396/Total cost = 4400 + 264 + 396 = Rs. 5060/- ------- (A)
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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a laborer will work for 48 hours, Wages of laborer = 48/8 = 6 Total wages = 6 200 = Rs.1200/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 2/8 = 0.25 Total wages = 0.25 400 = Rs.100/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 1200 +100 = Rs.1300/Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- nil (C) Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (5060 + 1300 + 0) = Rs. 191/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191) = Rs. 655/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 5060 + 1300 + 0 + 191 + 655 = Rs. 7206/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:2:4 P.C.C For Super Structure: Here coarse aggregate is Crush.
Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =2, Aggregate = 4 Total = 7 As for P.C.C, 100 cft wet volume = 154 cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 120 = 22 cft Sand = 2/7 120 = 44 cft Aggregate = 4/7 120 = 88 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 22/1.25 = 17.6 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 17.6 = Rs. 4400/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 44 6 = Rs. 264/As, 1 cft aggregate costs = Rs. 16/-
32
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE then, Cost of aggregate = 88 16 = Rs. 1408/Total cost = 4400 + 264 + 1408 = Rs. 6072/- ------- (A)
Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a laborer will work for 68 hours, Wages of laborer = 68/8 = 8.5 Total wages = 8.5 200 = Rs.1700/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 8/8 = 1 Total wages = 1 400 = Rs.400/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 1700 +400 = Rs. 2100/Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 25% of cost (A+B) = 25 % x (6072 + 2100) = Rs. 2043/Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (6072 + 2100 + 2043) = Rs. 307/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (6072 + 2100 + 2043 + 307) = Rs. 1052/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 6072 + 2100 + 2043 + 307 + 1052 = Rs. 11574/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:6 (C/S) Plastering(1/2" thick):

Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =6 Total = 7 As for P.C.C, 5.21cft wet volume = 6cft dry volume Cement = 1/7 6 = 0.86 cft Sand = 6/7 6 = 5.14 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 0.86/1.25 = 0.7 bags
33
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 0.7 = Rs. 175/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 5.14 6 = Rs. 31/Total cost = 175 + 31 = Rs. 206/--- (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:6 (C/S) plaster a laborer will work for 18 hours, Wages of laborer = 18/8 = 2.25 Total wages = 2.25 200 = Rs.450/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) For 100 cft 1:6 (C/S) plaster a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 8/8 = 1 Total wages = 1 400 = Rs.400/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 450 +400 = Rs. 850/Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 2% of cost (A+B) = 2 % x (206 + 850) = Rs. 21/Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (206 + 850 + 21) = Rs. 32/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (206 + 850 + 21 + 32) = Rs. 111/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 206 + 850 + 21 + 32 + 111 = Rs. 1220/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for 1:4 (C/S) Plastering on roof ceiling (1/2" thick):
Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand = 4 Total = 5 As for P.C.C, 5.21cft wet volume = 6cft dry volume Cement = 1/5 6 = 1.2 cft Sand = 4/5 6 = 4.8 cft As,
34
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 1.2/1.25 = 1 bag Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 1 = Rs. 250/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 4.8 6 = Rs. 29/Total cost = 250 + 29 = Rs. 279/--- (A) Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft 1:4 (C/S) plaster a laborer will work for 18 hours, Wages of laborer = 18/8 = 2.25 Total wages = 2.25 200 = Rs.450/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) For 100 cft 1:6 (C/S) plaster a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 8/8 = 1 Total wages = 1 400 = Rs.400/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 450 +400 = Rs. 850/Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 2% of cost (A+B) = 2 % x (279 + 850) = Rs. 23/Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (279 + 850 + 23) = Rs. 35/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (279 + 850 + 23 + 35) = Rs. 119/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 279 + 850 + 23 + 35 + 119 = Rs. 1306/ 100 cft
Rate Analysis for brick work (9" thick with 1:3 C/S mortar) in Super Structure:
Step I: Cost of material Constituents: Cement =1, Sand =3 Total = 4 As for brick work, 25 cft wet volume = 30 cft dry volume Cement = 1/4 30 = 7.5 cft
35
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Sand = 3/4 30 = 22.5 cft As, 1 bag cement gives = 1.25 cft & 1 cft = 7.5/1.25 = 6 bags Cost of cement = Rate of cement no. of bags =250 6 = Rs. 1500/As, 1 cft sand costs = Rs. 6/then, Cost of sand = 22.5 6 = Rs. 135/As, 100 cft bricks = 1350 bricks in no. Cost of bricks =1350 x 3 = Rs. 4050/Total cost = 1500 + 135 + 4050 = Rs. 5685/- ------- (A)
then,
Step II: Cost of labor ---------- (B) For 100 cft brick work a laborer will work for 36 hours, Wages of laborer = 36/8 = 4.5 Total wages = 4.5 200 = Rs.900/- (Rs.200 is the wage of one laborer for one day) For 100 cft 1:2:4 P.C.C a mason will work for 2 hours, Wages of mason = 20/8 = 2.5 Total wages = 2.5 400 = Rs.1000/- (Rs.400 is the wage of one mason for one day) Total Amount = 900 + 1000 = Rs. 1900/Step III: Cost of form work & shuttering ----------- (C) = 2% of cost (A+B) = 2 % x (5685 + 1900) = Rs. 152/Step IV: Cost of water charges & sundries ---------- (D) = 3% of cost (A + B + C) = 3% (5685 + 1900 + 152) = Rs. 232/Step V: Contractor Profit ------------------ (E) =10% of cost of (A + B + C + D) =10% of cost of (5685 + 1900 + 152 + 232) = Rs. 797/Total cost: - A + B + C + D + E = 5085 + 1900 + 152 + 232 + 797 = Rs. 8166/ 100 cft
36
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Cost Of Project: i) Direct Cost ii) Indirect Cost i) Direct Cost: It includes, a) Cost of Material b) Cost of Labor c) Cost of Equipment d) Cost of Construction of Site office ii) Indirect Cost: It includes, a) Head office charges b) Site Supervision c) Essential Services Duration: If we shorten the duration our direct cost will be increased and indirect cost will be reduced.
Planning And Scheduling: An exceptional effort can yield 40% cost saving
over reasonable planning and on the other hand an average project with poor planning can cost as much as 50% more than projects actual cost over reasonable planning. Planning: Planning involves the process of selecting the one method and order of work to be used on a project among all the various methods and sequences available. Project planning serves as a foundation for several related functions these functions includes estimation, scheduling and project control. Human Resource Planning: Management of all the personals in construction team from lower level (Labor, masons etc) to higher staff (project manager, site engineer etc). Planning generally involves 80% memory of historic procedures (Past experience) and 20% creative thought. Fundamentals to planning process are the chain of operations involving:i) Information search and analysis ii) Development of alternatives iii) Analysis and evolution of alternatives iv) Selection of alternatives v) Execution and feedback Scheduling: Scheduling is the determination of timing and sequences of operations in the project and their assembly to give the overall completion time. We can say that scheduling is the part of planning or it is the reflection of planning. Scheduling can be done using following method, 1. Critical Path Method: i) Activity On Arrow (AOA) ii) Activity On Node (AON)
37
LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE Activity: Any Process having definite start and finish or it is the work in process of project involving duration. Every activity has four events, two starting events and two ending events. Critical Activity: Activity whose events are equal is called critical activity, i.e. same EST and EFT. Activity Duration: T=Q/R Where, T = Time Q = Magnitude of work R = Production rate In other words it is the ratio of magnitude of work to the production rate. Dummy Activity: An activity having no duration but only connecting two events is called dummy activity. Float: The total float of an activity is the difference between its earliest start time and latest start time or its earliest finish time and latest finish time. Total float of an activity indicates the amount of time by which an activity may be delayed without effecting the projects scheduled completion date.
38

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LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Organization of the Construction Industry:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Flow chart of Project players:

SITE ENGINEER FOREMAN

SUPERVISOR ASSISTANT LABOR ASSISTANT

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Criteria for Pre-Qualification of Tenderer/Bidder/Contractor:

Contract: A construction contract is defined as, An agreement between two parties

Types of Construction Contracts: There are three types of construction

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Essentials of contract/Tender documents:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Some Important Terms Related To Tender:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Completion of detailed design

Operational estimating unit rate estimate, sub-contractor quotation

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Need for an Estimate:

Qualities of good Estimator:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 3rd 700 5000 432/140/80/48/-

Detailed Estimates: Detailed estimates are prepared carefully and separately

Priced Bill of Quantities:

Center line Method of Estimation:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

Plan and Section of School:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75'

2.5' 2.5' 2.5' 2.5'

3' 3' 3' 3'

Cft Cft Cft Cft

708.75 442.5 155.63 65.63

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

31.5' 29.5' 20.75' 8.75' 6' 4' 4' 3'

0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75'

11' 11' 11' 11' 4' 4' 7' 7'

Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft Cft

779.63 486.75 171.19 72.19 54 24 21 15.75

4' 3' 6' 4'

0.75' 0.75' 0.75' 0.75'

0.5' 0.5' 0.5' 0.5'

Cft Cft Cft Cft

3 1.13 2.25 1.5

Priced Bill Of Quantities:

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Long wall/Short wall Method of Estimation:

Plan and Section of three room house:

Compiled By Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-38)

LECTURE NOTES CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE