5.4 R.C.C.

WORK
5.4.1 Introduction: Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening the mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water in predetermined proportion. Concrete is very good in compression and weak in tension. Thus, combination of steel and concrete provides ideal as these two materials are used to take up stresses and are suitable for such combination which is called Reinforced Cement Concrete. So, R.C.C. contains of two parts 1) Reinforcement 2) Concreting 5.4.2 Procedure

a) Reinforcement:
At site, TMT bars (Fe415) are used as reinforcement. In TMT bars carbon levels are restricted much lower than the specification, which result in excellent ductility, high bend ability and superior weld ability. After doing P.C.C than centre line for column is marked on P.C.C with the help of centre line drawing and it is marked with mortar Than footing reinforcement (Jali) is laid on P.C.C as per Bar Bending Schedule Than column reinforcement is laid on marked point on P.C.C and its checked vertically through plumb

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Centre line for column should also coincinde with centre line of footing And it is checked by measuring diagonal distance from column in all four sides Than support for column is placed with the help of Bars Cover of 50 mm is being provided. b) Concreting All plain concrete shall be preferably mixed in a drum type power driven machine mixer with required mix of M 25. The mixing of each batch in the concrete mixer shall continue for not less than two minutes after the materials and water are in the mixer. Than concreting is done with the help of chute. Here concreting is done through chute to avoid seggregation Concreting for R.C.C is done upto the required depth as per the design.

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5.4.3 Checking/ Verification for R.C.C Work:

Particulars
A) Pre-Construction: 1) Size of footing as per drawing 2) Check the dimension and diagonals of formwork box of footing 3) Level marking up to which concreting is to be done 4) Check supports of formwork 5) Check reinforcement and minimum cover. 6) Footing should be cleaned thoroughly and cement slurry is poured before concreting B) During Construction: 1) Check the quantity of material 2) Check the proportion and mixing of material 3) To check that concreting is done through chute so that there is no segregation 4) Check for the required concrete level marking 5) Mixing method 6) Check that compaction is done at regular interval with the help of needle vibrator C) Post Construction: 1) De-shuttering of footing after 24 hours 2) Curing to be done with sprinkling

Tools
1) Theodolite 2) Line string 3) Plumb bob 4) Hammer 5) Measuring tape 30 m 6) Buckets 7) Spade 8) Pickaxe 9) Trowel 10) Chalk 11) Punja 12) Thapi (Wooden float) 13) Rammer

Equipments
1) Batch Mixer 2) Needle Vibrator 3) Excavator 4) Tractor

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5.5 CONCRETING
This is the most important activity as far as frame construction is concerned because cement which is the vital material is widely used in this & thus it should be carried out carefully. On our site it was done by pipeline in slab and beam and manually for column and footing. Concreting involves following stages.

Batching & Mixing

It can be either volumetric or weigh batching but at site mostly weigh batching is carried out. Weigh batcher was used at our site. The process is described in earlier chapter. Similarly mixing is done in pan mixer at RMC plant & in tilting mixer for concrete mixer.

Transporting
Carrying concrete from the place of mixing to the place of delivery is known as the transporting of concrete. From the RMC plant concrete is transported through miller with the help of hydraulic pump. In case of concrete mixer it is transported manually through buckets.

Compacting
Various types of mechanical vibrators based on site conditions & amount of concreting are used. At our site needle vibrator is used with 40mm diameter of needle. Compaction is carried out simultaneously along with placing by dipping the needle in the paste for short time period at a point.

Placing
Concrete is placed only after the surface is thoroughly cleaned and oiled. The source of concrete is placed at sufficient height to avoid segregation and simultaneously rough levelling is also carried out. Sometimes chutes are also used for placing.

Finishing
With respect to some fixed reference point which can be either adjacent surface or some rods with markings placed there, Approximate levelling is done. Floating or towelling is adopted for finishing until the surface seems to be fairly smooth & levelled.

Curing
Various types of curing methods such as pounding, sprinkling, wetting, steam curing etc are adopted. At our site pounding, sprinkling and wetting are used as they are simple & easy.

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Concreting for Column

First marking f or starter of the column. Then formwork is provided and then checks its verticality using plumb bob, dori and tape. Then Reinforcement and covers are provided and start concreting work. First concreting is done for 100mm so that the cement slurry doesn't comes out form bottom. Remaining height of concreting is done after 1hr. Concrete is compacted by using needle vibrator. The formwork can be removed after 24 hours. Curing should be done up to 14 days after concreting.

Concreting for Slab and Beam

First shuttering level is checked . Then the dowel is coming out of the column are checked for the lap length. Covers for beam sides and slab are checked. Then concreting is done for beam and s lab. Concreting start s from one corner and carried out towards the other corner continuously. Iron rods are used to check depth of slab. Finishing is done with help of wooden muster. Curing should be done up to 21 days after concreting.

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The following points should be kept in mind while working & supervision.
Precautions Purpose

Mixing time in no case should be less than 2 To achieve homogenous & consistent mix. min. Discharge height for concrete mixer shouldnt To avoid segregation. be more than 70 cms. Joints in pipeline should be checked. Pipeline should be thoroughly cleaned with water & then with cement slurry. Concrete should be placed as nearly as possible. Time between mixing & placing shouldnt exceed 30min. Concrete shouldnt be heaped at one place. Vibrators should be continuously operated while they are being withdrawn. Vibrators should be inserted vertically. Old work should be flushed with cement slurry prior to concreting. Curing must be constantly done for at least 7 days. To avoid leakage of concrete. To impart lubrication to the upcoming concrete. To save manpower & time. To avoid setting of concrete.

To avoid displacement of formwork. To formation of holes inside concrete.

To avoid flow of concrete into mould. To have proper bond between old & new work. To avoid shrinkage cracks & loss of moisture.

5.6 REINFORCING
This is also one of the important activities as steel, which contributes significantly to the economy of the project is most widely used. Also it imparts tensile strength to the structure in which concrete is lacking. Thus it also important from safety point of view. The procedure adopted for reinforcement in beam, column, slab and other structures is almost same. For the construction of any floor first of all the columns are cast and thereafter beam and slabs are cast. The procedure is as under. The reinforcement for shear walls is provided in same manner as that for column. The reinforcement for staircase is similar to that of slab.

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Column Reinforcement
Cutting & bending of rebar is carried out according to structural drawing. For providing longitudinal reinforcement, rebars are tied to dowels by binding wires providing sufficient lap length. These are continued to the next floor with dowels if required. Similarly the transverse reinforcement is provided by using lateral ties.

Beam Reinforcement
According to structural Drawing cutting & Bending is carried out. Then bottom bars are laid First according to design. These bars rest on covers & stirrups provided for shear reinforcement. Then top bars are provided which are tied to the stirrups. The whole skeleton is Supported by chairs & Other support s and is Placed to its location only After completion.

Slab Reinforcement
According to structural Drawing cutting & bending is carried out. Main reinforcement is constructed first and then distribution steel is laid which will be running perpendicular to for mer. Rebars are provided with alternate bent up sand this will be provided cover through specially designed steel chairs

The following points should be kept in mind while working & supervision.
Precautions Proper cover should be provided. Sufficient lap length should be provided. Bars should be properly tie d with binding wires. Sufficient development should be provided. D dowels should be properly left out. Stirrup joints must be provided in alternate directions. Purpose To protect steel from getting corroded. Two bars can ac t as continuo us & resist shearing. To avoid displacement of rebars. To anchorage beam & column junction. To provide enough lap length To perform well during shearing action.

5.7 SHUTTERING

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This activity forms the skeletal framework for any structure. This skeleton will help to support the concrete when it is in plastic state. Thus it will help to hold the structure till it gains its strength and also works as a mould to define its shape. This will also finalize the alignment as well as level hence it requires special consideration. The procedure is as under.

Column & Shear wall

First of all starter is Provided by marking its Centre & its edges. T hen concreting is done. Starter May or may not be Provided but it is preferable So that formwork gets Stability. Then formwork is erected over it. For columns 'C' Shaped formwork is Prepared first, erected & Then closed in case of plywood or conventional Steel forms. Otherwise i t is Erected as straight forwarded as in case of wall. Ties are then provided to Keep distance among sheets. Now the alignment is checked with plumb b ob and the props used to support the formwork are adjusted. Finally on getting desired plumb, props are fixed rigidly.

Beam & Slab

On the casted column beam bottom is marked & the valve plates supported by the props are laid horizontally between two columns. The level is then checked with level pipe. T hen the side forms are erected according to the dimensions and on that slab forms are laid in with continuity. Simultaneously pr ops along with wedges & ledgers are provided. T he ledgers a re spaced at regular intervals of 3", 6", 9" depending on dimensions. They are generally laid orthogonal to the main reinforcement. Sometimes 'Camber' is also provided de pending on dimensions to avoid deflection while concreting.

Staircase
Here also the bottom forms are laid first with props supporting it. Then the side forms are erected according to the alignment of stair. Now the markings are made on side forms for placing the riser planks. This can be done with the help of spirit level or level pipe. Then after the risers are fixed but only after rebars are laid. The treads are left open for concreting and finishing but they are casted by matching the top & bottom of the successive risers.