Contents

Articles
Indian English literature Salman Rushdie V. S. Naipaul Jhumpa Lahiri Kiran Desai Amitav Ghosh Rohinton Mistry Bharati Mukherjee Vikram Seth Nobel Prize in Literature Pulitzer Prize for Fiction Man Booker Prize 1 5 16 21 26 28 30 32 35 41 48 54

References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 59 61

Article Licenses
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Indian English literature

Indian English literature

Indian English literature (IEL) refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India. It is also associated with the works of members of the Indian diaspora, such as V.S. Naipaul, Kiran Desai, Jhumpa Lahiri and Salman Rushdie, who are of Indian descent. It is frequently referred to as Indo-Anglian literature. (Indo-Anglian is a specific term in the sole context of writing that should not be confused with the term Anglo-Indian). As a category, this production comes under the broader realm of postcolonial literature- the production from previously colonised countries such as India.

History
IEL has a relatively recent history, it is only one and a half centuries old. The first book written by an Indian in English was by Sake Dean Mahomet, titled Travels of Dean Mahomet; Mahomet's travel narrative was published in 1793 in England. In its early stages it was influenced by the Western art form of the novel. Early Indian writers used English unadulterated by Indian words to convey an experience which was essentially Indian. Raja Rao's Kanthapura is Indian in terms of its storytelling qualities. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into English. Dhan Gopal Mukerji was the first Indian author to win a literary award in the United States. Nirad C. Chaudhuri, a writer of non-fiction, is best known for his The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian where he relates his life experiences and influences. P. Lal, a poet, translator, publisher and essayist, founded a press in the 1950s for Indian English writing, Writers Workshop. R.K. Narayan is a writer who contributed over many decades and who continued to write till his death recently. He was discovered by Graham Greene in the sense that the latter helped him find a publisher in England. Graham Greene and Narayan remained close friends till the end. Similar to Thomas Hardy's Wessex, Narayan created the fictitious town of Malgudi where he set his novels. Some criticise Narayan for the parochial, detached and closed world that he created in the face of the changing conditions in India at the times in which the stories are set. Others, such as Graham Greene, however, feel that through Malgudi they could vividly understand the Indian experience. Narayan's evocation of small town life and its experiences through the eyes of the endearing child protagonist Swaminathan in Swami and Friends is a good sample of his writing style. Simultaneous with Narayan's pastoral idylls, a very different writer, Mulk Raj Anand, was similarly gaining recognition for his writing set in rural India; but his stories were harsher, and engaged, sometimes brutally, with divisions of caste, class and religion.

Later history
Among the later writers, the most notable is Salman Rushdie, born in India, now living in the United Kingdom. Rushdie with his famous work Midnight's Children (Booker Prize 1981, Booker of Bookers 1992, and Best of the Bookers 2008) ushered in a new trend of writing. He used a hybrid language English generously peppered with Indian terms to convey a theme that could be seen as representing the vast canvas of India. He is usually categorised under the magic realism mode of writing most famously associated with Gabriel Garca Mrquez.

Indian English literature

Vikram Seth, author of A Suitable Boy (1994) is a writer who uses a purer English and more realistic themes. Being a self-confessed fan of Jane Austen, his attention is on the story, its details and its twists and turns.Vikram Seth is notable both as an accomplished novelist and poet. Vikram Seth's outstanding achievement as a versatile and prolific poet remains largely and unfairly neglected. Shashi Tharoor, in his The Great Indian Novel (1989), follows a story-telling (though in a satirical) mode as in the Mahabharata drawing his ideas by going back and forth in time. His work as UN official living outside India has given him a vantage point that helps construct an objective Indianness. Other authors include Richard Crasta, Manoj Das, Vikram Chandra, Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, Arundhati Roy, Gita Mehta, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Upamanyu Chatterjee, Samit Basu, Raj Kamal Jha, Salman Rushdie Jhumpa Lahiri, Bharti Kirchner, Khushwant Singh, Vijay Singh, Tarun Tejpal, Amit Chaudhuri, Amitav Ghosh, Vikas Swarup, Anil Menon, Rohinton Mistry, Suketu Mehta, Kiran Nagarkar, Bharati Mukherjee, Preeti Shenoy, Vandana Singh, Chetan Bhagat, Abhay Kumar and Lakshmi Raj Sharma.

Debates
One of the key issues raised in this context is the superiority/inferiority of IWE (Indian Writing in English) as opposed to the literary production in the various languages of India. Key polar concepts bandied in this context are superficial/authentic, imitative/creative, shallow/deep, critical/uncritical, elitist/parochial and so on. The views of Rushdie and Amit Chaudhuri expressed through their books The Vintage Book of Indian Writing and The Picador Book of Modern Indian Literature respectively essentialise this battle.
Khushwant Singh Rushdie's statement in his book "the ironic proposition that India's best writing since independence may have been done in the language of the departed imperialists is simply too much for some folks to bear" created a lot of resentment among many writers, including writers in English. In his book, Amit Chaudhuri questions "Can it be true that Indian writing, that endlessly rich, complex and problematic entity, is to be represented by a handful of writers who write in English, who live in England or America and whom one might have met at a party?"

Chaudhuri feels that after Rushdie, IWE started employing magical realism, bagginess, non-linear narrative and hybrid language to sustain themes seen as microcosms of India and supposedly reflecting Indian conditions. He contrasts this with the works of earlier writers such as Narayan where the use of English is pure, but the deciphering of meaning needs cultural familiarity. He also feels that Indianness is a theme constructed only in IWE and does not articulate itself in the vernacular literatures. He further adds "the post-colonial novel, becomes a trope for an ideal hybridity by which the West celebrates not so much Indianness, whatever that infinitely complex thing is, but its own historical quest, its reinterpretation of itself". Some of these arguments form an integral part of what is called postcolonial theory. The very categorisation of IWE as IWE or under post-colonial literature is seen by some as limiting. Amitav Ghosh made his views on this very clear by refusing to accept the Eurasian Commonwealth Writers Prize for his book The Glass Palace in 2001 and

Indian English literature withdrawing it from the subsequent stage. The renowned writer V. S. Naipaul, a third generation Indian from Trinidad and Tobago and a Nobel prize laureate, is a person who belongs to the world and usually not classified under IWE. Naipaul evokes ideas of homeland, rootlessness and his own personal feelings towards India in many of his books. Jhumpa Lahiri, a Pulitzer prize winner from the U.S., is a writer uncomfortable under the label of IWE. Recent writers in India such as Arundhati Roy and David Davidar show a direction towards contextuality and rootedness in their works. Arundhati Roy, a trained architect and the 1997 Booker prize winner for her The God of Small Things, calls herself a "home grown" writer. Her award winning book is set in the immensely physical landscape of Kerala. Davidar sets his The House of Blue Mangoes in Southern Tamil Nadu. In both the books, geography and politics are integral to the narrative. In his novel Lament of Mohini [1] (2000), Shreekumar Varma [2] touches upon the unique matriarchal system and the sammandham system of marriage as he writes about the Namboodiris and the aristocrats of Kerala.

Poetry
A much over-looked category of Indian writing in English is poetry. As stated above, Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into English. Other early notable poets in English include Derozio, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Toru Dutt, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Sri Aurobindo, Sarojini Naidu, and her brother Harindranath Chattopadhyay. A generation of exiles also sprang from the Indian diaspora. Among these are names like Agha Shahid Ali, Sujata Bhatt, Richard Crasta, Yuyutsu Sharma and Vikram Seth. In modern times, Indian poetry in English was typified by two very different poets. Dom Moraes, winner of the Hawthornden Prize at the age of 19 for his first book of poems A Beginning went on to occupy a pre-eminent position among Indian poets writing in English. Nissim Ezekiel, who came from India's tiny Bene Israel Jewish community, created a voice and place for Indian poets writing in English and championed their work. Their contemporaries in English poetry in India were Jayanta Mahapatra, Gieve Patel, A. K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, Eunice De Souza, Kersi Katrak, P. Lal and Kamala Das among several others. Younger generation of poets writing in English include Rukmini Bhaya Nair, Smita Agarwal, Makarand Paranjape, Vattacharja Chandan, Arundhathi Subramaniam, Ranjit Hoskote, Sudeep Sen, Jerry Pinto among others.

Alternative writing
India's experimental and avant garde counterculture is symbolized in the Prakalpana Movement. During the last four decades this bilingual literary movement has included Richard Kostelanetz, John M. Bennett, Don Webb, Sheila Murphy and many others worldwide and their Indian couterparts. Vattacharja Chandan is a central figure who contrived the movement.[3] Prakalpana fiction is a fusion of prose, poetry, play, essay, and pictures. An example of a Prakalpana work is Chandan's bilingual Cosmosphere 1[4] (2011). Some bilingual writers have also made significant contributions, such as Paigham Afaqui with his novel Makaan in 1989.

Indian English literature

References
Haq, Kaiser (ed.). Contemporary Indian Poetry. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990. Hoskote, Ranjit (ed.). Reasons for Belonging: Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets. Viking/Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 2002. King, Bruce Alvin. Modern Indian Poetry in English: Revised Edition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987, rev. 2001. ("the standard work on the subject and unlikely to be surpassed" Mehrotra, 2003). King, Bruce Alvin. Three Indian Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A K Ramanujan, Dom Moraes. Madras: Oxford University Press, 1991. Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna (ed.). The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets. Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1992. Mehrotra, Arvind Krishna (ed.). A History of Indian Literature in English. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.Distributed in India by Doaba Books Shanti Mohan House 16,Ansari Road, New Delhi Parthasarathy, R. (ed.). Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets (New Poetry in India). New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976. Souza, Eunice de. "Nine Indian Women Poets", Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997. Souza, Eunice de. Talking Poems: Conversations With Poets. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999. Haq, Rubana (ed.). The Golden Treasure of Writers Workshop Poetry . Writers Workshop , Calcutta., 2008 . Souza, Eunice de. Early Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology : 1829-1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005. Srikanth, Rajini. The World Next Door: South Asian American Literature and the Idea of America'. Asian American History and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 2004.

Foonotes
[1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / www. lamentofmohini. homestead. com http:/ / www. shreevarma. com Songs of Kobisena by Steve Leblanc in Version 90, PMS Cafe Press, Alston, MS, USA. http:/ / smashwords. com/ b/ 46742

Salman Rushdie

Salman Rushdie
Salman Rushdie

Rushdie at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival VanityFair party Born Ahmed Salman Rushdie 19 June 1947 Bombay, British India Novelist, essayist British Indian Indian [1]

Occupation Nationality Ethnicity Alma mater Genres Subjects Spouse(s)

Cambridge University Magic Realism, satire, post-colonialism Criticism, travel writing Clarissa Luard (19761987) Marianne Wiggins (19881993) Elizabeth West (19972004) Padma Lakshmi (20042007)

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (Kashmiri: (Devanagari), ( Nastaleeq); /slmnrdi/[2] ; born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-British novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. His style is often classified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between the Eastern and Western worlds. His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the centre of a major controversy, drawing protests from Muslims in several countries. Some of the protests were violent, in which death threats were issued to Rushdie, including a fatw against him by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on February 14, 1989. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II for "services to literature" in June 2007.[3] He holds the rank Commandeur in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France. He began a five-year term as Distinguished Writer in Residence at Emory University in 2007.[4] In May 2008 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2008, The Times ranked Rushdie thirteenth on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[5]

Salman Rushdie His latest novel is Luka and the Fire of Life, published in November 2010. In 2010, he announced that he has begun writing his memoirs.[6]

Personal life
The only son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a Cambridge University-educated lawyer turned businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher, Rushdie was born in Bombay (now known as Mumbai), India, into a Muslim family of Kashmiri descent.[7] [8] [9] He was educated at Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai, Rugby School, and King's College, Cambridge University where he studied history. Rushdie has been married four times. He was married to his first wife Clarissa Luard from 1976 to 1987 and fathered a son, Zafar. His second wife was the American novelist Marianne Wiggins; they were married in 1988 and divorced in 1993. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan. In 2004, he married the Indian American actress and model Padma Lakshmi, the host of the American reality-television show Top Chef. The marriage ended on 2 July 2007, with Lakshmi indicating that it was her desire to end the marriage. In 2008 the Bollywood press romantically linked him to the Indian model Riya Sen, with whom he was otherwise a friend.[10] In response to the media speculation about their friendship, she simply stated "I think when you are Salman Rushdie, you must get bored with people who always want to talk to you about literature."[11]

Actress Pia Glenn with Rushdie at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival Vanity Fair party.

In 1999, Rushdie had an operation to correct ptosis, a tendon condition that causes drooping eyelids and that, according to him, was making it increasingly difficult for him to open his eyes. "If I hadn't had an operation, in a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to open my eyes at all," he said.[12]

Career
Copywriter
Rushdie's first career was as a copywriter, working for the advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather, where he came up with "irresistibubble" for Aero and "Naughty but Nice" for cream cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker, for whom he wrote the memorable line "That'll do nicely" for American Express. It was while he at Ogilvy that he wrote Midnight's Children, before becoming a full-time writer.[13] [14] [15]

Major literary work

His first novel, Grimus, a part-science fiction tale, was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, Midnight's Children, catapulted him to literary notability. It significantly shaped the course that Indian writing in English followed over the next decade, and is regarded by many as one of the great books of the last 100 years. This work won the 1981 Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years.[16] Midnight's Children follows the life of a child, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the dawn of a new and tumultuous age in the history of the Indian sub-continent and the birth of the modern nation of India. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie.[17] After Midnight's Children, Rushdie wrote Shame (1983), in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, basing his characters on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Shame won France's Prix du Meilleur Livre tranger (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of

Salman Rushdie postcolonial literature are characterised by a style of magic realism and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is very conscious of as a member of the Indian diaspora. Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about Nicaragua in the 1980s, The Jaguar Smile (1987). The book has a political focus and is based on his first-hand experiences and research at the scene of Sandinista political experiments. His most controversial work, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988 (see section below). Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in East, West (1994). The Moor's Last Sigh, a family epic ranging over some 100 years of India's history was published in 1995. The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999) presents an alternative history of modern rock music. The song of the same name by U2 is one of many song lyrics included in the book, hence Rushdie is credited as the lyricist. He also wrote "Haroun and the Sea of Stories" in 1990. Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and critically acclaimed novels. His 2005 novel Shalimar the Clown received, in India, the prestigious Hutch Crossword Book Award, and was, in Britain, a finalist for the Whitbread Book Awards. It was shortlisted for the 2007 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.[18] In his 2002 non-fiction collection Step Across This Line, he professes his admiration for the Italian writer Italo Calvino and the American writer Thomas Pynchon, among others. His early influences included James Joyce, Gnter Grass, Jorge Luis Borges, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Lewis Carroll. Rushdie was a personal friend of Angela Carter and praised her highly in the foreword for her collection Burning your Boats.
Salman Rushdie presenting his book Shalimar the Clown

Other activities
Rushdie has quietly mentored younger Indian (and ethnic-Indian) writers, influenced an entire generation of Indo-Anglian writers, and is an influential writer in postcolonial literature in general.[19] He has received many plaudits for his writings, including the European Union's Aristeion Prize for Literature, the Premio Grinzane Cavour (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award in Germany and many of literature's highest honours.[20] Rushdie was the President of PEN American Center from 2004 to 2006. He opposed the British government's introduction of the Racial and Religious Hatred Act, something he writes about in his contribution to Free Expression Is No Offence, a collection of essays by several writers, published by Penguin in November 2005. In 2006, Rushdie joined the Emory University faculty as Distinguished Writer in Residence for a five-year term.[21] Though he enjoys writing, Salman Rushdie says that he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. Even from early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood movies (which he later realized in his frequent cameo appearances). Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings. He had a cameo appearance in the film Bridget Jones's Salman Rushdie having a discussion with Emory Diary based on the book of the same name, which is itself full of University students literary in-jokes. On 12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on The Charlie Rose Show, where he interviewed Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta, whose 2005 film, Water, faced violent protests. He appears in the role of Helen Hunt's obstetrician-gynecologist in the film adaptation (Hunt's directorial debut) of Elinor Lipman's novel Then She Found Me. In September 2008, and again in March 2009, he appeared as a panelist on the HBO program "Real Time With Bill Maher".

Salman Rushdie Rushdie is currently collaborating on the screenplay for the cinematic adaptation of his novel Midnight's Children with noted director Deepa Mehta. The film will be called Midnight's Children.[22] [23] While casting is still in progress, Seema Biswas, Shabana Azmi, Nandita Das,[24] and Irrfan Khan are confirmed as participating in the film.[25] Mehta has stated that production will begin in September, 2010.[26] Rushdie announced in June 2011 that he had written the first draft of a script for a new television series for the U.S. cable network Showtime, a project on which he will also serve as an executive producer. The new series, to be called The Next People, will be, according to Rushie, "a sort of paranoid science-fiction series, people disappearing and being replaced by other people." The idea of a television series was suggested by his U.S. agents, said Rushdie, who felt that television would allow him more creative control than feature film. The Next People is being made by the British film production company Working Title, the firm behind such projects as Four Weddings and a Funeral and Shaun of the Dead.[27] Rushdie is a member of the advisory board of The Lunchbox Fund [28] , a non-profit organization which provides daily meals to students of township schools in Soweto of South Africa. He is also a member of the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America,[29] an advocacy group representing the interests of atheistic and humanistic Americans in Washington, D.C. In November 2010 he became a founding patron of Ralston College, a new liberal arts college that has adopted as its motto a Latin translation of a phrase ("free speech is life itself") from an address he gave at Columbia University in 1991 to mark the two-hundredth anniversary of the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[30] He took on Facebook over the use of his name in 2011. He won. Rushdie had asked to use his middle name Salman, which he is most recognised by. He described his online identity crisis in a series of messages posted on Twitter, among them ""Dear #Facebook, forcing me to change my FB name from Salman to Ahmed Rushdie is like forcing J. Edgar to become John Hoover" and "Or, if F. Scott Fitzgerald was on #Facebook, would they force him to be Francis Fitzgerald? What about F. Murray Abraham?" Messages such as these were then circulated online. Facebook eventually relented and allowed him to call himself by the name is known as internationally.[31] [32]

The Satanic Verses and the fatw

Further information: The Satanic Verses controversy The publication of The Satanic Verses in September 1988 caused immediate controversy in the Islamic world because of what was perceived as an irreverent depiction of the prophet Muhammad. The title refers to a disputed Muslim tradition that is related in the book. According to this tradition, Muhammad (Mahound in the book) added verses (sura) to the Qur'an accepting three goddesses who used to be worshipped in Mecca as divine beings. According to the legend, Muhammad later revoked the verses, saying the devil tempted him to utter these lines to appease the Meccans (hence the "Satanic" verses). However, the narrator reveals to the reader that these disputed verses were actually from the mouth of the Archangel Gibreel. The book was banned in many countries with large Muslim communities. (11 total: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Tanzania, Indonesia, Singapore, Venezuela and Pakistan) On 14 February 1989, a fatw requiring Rushdie's execution was proclaimed on Radio Tehran by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of Iran at the time, calling the book "blasphemous against Islam" (chapter IV of the book depicts the character of an Imam in exile who returns to incite revolt from the people of his country with no regard for their safety). A bounty was offered for Rushdie's death, and he was thus forced to live under police protection for several years. On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and Iran broke diplomatic relations over the Rushdie controversy. The publication of the book and the fatw sparked violence around the world, with bookstores firebombed. Muslim communities in several nations in the West held public rallies, burning copies of the book. Several people associated with translating or publishing the book were attacked, seriously injured, and even killed.[33] Many more people died in riots in Third World countries. Despite the danger posed by the fatw, Rushdie made a public appearance at

Salman Rushdie London's Wembley Stadium on 11 August 1993 during a concert by U2. In 2010, U2 bassist Adam Clayton recalled that "[lead vocalist] Bono had been calling Salman Rushdie from the stage every night on the Zoo TV tour. When we played Wembley, Salman showed up in person and the stadium erupted. You [could] tell from [drummer] Larry Mullen, Jr.'s face that we weren't expecting it. Salman was a regular visitor after that. He had a backstage pass and he used it as often as possible. For a man who was supposed to be in hiding, it was remarkably easy to see him around the place."[34] On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of diplomatic relations with Britain, the Iranian government, then headed by Mohammad Khatami, gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie."[35] [36] Hardliners in Iran have continued to reaffirm the death sentence.[37] In early 2005, Khomeini's fatw was reaffirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.[38] Additionally, the Revolutionary Guards have declared that the death sentence on him is still valid.[39] Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatw on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it,[38] and the person who issued it Ayatollah Khomeini has been dead since 1989. Rushdie has reported that he still receives a "sort of Valentine's card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him. He said, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat."[40] Despite the threats on Rushdie, he has publicly said that his family has never been threatened and that his mother (who lived in Pakistan during the later years of her life) even received outpourings of support.[41] A former bodyguard to Rushdie, Ron Evans, planned to publish a book recounting the behaviour of the author during the time he was in hiding. Evans claimed that Rushdie tried to profit financially from the fatwa and was suicidal, but Rushdie dismissed the book as a "bunch of lies" and took legal action against Ron Evans, his co-author and their publisher.[42] On 26 August 2008 Rushdie received an apology at the High Court in London from all three parties.[43]

Failed assassination attempt and Hezbollah's comments

On 3 August 1989, while Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh was priming a book bomb loaded with RDX explosives in a hotel in Paddington, Central London, the bomb exploded prematurely, destroying two floors of the hotel and killing Mazeh. A previously unknown Lebanese group, the Organization of the Mujahidin of Islam, said he died preparing an attack "on the apostate Rushdie". There is a shrine in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahra cemetery for Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh that says he was "Martyred in London, 3 August 1989. The first martyr to die on a mission to kill Salman Rushdie." Mazeh's mother was invited to relocate to Iran, and the Islamic World Movement of Martyrs' Commemoration built his shrine in the cemetery that holds thousands of Iranian soldiers slain in the IranIraq War.[35] During the 2006 Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah declared that "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's fatw against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."[44] James Phillips of the Heritage Foundation testified before the United States Congress that a "March 1989" [sic] explosion in Britain was a Hezbollah attempt to assassinate Rushdie that failed when a bomb exploded prematurely, killing a Hezbollah activist in London.[45]

Salman Rushdie

10

International Guerillas
In 1990, soon after the publication of The Satanic Verses, a Pakistani film entitled International Gorillay (International Guerillas) was released that depicted Rushdie as plotting to cause the downfall of Pakistan by opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country. The film was popular with Pakistani audiences, and it "presents Rushdie as a Rambo-like figure pursued by four Pakistani guerrillas".[46] The British Board of Film Classification refused to allow it a certificate, as "it was felt that the portrayal of Rushdie might qualify as criminal libel, causing a breach of the peace as opposed to merely tarnishing his reputation."[47] This move effectively banned the film in Britain outright. However, two months later, Rushdie himself wrote to the board, saying that while he thought the film "a distorted, incompetent piece of trash", he would not sue if it were released.[47] He later said, "If that film had been banned, it would have become the hottest video in town: everyone would have seen it".[47] While the film was a great hit in Pakistan, it went virtually unnoticed in the West.[47]

Knighthood
Rushdie was knighted for services to literature in the Queen's Birthday Honours on 16 June 2007. He remarked, "I am thrilled and humbled to receive this great honour, and am very grateful that my work has been recognised in this way."[48] In response to his knighthood, many nations with Muslim majorities protested. Parliamentarians of several of these countries condemned the action, and Iran and Pakistan called in their British envoys to protest formally. Controversial condemnation issued by Pakistan's Religious Affairs Minister Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq was in turn rebuffed by former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ironically, their respective fathers Zia-ul-Haq and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had been earlier portrayed in Rushdie's novel Shame. Mass demonstrations against Rushdie's knighthood took place in Pakistan and Malaysia. Several called publicly for his death. Some non-Muslims expressed disappointment at Rushdie's knighthood, claiming that the writer did not merit such an honour and there were several other writers who deserved the knighthood more than Rushdie.[49] Al-Qaeda has condemned the Rushdie honour. The Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri is quoted as saying in an audio recording that Britain's award for Indian-born Rushdie was "an insult to Islam", and it was planning "a very precise response."[50]

Religious and political beliefs

Rushdie came from a Muslim family but says that he was never really religious. In 1990, in the "hope that it would reduce the threat of Muslims acting on the fatwa to kill him," he issued a statement claiming he had renewed his Muslim faith, had repudiated the attacks on Islam in his novel and was committed to working for better understanding of the religion across the world. However, Rushdie later said that he was only "pretending".[51] His books often focus on the role of religion in society and conflicts between faiths and between the religious and those of no faith. Rushdie advocates the application of higher criticism, pioneered during the late 19th century. Rushdie calls for a reform in Islam[52] in a guest opinion piece printed in The Washington Post and The Times in mid-August 2005. Excerpts from his speech: What is needed is a move beyond tradition, nothing less than a reform movement to bring the core concepts of Islam into the modern age, a Muslim Reformation to combat not only the jihadist ideologues but also the dusty, stifling seminaries of the traditionalists, throwing open the windows to let in much-needed fresh air. (...) It is high time, for starters, that Muslims were able to study the revelation of their religion as an event inside history, not supernaturally above it. (...) Broad-mindedness is related to tolerance; open-mindedness is the sibling of peace. Rushdie supported the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, leading the leftist Tariq Ali to label Rushdie and other "warrior writers" as "the belligerati'".[53] He was supportive of the US-led campaign to

Salman Rushdie remove the Taliban in Afghanistan, which began in 2001, but was a vocal critic of the 2003 war in Iraq. He has stated that while there was a "case to be made for the removal of Saddam Hussein", US unilateral military intervention was unjustifiable.[54] In the wake of the 'Danish Cartoons Affair' in March 2006which many considered an echo of the death threats and fatw that followed publication of The Satanic Verses in 1989[55] Rushdie signed the manifesto 'Together Facing the New Totalitarianism', a statement warning of the dangers of religious extremism. The Manifesto was published in the left-leaning French weekly Charlie Hebdo in March 2006. In 2006, Rushdie stated that he supported comments by the then-Leader of the House of Commons Jack Straw, who criticised the Paul Auster and Rushdie greeting Israeli wearing of the niqab (a veil that covers all of the face except the eyes). President Shimon Peres with Caro Llewelyn in 2008. Rushdie stated that his three sisters would never wear the veil. He said, "I think the battle against the veil has been a long and continuing battle against the limitation of women, so in that sense I'm completely on Straw's side."[56] The Marxist critic Terry Eagleton, a former admirer of Rushdie's work, attacked him for his positions, saying he "cheered on the Pentagon's criminal ventures in Iraq and Afghanistan".[57] However, Eagleton subsequently apologized for having misrepresented Rushdie's views. At an appearance at 92nd Street Y, Rushdie expressed his view on copyright when answering a question whether he had considered copyright law a barrier (or impediment) to free speech. No. But that's because I write for a living, [laughs] and I have no other source of income, and I navely believe that stuff that I create belongs to me, and that if you want it you might have to give me some cash. [...] My view is I do this for a living. The thing wouldn't exist if I didn't make it and so it belongs to me and don't steal it. You know. It's my stuff.[58] When Amnesty International (AI) suspended human rights activist Gita Sahgal for saying to the press that she thought AI should distance itself from Moazzam Begg and his organization, Rushdie said: Amnesty ... has done its reputation incalculable damage by allying itself with Moazzam Begg and his group Cageprisoners, and holding them up as human rights advocates. It looks very much as if Amnesty's leadership is suffering from a kind of moral bankruptcy, and has lost the ability to distinguish right from wrong. It has greatly compounded its error by suspending the redoubtable Gita Sahgal for the crime of going public with her concerns. Gita Sahgal is a woman of immense integrity and distinction.... It is people like Gita Sahgal who are the true voices of the human rights movement; Amnesty and Begg have revealed, by their statements and actions, that they deserve our contempt.[59]

11

Salman Rushdie

12

Bibliography
Novels
Grimus (1975) Midnight's Children (1981) Shame (1983) The Satanic Verses (1988) The Moor's Last Sigh (1995) The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999) Fury (2001) Shalimar the Clown (2005) The Enchantress of Florence (2008)

Collections
Homeless by Choice (1992, with R. Jhabvala and V. S. Naipaul) East, West (1994) The Best American Short Stories (2008, as Guest Editor)

Children's Books
Haroun and the Sea of Stories (1990) Luka and the Fire of Life (2010)

Essays and Non-Fiction

The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey (1987) "In Good Faith", GRANTA, 1990 Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 19811991 (1992) "The Wizard of Oz: BFI Film Classics", BFI, 1992. "Mohandas Gandhi [60]." TIME, 13 April 1998. "Imagine There Is No Heaven [61]." , extracted contribution from Letters to the Six Billionth World Citizen, a UN sponsored publication in English by Uitgeverij Podium, Amsterdam. The Guardian, 16 October 1999. Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992 - 2002 (2002) "A fine pickle [62]." The Guardian, 28 February 2009.

Awards
Aristeion Prize (European Union) Arts Council Writers' Award Author of the Year (British Book Awards) Author of the Year (Germany) Booker Prize for Fiction Booker of Bookers for the best novel among the Booker Prize winners for Fiction awarded at its 25th anniversary (in 1993) The Best of the Booker awarded to commemorate the Booker Prize's 40th anniversary (in 2008), winner by public vote Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France) English-Speaking Union Award Honorary Patron, University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin.

Salman Rushdie Hutch Crossword Book Award (India) India Abroad Lifetime Achievement Award (USA) James Tait Black Memorial Prize (Fiction) Kurt Tucholsky Prize (Sweden) Mantua Prize (Italy) James Joyce Award University College Dublin Massachusetts Institute of Technology Honorary Professorship Chapman University Honorary Doctorate Doctor of Humane Letters Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Cultural Humanism (Harvard University) Premio Grinzane Cavour (Italy) Prix Colette (Switzerland) Prix du Meilleur Livre tranger St. Louis Literary Award Saint Louis University State Prize for Literature (Austria) Whitbread Novel Award (twice) Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award for Children's Fiction

13

Notes
[1] Cristina Emanuela Dascalu (2007) Imaginary homelands of writers in exile: Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, and V.S. Naipaul p.131 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=BktzGoPUxoEC& pg=PA131) [2] Pointon, Graham (ed.): BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names, 2nd edition. Oxford Paperbacks, 1990. [3] "The UK Honours System Queen's birthday list 2007" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070627055658/ http:/ / www. honours. gov. uk/ upload/ assets/ www. honours. gov. uk/ queens_birthday_list2007. pdf) (PDF). Ceremonial Secretariat, Cabinet Office. 2007. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. honours. gov. uk/ upload/ assets/ www. honours. gov. uk/ queens_birthday_list2007. pdf) on June 27, 2007. . Retrieved 28 June 2007. [4] "Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University" (http:/ / news. emory. edu/ Releases/ RushdieProfessorship1160159900. html). Emory University. . Retrieved 10 July 2007. [5] (5 January 2008). The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 (http:/ / entertainment. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ arts_and_entertainment/ books/ article3127837. ece). The Times. Retrieved on 2010-02-01. [6] http:/ / www. theaustralian. com. au/ news/ world/ rushdie-to-write-his-lost-chapter/ story-e6frg6so-1225893232608 [7] Shalimar the Clown by Salman Rushdie (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ arts-entertainment/ books/ reviews/ shalimar-the-clown-by-salman-rushdie-506114. html). The Independent. . Retrieved 2010-12-02. "Salman Rushdie the Kashmiri writes from the heart as he describes this dark incandescence." [8] " Literary Encyclopedia: Salman Rushdie (http:/ / www. litencyc. com/ php/ speople. php?rec=true& UID=3889)", Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 20 January 2008 [9] " Salman Rushdie (1947) (http:/ / www. kirjasto. sci. fi/ rushdie. htm)", c. 2003, Retrieved on 20 January 2008 [10] " Salman Rushdie sets his sights on the 'Bollywood Jordan' (http:/ / www. dailymail. co. uk/ tvshowbiz/ article-1034567/ Salman-Rushdie-sets-sights-Bollywood-Jordan. html)", The Daily Mail, 12 June 2009 [11] As Salman Rushdie steps out with another beautiful woman" (http:/ / www. thisislondon. co. uk/ showbiz/ article-23518410-details/ Sir+ Salman+ and+ his+ Bollywood+ Babe:+ But+ is+ he+ just+ trying+ to+ win+ his+ fourth+ wife+ back/ article. do) 21 July 2008, The Evening Standard [12] " Rushdie: New book out from under shadow of fatwa (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ books/ news/ 9904/ 15/ rushdie/ )", CNN, 15 April 1999. Retrieved on 21 April 2007. [13] " Salman Rushdie biography (http:/ / www. contemporarywriters. com/ authors/ ?p=auth87)", 2004, British Counsel. Retrieved 20 January 2008. [14] Negative because there is little positive to say (http:/ / www. heraldscotland. com/ sport/ spl/ aberdeen/ negative-because-there-is-little-positive-to-say-1. 417082), Herald Scotland, George Birrell , 18 Jan 1997 [15] " The birth pangs of Midnights Children (http:/ / entertainment. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ arts_and_entertainment/ books/ article699728. ece)", 1 April 2006 [16] "Readers across the world agree that Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children is the Best of the Booker." (http:/ / www. themanbookerprize. com/ news/ stories/ 1099). Man Booker Prizes. 2008. . Retrieved 10 July 2008. [17] Saleem (Sinai) is not Salman (Rushdie)(although he marries a Padma) and Saleem's grandfather Dr Aadam Aziz is not him either, but there is a touching prescience at work here. In the opening pages of Midnight's Children, Dr Aziz while bending down on his prayer mat, bumps his nose on a hard tussock of earth. His nose bleeds and his eyes water and he decides then and there that never again will he bow before God or

Salman Rushdie
man. 'This decision, however, made a hole in him, a vacancy in a vital inner chamber, leaving him vulnerable to women and history.' Battered by a fatwa and one femme fatale too many, Sir Salman would have some understanding of this. One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai 20 July 2008 by Nina Martyris, TNN. The Times of India [18] "The 2007 Shortlist" (http:/ / www. impacdublinaward. ie/ 2007/ shortlist. htm). Dublin City Public Libraries/International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. 2007. . Retrieved 5 April 2007. [19] Rushdie's postcolonial influence (http:/ / www. csulb. edu/ ~bhfinney/ SalmanRushdie. html) [20] Times of India Story on Rushdie's influence and awards Indiatimes.com (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Review/ One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/ articleshow/ 3254751. cms) [21] "Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University" (http:/ / news. emory. edu/ Releases/ RushdieProfessorship1160159900. html). Emory University Office of Media Relations. . Retrieved 6 December 2006. [22] "Rushdie visits Mumbai for 'Midnight's Children' film" (http:/ / movies. indiatimes. com/ International/ Rushdie-visits-Mumbai-for-Midnights-Children-film-/ articleshow/ 5432895. cms). Movies.indiatimes.com. 11 January 2010. . Retrieved 13 March 2010. [23] SUBHASH K JHA , 13 January 2010, 12.00am IST (13 January 2010). "I'm a film buff: Rushdie" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ entertainment/ bollywood/ news-interviews/ Im-a-film-buff-Rushdie/ articleshow/ 5436509. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 13 March 2010. [24] "Dreaming of Midnight's Children" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ Dreaming-of-Midnight-s-Children/ 563437/ ). Indianexpress.com. 5 January 2010. . Retrieved 13 March 2010. [25] "Irrfan moves from Mira Nair to Deepa Mehta" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ Irrfan-moves-from-Mira-Nair-to-Deepa-Mehta/ H1-Article1-499416. aspx). Hindustantimes.com. 20 January 2010. . Retrieved 13 March 2010. [26] "Tte--tte with Deepa Mehta" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ interviewscinema/ T-te-t-te-with-Deepa-Mehta/ 493632/ H1-Article1-493584. aspx). Hindustantimes.com. 4 January 2010. . Retrieved 13 March 2010. [27] Thorpe, Vanessa (12 June 2011). "Salman Rushdie says TV drama series have taken the place of novels" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2011/ jun/ 12/ salman-rushdie-write-tv-drama). The Guardian. . Retrieved 2011-06-11. [28] The Lunchbox Fund homepage (http:/ / www. thelunchboxfund. org) [29] Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography (http:/ / www. secular. org/ bios/ Salman_Rushdie. html) [30] http:/ / www. ralston. ac [31] "Salman Rushdie makes friends with Facebook" (http:/ / www. rte. ie/ news/ 2011/ 1115/ rushdies_facebook. html). RT News. 15 November 2011. . Retrieved 2011-11-15. [32] "Salman Rushdie claims victory in Facebook name battle" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ uk-15733026). BBC News. 15 November 2011. . Retrieved 2011-11-15. [33] See Hitoshi Igarashi, Ettore Capriolo, William Nygaard [34] U2 (July 2010). "Stairway to Devon OK, Somerset!". Q: p.101. [35] Anthony Loyd (8 June 2005). "Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ article531110. ece). London: The Times. . [36] "26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ onthisday/ hi/ dates/ stories/ december/ 26/ newsid_2542000/ 2542873. stm). BBC News: On This Day. 26 December 1990. . Retrieved 10 October 2006. [37] Rubin, Michael (1 September 2006). "Can Iran Be Trusted?" (http:/ / www. meforum. org/ article/ 1002). The Middle East Forum: Promoting American Interests. . Retrieved 10 October 2006. [38] Webster, Philip, Ben Hoyle and Ramita Navai (20 January 2005). "Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman Rushdie" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ uk/ article414681. ece). The Times (London). . Retrieved 10 October 2006. [39] "Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ middle_east/ 4260599. stm). BBC News. 12 February 2005. . Retrieved 10 October 2006. [40] "Rushdie's term" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=2007021501382200. htm& date=2007/ 02/ 15/ & prd=th& ). . Retrieved 15 February 2007. [41] "Cronenberg meets Rushdie" (http:/ / www. davidcronenberg. de/ cr_rushd. htm). . [42] "Rushdie anger at policeman's book" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 7538875. stm). BBC. 2 August 2008. . Retrieved 4 January 2010. [43] "Bodyguard apologises to Rushdie" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ 7581842. stm). BBC. 26 August 2008. . Retrieved 4 January 2010. [44] "Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults" (http:/ / www. natashatynes. com/ newswire/ 2006/ 02/ hezbollah_killi. html). AFP. 2 February 2006. . [45] James Phillips (20 June 2007). "Hezbollah's Terrorist Threat to the European Union Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe" (http:/ / foreignaffairs. house. gov/ 110/ phi062007. htm). . [46] Joseph Bernard Tamney (2002). The Resilience of Conservative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. [47] "International Guerrillas and Criminal Libel" (http:/ / www. screenonline. org. uk/ film/ id/ 460938/ index. html). Screenonline. . Retrieved 7 February 2008.

14

Salman Rushdie
[48] "15 June 2007 Rushdie knighted in honours list" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ uk/ 6756149. stm). BBC News. 15 June 2007. . Retrieved 16 June 2007. [49] 'Sir Rubbish: Does Rushdie Deserve a Knighthood', Times Higher Educational Supplement, 20 June 2007 [50] "10 July 2007 Al-Qaeda condemns Rushdie honour" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ middle_east/ 6289110. stm). BBC News. 10 July 2007. . Retrieved 10 July 2007. [51] Rushdie: I was deranged when I embraced Islam | TimesOnline (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ comment/ faith/ article3689883. ece) [52] Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ article/ 0,,1072-1729998,00. html) 11 August 2005 [53] Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder, Pluto Press, 2004, p60 [54] "Letters, Salman Rushdie: No fondness for the Pentagon's politics | World news" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2007/ jul/ 09/ iraq. usa). London: The Guardian. 9 July 2007. . Retrieved 13 March 2010. [55] StandWithUs.com Dangerous Hypocrisy: World Reactions to the Danish Cartoons (http:/ / www. standwithus. com/ news_post. asp?NPI=645) [56] Wagner, Thomas (10 October 2006). "Blair, Rushdie support former British foreign secretary who ignited veil debate" (http:/ / www. signonsandiego. com/ news/ world/ 20061010-0539-britain-veildispute. html). SignOnSanDiego.com. . Retrieved 10 October 2006. [57] The ageing punk of lit crit still knows how to spit Times Online (http:/ / entertainment. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ arts_and_entertainment/ books/ article2603984. ece) [58] Radio show Medierna broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1 on 31 January 2009. [59] Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty International (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ uk/ article7034773. ece), The Sunday Times, 21 February 2010 [60] http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,988159,00. html [61] http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 1999/ oct/ 16/ salmanrushdie [62] http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2009/ feb/ 28/ salman-rushdie-novels-film-adaptations

15

References External links

Salman Rushdie (http://www.salman-rushdie.com) official website Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/salmanrushdie) on C-SPAN Salman Rushdie (http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/132) on Charlie Rose Salman Rushdie (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0750723/) at the Internet Movie Database Article archive (http://journalisted.com/salman-rushdie) at Journalisted Works by or about Salman Rushdie (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80-146294) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Salman Rushdie (http://english.aljazeera.net/category/person/salman-rushdie) collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English Salman Rushdie (http://www.dawn.com/tag/salman-rushdie/) collected news and commentary at Dawn Salman Rushdie (http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/data/author/salman-rushdie) collected news and commentary at The Guardian Salman Rushdie (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/salman_rushdie/) collected news and commentary at The New York Times Contemporary writers: Salman Rushdie (http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87). British Council: Arts Jack Livings (Summer 2005). "Salman Rushdie, The Art of Fiction No. 186" (http://www.theparisreview.org/ interviews/5531/the-art-of-fiction-no-186-salman-rushdie). The Paris Review. New York Times special feature on Rushdie, 1999 (http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/ rushdie.html) Critical Studies on Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children Indian Literature: A Critical Casebook (http://www. amazon.co.uk/dp/819067885X)

V. S. Naipaul

16

V. S. Naipaul
V. S. Naipaul
Born 17 August 1932 Chaguanas, Trinidad Novelist, travel writer, essayist Trinidadian, British Novel

Occupation Nationality Genres

Literary movement Realism, Postcolonialism Notable work(s) Notable award(s) A House for Mr. Biswas, A Bend in the River, The Enigma of Arrival, In A Free State Booker Prize 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature 2001

Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad "V. S." Naipaul, TC (born 17 August 1932) is a Nobel prize-winning Indo-Trinidadian-British writer[1] who is known for his novels focusing on the legacy of the British Empire's colonialism. He has also written works of non-fiction, such as travel writing and essays. Naipaul has been called "a master of modern English prose" in The New York Review of Books[2] and has been awarded numerous literary prizes including the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize (1958), the Somerset Maugham Award (1960), the Hawthornden Prize (1964), the W. H. Smith Literary Award (1968), the Booker Prize (1971), the Jerusalem Prize (1983) and the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British Literature (1993). In 2001, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature.[3] In 2008, The Times ranked Naipaul seventh on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[4]

Personal life
Naipaul was born in Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago, to parents of Indian descent.[1] He is the son, older brother, uncle, and cousin of published authors Seepersad Naipaul, Shiva Naipaul, Neil Bissoondath, and Vahni Capildeo, respectively. His current wife is Nadira Naipaul, a former Pakistani journalist. Naipaul was married to Englishwoman Patricia Hale for 41 years, until her death due to cancer in 1996. According to an authorised biography by Patrick French, the two shared a close relationship when it came to Naipaul's workPat was a sort of unofficial editor for Naipaulbut the marriage was not a happy one in other respects.[5] Naipaul regularly visited prostitutes in London, and later had a long-term abusive affair with another married woman, Margaret Gooding, which his wife was aware of.[6] Prior to Hale's death, Naipaul proposed to Nadira Naipaul, a divorced Pakistani journalist, born Nadira Khannum Alvi. They were married two months after Hale's death, at which point Naipaul also abruptly ended his affair with Gooding. Nadira Naipaul had worked as a journalist for the Pakistani newspaper, The Nation, for ten years before meeting Naipaul. She was divorced twice before her marriage to Naipaul and has two children from a previous marriage, Maliha Naipaul and Nadir.[7] She is the sister of Maj Gen (Retd) Amir Faisal Alvi, a former chief of the Special Service Group Pakistan Army, who was later assassinated during the War in North-West Pakistan.[8]

V. S. Naipaul

17

Views
Politics
Naipaul insists that his writing transcends any particular ideological outlook, remarking that "to have a political view is to be prejudiced. I don't have a political view." His supporters often perceive him as offering a mordant critique of many left-liberal pieties while his detractors, such as critic Edward Said and poet Derek Walcott accuse him of being a neo-colonial apologist.[9] He has also excoriated Tony Blair as a "pirate" at the head of "a socialist revolution", a man who was "destroying the idea of civilisation in this country" and had created "a plebeian culture".[10] In his book dealing with the influence of Islam on non-Arab Muslims, Beyond Belief: Islamic excursions among the converted peoples, Naipaul states the following about Islam:[11] The cruelty of Islamic fundamentalism is that it allows to only one people the Arabs, the original people of the Prophet a past, and sacred places, pilgrimages and earth reverences. These sacred Arab places have to be the sacred places of all the converted peoples. Converted peoples have to strip themselves of their past; of converted peoples nothing is required but the purest faith (if such a thing can be arrived at), Islam, submission. It is the most uncompromising kind of imperialism.

Female writers
Naipaul attracted media controversy with statements about women he made in a May 2011 interview at the Royal Geographic Society, expressing his view that women's writing was inferior to men's, and that there was no female writer whom he would consider his equal. Naipaul stated that women's writing was "quite different", reflecting women's "sentimentality, the narrow view of the world". He had previously criticised leading female Indian authors writing about the legacy of colonialism for the "banality" of their work.[12]

Reception
In awarding Naipaul the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001, the Swedish Academy praised his work "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories." The Committee added, "Naipaul is a modern philosophe carrying on the tradition that started originally with Lettres persanes and Candide. In a vigilant style, which has been deservedly admired, he transforms rage into precision and allows events to speak with their own inherent irony." The Committee also noted Naipaul's affinity with the novelist Joseph Conrad: Naipaul is Conrad's heir as the annalist of the destinies of empires in the moral sense: what they do to human beings. His authority as a narrator is grounded in the memory of what others have forgotten, the history of the vanquished. His fiction and especially his travel writing have been criticised for their allegedly unsympathetic portrayal of the Third World. Literary critic Edward Said, for example, argues that Naipaul "allowed himself quite consciously to be turned into a witness for the Western prosecution", promoting what Said classifies as "colonial mythologies about wogs and darkies".[13] Said believes that Naipaul's worldview may be most salient in the author's book-length essay The Middle Passage, which Naipaul composed after returning to the Caribbean after ten years of exile in England, and the work An Area of Darkness. Writing in the New York Review of Books about Naipaul, Joan Didion offers the following portrayal of the writer:[14] The actual world has for Naipaul a radiance that diminishes all ideas of it. The pink haze of the bauxite dust on the first page of Guerrillas tells us what we need to know about the history and social organization of the unnamed island on which the action takes place, tells us in one image who runs the island and for whose profit the island is run and at what cost to the life of the island this profit has historically been obtained, but all of this implicit information pales in the presence of the physical fact, the dust itself... The world Naipaul sees is

V. S. Naipaul of course no void at all: it is a world dense with physical and social phenomena, brutally alive with the complications and contradictions of actual human endeavour... This world of Naipaul's is in fact charged with what can only be described as a romantic view of reality, an almost unbearable tension between the idea and the physical fact... Naipaul has mentioned some negative aspects of Islam in his works, such as nihilism among fundamentalists. He has been quoted describing the bringing down of the Babri Mosque as a "creative passion," and the invasion of Babur in the 16th century as a "mortal wound." He views Vijayanagar, which fell in 1565, as the 'last bastion of native Hindu civilisation'. He bitingly condemned Pakistan in Among the Believers. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990.[15] In 1993 Naipaul was awarded the British David Cohen Prize for Literature. In 1998 a controversial memoir by Naipaul's sometime protg Paul Theroux was published. The book provides a personal, though occasionally caustic portrait of Naipaul. The memoir, entitled Sir Vidia's Shadow, was precipitated by a falling-out between the two men a few years earlier. Theroux supposedly blamed Naipaul's second wife, Nadira Naipaul, for driving the two apart.[16] In early 2007, V. S. Naipaul made a long-awaited return to his homeland of Trinidad. He urged citizens to shrug off the notions of "Indian" and "African" and to concentrate on being "Trinidadian". In 2008, writer Patrick French released the first authorised biography of Naipaul, which was serialised in The Daily Telegraph.[5] [17]

18

Bibliography
Fiction The Mystic Masseur (1957) (film version: The Mystic Masseur (2001)) The Suffrage of Elvira (1958) Miguel Street (1959) A House for Mr Biswas (1961) Mr. Stone and the Knights Companion (1963) The Mimic Men (1967) A Flag on the Island (1967) In a Free State (1971): Booker prize Guerrillas (1975) A Bend in the River (1979) Finding the Centre (1984) The Enigma of Arrival (1987) A Way in the World (1994) Half a Life (2001) Magic Seeds (2004)

Non-fiction The Middle Passage: Impressions of Five Societies British, French and Dutch in the West Indies and South America (1962) An Area of Darkness (1964) The Loss of El Dorado (1969) The Overcrowded Barracoon and Other Articles (1972) India: A Wounded Civilization (1977) A Congo Diary (1980) The Return of Eva Pern and the Killings in Trinidad (1980) Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (1981)

V. S. Naipaul A Turn in the South (1989) India: A Million Mutinies Now (1990) Homeless by Choice (1992, with R. Jhabvala and Salman Rushdie) Bombay (1994, with Raghubir Singh) Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples (1998) Between Father and Son: Family Letters (1999, edited by Gillon Aitken) Reading & Writing: A Personal Account (2000) The Writer and the World: Essays (2002) Literary Occasions: Essays (2003, by Pankaj Mishra) A Writer's People: Ways of Looking and Feeling (2007) The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief (2010)[18]

19

Further reading
Athill, Diana (2000) Stet. An Editor's Life (Grove Press) Schutte, Gillian (2010) Behind Sir Vidias Masque: The Night the Naipauls Came to Supper (Book Southern Africa). Girdharry, Arnold (2004) The Wounds of Naipaul and the Women in His Indian Trilogy (Copley). Barnouw, Dagmar (2003) Naipaul's Strangers (Indiana University Press). Dissanayake, Wimal (1993) Self and Colonial Desire: Travel Writings of V.S. Naipaul (P. Lang). French, Patrick (2008) The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul (Random House) Hamner, Robert (1973). V.S. Naipaul (Twayne). Hammer, Robert ed. (1979) Critical Perspectives on V.S. Naipaul (Heinemann). Hayward, Helen (2002) The Enigma of V.S. Naipaul: Sources and Contexts (Macmillan). Hughes, Peter (1988) V.S. Naipaul (Routledge). Jarvis, Kelvin (1989) V.S. Naipaul: A Selective Bibliography with Annotations, 19571987 (Scarecrow). Jussawalla, Feroza, ed. (1997) Conversations with V.S. Naipaul (University Press of Mississippi). Kelly, Richard (1989) V.S. Naipaul (Continuum). Khan, Akhtar Jamal (1998) V.S. Naipaul: A Critical Study (Creative Books) King, Bruce (1993) V.S. Naipaul (Macmillan). King, Bruce (2003) V.S. Naipaul, 2nd ed (Macmillan) Kramer, Jane (13 April 1980) From the Third World [19], an assessment of Naipaul's work in the New York Times Book Review. Levy, Judith (1995) V.S. Naipaul: Displacement and Autobiography (Garland). Nightingale, Peggy (1987) Journey through Darkness: The Writing of V.S. Naipaul (University of Queensland Press). Said, Edward (1986) Intellectuals in the Post-Colonial World (Salmagundi). Theroux, Paul (1998) Sir Vidia's Shadow: A Friendship across Five Continents (Houghton Mifflin). Theroux, Paul (1972). V.S. Naipaul: An Introduction to His Work (Deutsch). Weiss, Timothy F (1992) On the Margins: The Art of Exile in V.S. Naipaul (University of Massachusetts Press).

V. S. Naipaul

20

References
[1] Staff (22 February 2002). "Naipaul's anger at Indian writers" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ 1836230. stm) BBC [2] Coetzee, J. M (2001), New York Review of Books. Quote: "Naipaul is a master of English prose, and the prose of Half a Life is as clean and cold as a knife." [3] "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ laureates/ 2001/ ). Nobel Prize. . [4] "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945" (http:/ / entertainment. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ arts_and_entertainment/ books/ article3127837. ece). The Times (London). 5 January 2008. . Retrieved 1 February 2010. [5] Reynolds, Nigel (27 March 2008). "Sir Vidia Naipaul admits his cruelty may have killed wife" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ uknews/ 1582389/ Sir-Vidia-Naipaul-admits-his-cruelty-may-have-killed-wife. html). The Daily Telegraph (UK). . [6] French, Patrick (22 March 2008). "Sex, truth and Vidia: Patrick French's biography of VS Naipaul" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ culture/ donotmigrate/ 3672030/ Sex-truth-and-Vidia-Patrick-Frenchs-biography-of-VS-Naipaul. html). The Daily Telegraph (UK). . Retrieved 22 July 2009. [7] Balbir K. Punj (21 January 2003). "There was life before Islam" (http:/ / www. hvk. org/ articles/ 0103/ 315. html). The Asian Age. . [8] indianexpress.com/news/ (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ expak-army-officer-served-as-lakhvis-adviser-report/ 446884/ ) [9] (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ doc/ 200202/ wheatcroft) [10] Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (4 August 2001). "V S Naipaul: Scourge of the liberals" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ people/ profiles/ v-s-naipaul-scourge-of-the-liberals-664440. html). The Independent (London). . Retrieved 27 May 2010. [11] Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples, V. S. Naipaul, Pan Macmillan, 2010, p. 72 [12] Amy Fallon (2 June 2011). "VS Naipaul finds no woman writer his literary match not even Jane Austen. Nobel laureate says there is no female author whom he considers his equal. His views generated wide criticism from writers and literary experts all over the world. As, Shashi Deshpande rightly pointed out 'All writers know that literature is not a matter of competition'. Reference: http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ todays-paper/ tp-features/ tp-literaryreview/ article2154767. ece" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2011/ jun/ 02/ vs-naipaul-jane-austen-women-writers), The Guardian [13] Edward W. Said (1 March 2002). "Edward Said on Naipaul" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071010132752/ http:/ / www. scholars. nus. edu. sg/ landow/ post/ caribbean/ naipaul/ said. html). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. scholars. nus. edu. sg/ landow/ post/ caribbean/ naipaul/ said. html) on 10 October 2007. . Retrieved 10 October 2008. [14] Didion, Joan (12 June 1980). "Without Regret or Hope" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 7366). New York Review of Books. . [15] "Book of Members, 17802010: Chapter N" (http:/ / www. amacad. org/ publications/ BookofMembers/ ChapterN. pdf). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. . Retrieved 4 June 2011. [16] Miller, Marjorie (12 October 2001). "The World; V.S. Naipaul Receives Nobel for Literature" (http:/ / pqasb. pqarchiver. com/ latimes/ access/ 84193810. html?dids=84193810:84193810& FMT=ABS& FMTS=ABS:FT& type=current& date=Oct+ 12,+ 2001& author=MARJORIE+ MILLER& pub=Los+ Angeles+ Times& desc=The+ World;+ V. S. + Naipaul+ Receives+ Nobel+ for+ Literature& pqatl=google). Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 21 September 2011. [17] Thomas Meaney (12 November 2008). "A Delicate Look at a Prickly Man" (http:/ / articles. latimes. com/ 2008/ nov/ 11/ entertainment/ et-book11). Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved 26 January 2009. [18] http:/ / www. bookforum. com/ inprint/ 017_03/ 6354 [19] http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ books/ 98/ 06/ 07/ specials/ naipaul-peron. html

External links
Nobel Lecture: Two Worlds (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/naipaul-lecture. html) at NobelPrize.org Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/vsnaipaul) on C-SPAN V. S. Naipaul (http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/2470) on Charlie Rose V. S. Naipaul (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0619740/) at the Internet Movie Database Works by or about V. S. Naipaul (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-99320) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) V. S. Naipaul (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/n/v_s_naipaul//) collected news and commentary at The New York Times V. S. Naipaul (http://www.nndb.com/people/981/000027900) at the Notable Names Database V. S. Naipaul (http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/Caribbean/Naipaul,_V._S./) at the Open Directory Project Jonathan Rosen, Tarun Tejpal (Fall 1998). "V. S. Naipaul, The Art of Fiction No. 154" (http://www. theparisreview.org/interviews/1069/the-art-of-fiction-no-154-v-s-naipaul). The Paris Review.

V. S. Naipaul Editing Vidia (https://www.granta.com/extracts/468), Diana Athill, Granta, a memoir of Naipaul by his editor A literary Brown Sahib (http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1822/18220540.htm)

21

Jhumpa Lahiri
Jhumpa Lahiri
Born Nilanjana Sudeshna (or Svdeshna) Lahiri 11 July 1967 London, England novel, short story collection, Postcolonial Bengali American life Interpreter of Maladies (1999) The Namesake (2003) Unaccustomed Earth (2008)

Genres Subjects Notable work(s)

Notable award(s) 1999 O. Henry Award 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

randomhouse.com/kvpa/jhumpalahiri/

[1]

Jhumpa Lahiri (Bengali: ; born on July 11, 1967) is a Bengali American author. Lahiri's debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies (1999), won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and her first novel, The Namesake (2003), was adapted into the popular film of the same name.[2] She was born Nilanjana Sudeshna, which she says are both "good names", but goes by her nickname Jhumpa.[3] Lahiri is a member of the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, appointed by U.S. President Barack Obama.[4]

Biography
Lahiri was born in London, the daughter of Bengali Indian immigrants. Her family moved to the United States when she was three; Lahiri considers herself an American, stating, "I wasn't born here, but I might as well have been."[3] Lahiri grew up in Kingston, Rhode Island, where her father Amar Lahiri works as a librarian at the University of Rhode Island;[3] he is the basis for the protagonist in "The Third and Final Continent," the closing story from Interpreter of Maladies.[5] Lahiri's mother wanted her children to grow up knowing their Bengali heritage, and her family often visited relatives in Calcutta (now Kolkata).[6] When she began kindergarten in Kingston, Rhode Island, Lahiri's teacher decided to call her by her pet name, Jhumpa, because it was easier to pronounce than her "proper names".[3] Lahiri recalled, "I always felt so embarrassed by my name.... You feel like you're causing someone pain just by being who you are."[7] Lahiri's ambivalence over her identity was the inspiration for the ambivalence of Gogol, the protagonist of her novel The Namesake, over his unusual name.[3] Lahiri graduated from South Kingstown High School and received her B.A. in English literature from Barnard College in 1989.[8] Lahiri then received multiple degrees from Boston University: an M.A. in English, M.F.A. in Creative Writing, M.A. in Comparative Literature, and a Ph.D. in Renaissance Studies. She took a fellowship at Provincetown's Fine Arts Work Center, which lasted for the next two years (19971998). Lahiri has taught creative writing at Boston University and the Rhode Island School of Design. In 2001, Lahiri married Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush, a journalist who was then Deputy Editor of TIME Latin America, and who is now Senior Editor of Fox News Latino. Lahiri lives in Fort Greene, Brooklyn with her husband and their

Jhumpa Lahiri two children, Octavio (b. 2002) and Noor (b. 2005).[7]

22

Literary career
Lahiri's early short stories faced rejection from publishers "for years".[9] Her debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies, was finally released in 1999. The stories address sensitive dilemmas in the lives of Indians or Indian immigrants, with themes such as marital difficulties, miscarriages, and the disconnection between first and second generation United States immigrants. Lahiri later wrote, "When I first started writing I was not conscious that my subject was the Indian-American experience. What drew me to my craft was the desire to force the two worlds I occupied to mingle on the page as I was not brave enough, or mature enough, to allow in life."[10] The collection was praised by American critics, but received mixed reviews in India, where reviewers were alternately enthusiastic and upset Lahiri had "not paint[ed] Indians in a more positive light."[11] Interpreter of Maladies sold 600,000 copies and received the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (only the seventh time a story collection had won the award).[3] [12] In 2003, Lahiri published The Namesake, her first novel.[11] The story spans over thirty years in the life of the Ganguli family. The Calcutta-born parents emigrated as young adults to the United States, where their children, Gogol and Sonia, grow up experiencing the constant generational and cultural gap with their parents. A film adaptation of The Namesake was released in March 2007, directed by Mira Nair and starring Kal Penn as Gogol and Bollywood stars Tabu and Irrfan Khan as his parents. Lahiri herself made a cameo as "Aunt Jhumpa". Lahiri's second collection of short stories, Unaccustomed Earth, was released on April 1, 2008. Upon its publication, Unaccustomed Earth achieved the rare distinction of debuting at number 1 on The New York Times best seller list.[13] New York Times Book Review editor, Dwight Garner, stated, "Its hard to remember the last genuinely serious, well-written work of fiction particularly a book of stories that leapt straight to No. 1; its a powerful demonstration of Lahiris newfound commercial clout."[13] Lahiri has also had a distinguished relationship with The New Yorker magazine in which she has published a number of her short stories, mostly fiction, and a few non-fiction including The Long Way Home; Cooking Lessons, a story about the importance of food in Lahiri's relationship with her mother. Since 2005, Lahiri has been a Vice President of the PEN American Center, an organization designed to promote friendship and intellectual cooperation among writers. In February 2010, she was appointed a member of the Committee on the Arts and Humanities, along with five others.[4]

Literary focus
Lahiri's writing is characterized by her "plain" language and her characters, often Indian immigrants to America who must navigate between the cultural values of their homeland and their adopted home.[2] [10] Lahiri's fiction is autobiographical and frequently draws upon her own experiences as well as those of her parents, friends, acquaintances, and others in the Bengali communities with which she is familiar. Lahiri examines her characters' struggles, anxieties, and biases to chronicle the nuances and details of immigrant psychology and behavior. Until Unaccustomed Earth, she focused mostly on first-generation Indian American immigrants and their struggle to raise a family in a country very different from theirs. Her stories describe their efforts to keep their children acquainted with Indian culture and traditions and to keep them close even after they have grown up in order to hang on to the Indian tradition of a joint family, in which the parents, their children and the children's families live under the same roof. Unaccustomed Earth departs from this earlier original ethos as Lahiri's characters embark on new stages of development. These stories scrutinize the fate of the second and third generations. As succeeding generations become increasingly assimilated into American culture and are comfortable in constructing perspectives outside of their country of origin, Lahiri's fiction shifts to the needs of the individual. She shows how later generations depart

Jhumpa Lahiri from the constraints of their immigrant parents, who are often devoted to their community and their responsibility to other immigrants.[14]

23

Television
Lahiri worked on the third season of the HBO television program In Treatment. That season featured a character named Sunil, a widower who moves to the United States from Bangladesh and struggles with grief and with culture shock. Although she is credited as a writer on these episodes, her role was more as a consultant on how a Bengali man might perceive Brooklyn.[15]

Bibliography
Short story collections
Interpreter of Maladies (1999) Unaccustomed Earth (2008)

Novels
The Namesake (2003)

Unpublished Material (Academic)

A Real Durwan and Other Stories (1993, Boston University M.A. thesis) Only an Address: Six Stories by Ashapurna Devi introduced, translated and with critical commentary by Lahiri (1995, Boston University M.A. thesis) Accursed Palace: The Italian Palazzo on the Jacobean Stage (1603-1625) (1997, Boston University Ph.D. thesis)

Uncollected Non-fiction
"Cooking Lessons: The Long Way Home" [16] (6 September 2004, The New Yorker) "Improvisations: Rice" [17] (23 November 2009, The New Yorker) "Reflections: Notes from a Literary Apprenticeship" [18] (13 June 2011, The New Yorker)

Contributions
(Introduction) The Magic Barrel: Stories by Bernard Malamud, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, July 2003. (Introduction) Malgudi Days by R.K. Narayan, Penguin Classics, August 2006. "Rhode Island" (essay), State by State: A Panoramic Portrait of America edited by Matt Weiland and Sean Wilsey, Ecco, September 16, 2008 Essay, The Suspension of Time: Reflections on Simon Dinnerstein and The Fulbright Tryptich edited by Daniel Slager, Milkweed Editions, June 14, 2011.

Jhumpa Lahiri

24

Awards
1993 TransAtlantic Award from the Henfield Foundation 1999 O. Henry Award for short story "Interpreter of Maladies" 1999 PEN/Hemingway Award (Best Fiction Debut of the Year) for "Interpreter of Maladies" 1999 "Interpreter of Maladies" selected as one of Best American Short Stories 2000 Addison Metcalf Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters 2000 "The Third and Final Continent" selected as one of Best American Short Stories 2000 The New Yorker's Best Debut of the Year for "Interpreter of Maladies" 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her debut "Interpreter of Maladies" 2000 James Beard Foundation's M.F.K. Fisher Distinguished Writing Award for "Indian Takeout" in Food & Wine Magazine 2002 Guggenheim Fellowship 2002 "Nobody's Business" selected as one of Best American Short Stories 2008 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award for "Unaccustomed Earth" 2009 Asian American Literary Award for "Unaccustomed Earth"

References
[1] http:/ / www. randomhouse. com/ kvpa/ jhumpalahiri/ [2] Chotiner, Isaac. "Interviews: Jhumpa Lahiri" (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ doc/ 200802u/ jhumpa-lahiri), The Atlantic, 2008-03-18. Retrieved on 2008-04-12. [3] Minzesheimer, Bob. "For Pulitzer winner Lahiri, a novel approach" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ life/ books/ news/ 2003-08-19-lahiri-books_x. htm), USA Today, 2003-08-19. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. [4] "Barack Obama appoints Jhumpa Lahiri to arts committee", The Times of India, 7 February 2010 [5] Flynn, Gillian. "Passage To India: First-time author Jhumpa Lahiri nabs a Pulitzer" (http:/ / www. ew. com/ ew/ article/ 0,,276075,00. html), Entertainment Weekly, 2000-04-28. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. [6] Aguiar, Arun. "One on One With Jhumpa Lahiri" (http:/ / www. pifmagazine. com/ vol28/ i_agui. shtml), Pifmagazine.com, 1999-07-28. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. [7] Anastas, Benjamin. "Books: Inspiring Adaptation" (http:/ / www. mensvogue. com/ arts/ books/ articles/ 2007/ 02/ jhumpa_lahiri), Men's Vogue, March 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. [8] "Pulitzer Prize awarded to Barnard alumna Jhumpa Lahiri 89; Katherine Boo 88 cited in public service award to The Washington Post" (http:/ / www. barnard. edu/ newnews/ news41100a. htm), Barnard Campus News, 2000-04-11. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. [9] http:/ / www. pifmagazine. com/ SID/ 598/ [10] Lahiri, Jhumpa. "My Two Lives" (http:/ / www. newsweek. com/ id/ 46810), Newsweek, 2006-03-06. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. [11] Wiltz, Teresa. "The Writer Who Began With a Hyphen: Jhumpa Lahiri, Between Two Cultures" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ ac2/ wp-dyn/ A59256-2003Oct7?language=printer), The Washington Post, 2003-10-08. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. [12] Farnsworth, Elizabeth. "Pulitzer Prize Winner-Fiction" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ gergen/ jan-june00/ lahiri_4-12. html), PBS NewsHour, 2000-04-12. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. [13] Garner, Dwight. "Jhumpa Lahiri, With a Bullet" (http:/ / papercuts. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 04/ 10/ jhumpa-lahiri-with-a-bullet/ ) The New York Times Paper Cuts blog, 2008-04-10. Retrieved on 2008-04-12. [14] Lahiri, J.. Unaccustomed Earth. [15] Shattuck, Kathryn (2010-11-12). "Irrfan Khan in In Treatment'" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 11/ 14/ arts/ television/ 14treatment. html). The New York Times. . [16] http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ archive/ 2004/ 09/ 06/ 040906fa_fact_lahiri [17] http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2009/ 11/ 23/ 091123fa_fact_lahiri [18] http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2011/ 06/ 13/ 110613fa_fact_lahiri

Jhumpa Lahiri

25

External links
Official Website: www.jhumpalahiri.net (http://www.jhumpalahiri.net/) Biographies: Jhumpa Lahiri at The Steven Barclay Agency (http://www.barclayagency.com/lahiri.html) SAWNET biography (http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Lahiri+Jhumpa) Biography (http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Lahiri.html) Voices From the Gaps Biography (http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/lahiri_jhumpa.html)

Misc.: Lahiri in context of the Subcontinent (http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india/literature/lahiri/) NPR Interview on Fresh Air (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1420143)

Kiran Desai

26

Kiran Desai
Kiran Desai

Kiran Desai, 2007 Born September 3, 1971 New Delhi, India Novelist Indian 1998 to present The Inheritance of Loss

Occupation Nationality Period Notable work(s)

Kiran Desai (born 3 September 1971) is an Indian author who is a citizen of India and a permanent resident of the United States. Her novel The Inheritance of Loss won the 2006 Man Booker Prize[1] and the National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award. She is the daughter of the noted author Anita Desai and the partner of Orhan Pamuk.

Biography
Kiran Desai was born in New Delhi, India, and lived there until she was 10. She left India at 14, and she and her mother then lived in England for a year, and then moved to the United States, where she studied creative writing at Bennington College, Hollins University, and Columbia University.[2] In January 2010, the Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk acknowledged that he was in a relationship with Desai.[3]

Work
Her first novel, Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard, was published in 1998 and received accolades from such notable figures as Salman Rushdie.[4] It went on to win the Betty Trask Award,[5] a prize given by the Society of Authors for the best new novels by citizens of the Commonwealth of Nations under the age of 35.[6] Her second book, The Inheritance of Loss, (2006) has been widely praised by critics throughout Asia, Europe and the United States and won the 2006 Man Booker Prize as well as the 2006 National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award.[7] In September 2007 she was a guest on Private Passions, the biographical music discussion programme hosted by Michael Berkeley on BBC Radio 3.[8] In May 2007 she was the featured author at the inaugural Asia House Festival of Asian Literature.

Kiran Desai Kiran Desai's Jemubhai Patel in Inheritance of Loss and her mother, Anita Desai's Nanda Kaul in Fire on the mountain have some similarities. Both of them want to lead a secluded life. They don't want to be disturbed by others. Their grandchild is the first one who disturbs their aloneness. At first, they feel the presence of their grandchild embarrassing. But, they gradually understand that there are certain similarities between them and their grandchildren. In the portrayal of Jemubhai Patel, Kiran Desai must have been inspired by the character, Nanda Kaul of her mother.

27

Bibliography
Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard. Faber and Faber. 1998. ISBN0-571-19336-6. The Inheritance of Loss. Hamish Hamilton Ltd. 2006. ISBN0-241-14348-9.

References
[1] "Kiran Desai" (http:/ / www. themanbookerprize. com/ prize/ authors/ 2). The Man Booker Prizes. The Booker Prize Foundation. . Retrieved 27 June 2011. [2] "Bold Type: Interview with Kiran Desai" (http:/ / www. randomhouse. com/ boldtype/ 0599/ desai/ interview. html). Random House. . Retrieved 2011-06-14. [3] Rao, Ravi (2010-02-01). "Pamuk: It's no secret, Kiran is my girlfriend" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2010-02-01/ india/ 28146645_1_kiran-desai-nobel-laureate-orhan-pamuk-love-story). Times of India. . Retrieved 2011-06-14. [4] "Hullabaloo In The Guava Orchard" (http:/ / www. bookbrowse. com/ reviews/ index. cfm?book_number=317). BookBrowse. . Retrieved 2011-06-14. [5] "Society of Authors Prizes, Grants and Awards" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070211171127/ http:/ / www. societyofauthors. net/ soa/ page_id_sub. php4?parentid=7& pid=52& par_nm=Prizes,+ grants+ and+ awards). Society of Authors. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. societyofauthors. net/ soa/ page_id_sub. php4?parentid=7& pid=52& par_nm=Prizes, grants and awards) on 2007-02-11. . Retrieved 2011-06-14. [6] "The Betty Trask Prize and Awards" (http:/ / library. christchurch. org. nz/ LiteraryPrizes/ BettyTrask/ ). Christchurch City Libraries. . Retrieved 2011-06-14. [7] Skloot, Rebecca (2007-03-08). "And the 2006 NBCC Award for Fiction Goes to ..." (http:/ / bookcriticscircle. blogspot. com/ 2007/ 03/ and-2006-nbcc-award-for-fiction-goes-to_08. html). Critical Mass. The National Book Critics Circle. . Retrieved 2011-06-14. [8] BBC Radio 3 Private Passions (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ radio3/ privatepassions/ )

External links
Legacies, Loss and Literature (http://niralimagazine.com/2006/12/legacies-loss-literature/), Nirali Magazine, December 2006 SAWNET biography (http://www.sawnet.org/books/authors.php?Desai+Kiran) Rediff interview (http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/30inter1.htm) Lunch with Kiran Desai (http://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/2007/02/lunch-with-kiran-desai.html) Bold Type: Interview with Kiran Desai (http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/0599/desai/interview.html) Kiran Desai interview with THECOMMENTARY.CA October 2007 (http://www.thecommentary.ca/ ontheline/20071105b.html)

Amitav Ghosh

28

Amitav Ghosh
Amitav Ghosh

Born

[1] 11 July 1956 Calcutta, India Writer Indian University of Delhi St Edmund Hall, Oxford Historical fiction The Glass Palace, Sea of Poppies

Occupation Nationality Alma mater

Genres Notable work(s)

Amitav Ghosh ( English language.

born July 11, 1956[1] ), is a Bengali Indian author best known for his work in the

Life
Ghosh was born in Calcutta on July 11, 1956, to Lieutenant Colonel Shailendra Chandra Ghosh, a retired officer of the pre-independence Indian Army, and was educated at The Doon School; St. Stephen's College, Delhi; Delhi University; India; and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he was awarded a D. Phil. in social anthropology. His first job was at the Indian Express newspaper in New Delhi.[2] Ghosh lives in New York with his wife, Deborah Baker, author of the Laura Riding biography In Extremis: The Life of Laura Riding (1993) and a senior editor at Little, Brown and Company. They have two children, Lila and Nayan. He has been a Fellow at the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta. In 1999, Ghosh joined the faculty at Queens College, City University of New York, as Distinguished Professor in Comparative Literature. He has also been a visiting professor to the English department of Harvard University since 2005. Ghosh has recently purchased a property in Goa and is intending to return to India. He is working on a trilogy to be published by Penguin Books India. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government in 2007.[3] In 2009, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature [4]

Amitav Ghosh

29

Work
Ghosh is the author of The Circle of Reason (his 1986 debut novel) , The Shadow Lines (1988), The Calcutta Chromosome (1995), The Glass Palace (2000), The Hungry Tide (2004), and Sea of Poppies (2008), the first volume of The Ibis trilogy, set in the 1830s, just before the Opium War, which encapsulates the colonial history of the East. Ghosh's latest work of fiction is River of Smoke (2011), the second volume of The Ibis trilogy. The Circle of Reason won the Prix Mdicis tranger, one of France's top literary awards.[5] The Shadow Lines won the Sahitya Akademi Award & the Ananda Puraskar[6] [7] The Calcutta Chromosome won the Arthur C. Clarke Award for 1997.[8] Sea of Poppies was shortlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize.[9] It was the co-winner of the Vodafone Crossword Book Award in 2009, as well as co-winner of the 2010 Dan David Prize.[10] Ghosh's most notable non-fiction writings are In an Antique Land (1992), Dancing in Cambodia and At Large in Burma (1998), Countdown (1999), and The Imam and the Indian (2002, a large collection of essays on different themes such as fundamentalism, history of the novel, Egyptian culture, and literature).

Bibliography
Novels The Circle of Reason (1986) The Shadow Lines (1988) The Calcutta Chromosome (1995) The Glass Palace (2000) The Hungry Tide (2005) Sea of Poppies (2008) River of Smoke (2011) Non-Fiction In an Antique Land (1992) Dancing in Cambodia and At Large in Burma (1998; Essays) Countdown (1999) The Imam and the Indian (2002; Essays) Incendiary Circumstances (2006; Essays)

External links
Official website [11] Excerpt from River of Smoke in [[Guernica Magazine [12]]] Sea of Poppies at Farrar, Straus and Giroux site [13] Amitav Ghosh in Emory University Site [14] Interview with Amitav Ghosh on CNN-IBN/ibnlive.com on his book Sea of Poppies [15] Amitav Ghosh's Blog on Indipepal [16]

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Ghosh, Amitav (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 1537377/ Amitav-Ghosh), Encyclopdia Britannica http:/ / www. inlaksfoundation. org/ Inlaks-Alumni-List. asp?sb=Anthropology& currpage=1& sort=subj& stat=old http:/ / india. gov. in/ hindi/ myindia/ Padma%20Awards. pdf "Royal Society of Literature All Fellows" (http:/ / www. rslit. org/ content/ fellows). Royal Society of Literature. . Retrieved 8 August 2010. "Amitav Ghosh re-emerges with Sea of Poppies" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 05/ 24/ stories/ 2008052461680200. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). May 24, 2008. . [6] http:/ / www. fantasticfiction. co. uk/ g/ amitav-ghosh/ [7] http:/ / www. indiapicks. com/ Literature/ Sahitya_Academy/ SA_English. htm [8] http:/ / www. clarkeaward. com/ index. php?view=article& catid=34%3APrevious+ Winners& id=59%3A1997+ Winner& option=com_content& Itemid=58 [9] "First-timers seeking Booker glory" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ entertainment/ 7606147. stm). BBC News. September 9, 2008. . [10] Laureates 2010 - 2010 Present - Literature: Rendition of the 20th Century - Amitav Ghosh (http:/ / www. dandavidprize. org/ index. php/ laureates/ laureates-2010/ 111-2010-present-literature-rendition-of-the-20th-century/ 274-amitav-ghosh. html) [11] http:/ / www. amitavghosh. com/ [12] http:/ / www. guernicamag. com/ fiction/ 3110/ river_of_smoke_ghosh_10_1_11/ [13] http:/ / us. macmillan. com/ seaofpoppies

Amitav Ghosh
[14] http:/ / www. english. emory. edu/ Bahri/ Ghosh. html [15] http:/ / www. ibnlive. com/ videos/ 67363/ 06_2008/ amitav_ghosh_1/ reading-between-the-lines-with-author-amitav-ghosh. html [16] http:/ / indipepal. com/ portal/ blogger/ Amitav_Ghosh

30

Rohinton Mistry
Rohinton Mistry (born 3 July 1952) is an Indian-born Canadian writer in English. Residing in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, Mistry is of Indian origin, originally from Mumbai, Zoroastrian and belongs to the Parsi community. Mistry is a Neustadt International Prize for Literature laureate (2012).

Biography
Rohinton Mistry was born in 1952 in Bombay, India. He earned a BA in Mathematics and Economics at the University of Bombay. He emigrated to Canada with his wife in 1975, settling in Toronto where he studied at the University of Toronto and received a BA in English and Philosophy http:/ / www. themanbookerprize. com/ prize/ authors/ 58. He worked in a bank for a while, before returning to studies, leading up to a degree in English and philosophy. While attending the University of Toronto he won two Hart House literary prizes (the first to win two), for stories which were published in the Hart House Review, and Canadian Fiction Magazine's annual Contributor's Prize for 1985. Two years later, Penguin Books Canada published his collection of 11 short stories, Tales from Firozsha Baag. It was later published in the United States as Swimming Lessons and Other Stories from Firozsha Baag.[1] The book consists of 11 short stories, all set within one apartment complex in modern-day Mumbai. This volume contains the oft-anthologized story, "Swimming Lessons." When his second novel, Such a Long Journey, was published in 1991, it won the Governor General's Award, the Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best Book, and the W.H. Smith/Books in Canada First Novel Award.[1] It was shortlisted for the prestigious Booker Prize and for the Trillium Award. It has been translated into German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and Japanese, and has been made into the 1998 film Such a Long Journey. His third novel, A Fine Balance (1995), won the second annual Giller Prize in 1995, and in 1996, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction. It was selected for Oprah's Book Club[2] in November 2001 and sold hundreds of thousands of additional copies throughout North America as a result. It won the 1996 Commonwealth Writers Prize and was shortlisted for the 1996 Booker prize.[3] In 2002, Mistry cancelled his United States book tour for his novel Family Matters (2002) because he and his wife were targeted by security agents at every airport he visited, apparently because Mistry appeared to be Muslim. Mistry reported that on his first flight of the tour, "we were greeted by a ticket agent who cheerfully told us we had been selected randomly for a special security check. Then it began to happen at every single stop, at every single airport. The random process took on a 100 percent certitude." His publisher issued a statement that said, "As a person of color [Mistry] was stopped repeatedly and rudely at each airport along the wayto the point where the humiliation ... had become unbearable." His books, thus far, portray diverse facets of Indian socioeconomic life; as well as Parsi Zoroastrian life, customs, and religion. Many of his writings are markedly "Indo-nostalgic" His literary papers are housed at the Clara Thomas Archives [4] at York University.

Rohinton Mistry

31

Bibliography
Tales from Firozsha Baag (1987), also published as Swimming Lessons and Other Stories from Firozsha Baag (1989) Such a Long Journey (1991) A Fine Balance (1995) Family Matters (2002) The Scream (2006)

Awards and recognition

1983: Hart House Literary Contest, "One Sunday" 1984: Hart House Literary Contest, "Auspicious Occasion" 1985: Annual Contributors' Prize, Canadian Fiction Magazine 1991: Man Booker Prize, shortlist, Such a Long Journey 1991: Governor General's Award, Such a Long Journey 1992: Commonwealth Writers Prize, Overall Winner Best Book, Such a Long Journey 1992: Books in Canada First Novel Award, Such a Long Journey 1995: Giller Prize, A Fine Balance 1996: Man Booker Prize, shortlist, A Fine Balance 1996: Commonwealth Writers Prize, Overall Winner Best Book, A Fine Balance 1997: Irish Times International Fiction Prize, shortlist, A Fine Balance 2002: James Tait Black Memorial Prize, shortlist, Family Matters 2002: Kiriyama Pacific Rim Book Prize, winner, Family Matters 2002: Man Booker Prize, shortlist, Family Matters 2002: Canada Reads, A Fine Balance 2012: Neustadt International Prize for Literature

References
[1] Malieckal, Bindu (2000). "Rohinton Mistry". In Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (Ed.), Asian American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook, pp. 219-28. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313309116. [2] New, William H. (2003). A History of Canadian Literature, (3d ed.), p. 326. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0773525971. [3] Faber and Faber paperback edition 1997 [4] http:/ / www. library. yorku. ca/ cms-resolver/ ?item_id=573416

External links
Rohinton Mistry (http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth73) biographical and critical information by James Proctor Biography from the English Department at Emory University (http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Mistry. html) Rohinton Mistry's (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE& Params=A1ARTA0010927) entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ index.cfm?PgNm=HomePage&Params=A1) Faber reading guide for 'A Fine Balance' (http://www.faber.co.uk/media/documents/book_club_37939.pdf)

Bharati Mukherjee

32

Bharati Mukherjee
Bharati Mukherjee

Speaking at the US Ambassador's residence in Israel, June 11, 2004 Born July 27, 1940 Calcutta, West Bengal, India Professor, Novelist, Essayist, Short Story Writer, Author, Fiction Writer, Nonfiction Writer India, United States, Canada Novels, Short Stories, Essays, Travel Literature, Journalism.

Occupation Nationality Genres

Notable work(s) Jasmine

Bharati Mukherjee (born July 27, 1940) is an award-winning Indian-born American writer. She is currently a professor in the department of English at the University of California, Berkeley.

Background
Of Bengali origin, Mukherjee was born in Calcutta (now called Kolkata), West Bengal, India. She later travelled with her parents to Europe after Independence, only returning to Calcutta in the early 1950s. There she attended the Loreto School. She received her B.A. from the University of Calcutta in 1959 as a student of Loreto College, and subsequently earned her M.A. from the University of Baroda in 1961. She next travelled to the United States to study at the University of Iowa. She received her M.F.A. from the Iowa Writers' Workshop in 1963 and her Ph.D. in 1969 from the department of Comparative Literature. After more than a decade living in Montreal and Toronto in Canada, Mukherjee and her husband, Clark Blaise returned to the United States. She wrote of the decision in "An Invisible Woman," published in a 1981 issue of Saturday Night. Mukherjee and Blaise co-authored Days and Nights in Calcutta (1977). They also wrote the 1987 work, The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy (Air India Flight 182).

Bharati Mukherjee

33

Career
In addition to writing numerous works of fiction and non-fiction, Mukherjee taught at McGill University, Skidmore College, Queens College, and City University of New York before joining Berkeley. The Tiger's Daughter (1971) Wife (1975) Jasmine (1989) The Holder of the World (1993) Leave It to Me (1997) Desirable Daughters (2002) The Tree Bride (2004)

Short story collections

Darkness (1985) The Middleman and Other Stories (1988) A Father

Memoir
Days and Nights in Calcutta (1977, with Clark Blaise)

Non-fiction
The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy (1987, with Clark Blaise) Political Culture and Leadership in India (1991) Regionalism in Indian Perspective (1992)

Awards
1988: National Book Critics Circle Award (The Middleman and Other Stories).

Further reading
Abcarian, Richard and Marvin Klotz. "Bharati Mukherjee." In Literature: The Human Experience, 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006: 1581-1582. Alter, Stephen and Wimal Dissanayake (ed.). "Nostalgia by Bharati Mukherjee." The Penguin Book of Modern Indian Short Stories. New Delhi, Middlesex, New York: Penguin Books, 1991: 28-40. Kerns-Rustomji, Roshni. "Bharati Mukherjee." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, 5th edition, Vol. E. Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough (eds.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006: 2693-2694. New, W. H., ed. "Bharati Mukerjee." In Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002: 763-764. Selvadurai, Shyam (ed.). "Bharati Mukherjee:The Management of Grief." Story-Wallah: A Celebration of South Asian Fiction. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005:91-108.

Bharati Mukherjee

34

External links
India: In Word and Image [1] Bharati Mukherjee entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia [2]

Biographies
Voices from the Gaps [3] Emory [4] BBC World Service [5] Edwardsly [6] AMSAW [7] Biography by Jaideep [8]

Interviews
PBS Interview with Bill Moyers [9] Jouvert Interview [10] Beatrice Interview 1997 [11] Powells Interview (April 2002) [12] A conversation [13] with Bharati Mukherjee (February 2003)

Misc.
BBC World Service [5] A Declaration of Independence [14] Further links [15]

References
[1] http:/ / welcomebooks. com/ india/ index. html [2] http:/ / www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com/ index. cfm?PgNm=TCE& Params=A1ARTA0005506 [3] http:/ / voices. cla. umn. edu/ vg/ Bios/ entries/ mukherjee_bharati. html [4] http:/ / www. english. emory. edu/ Bahri/ Mukherjee. html [5] http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ worldservice/ arts/ features/ womenwriters/ mukherjee_life. shtml [6] http:/ / www. edwardsly. com/ mukherjee. htm [7] http:/ / amsaw. org/ amsaw-ithappenedinhistory-072703-mukherjee. html [8] http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20091027112654/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ Colosseum/ Park/ 9801/ bharati. html [9] http:/ / www. pbs. org/ now/ arts/ mukherjee. html [10] http:/ / 152. 1. 96. 5/ jouvert/ v1i1/ bharat. htm [11] http:/ / www. beatrice. com/ interviews/ mukherjee/ [12] http:/ / www. powells. com/ authors/ mukherjee. html [13] http:/ / www. alumni. berkeley. edu/ Alumni/ Cal_Monthly/ February_2003/ QA-_A_conversation_with_Bharati_Mukherjee. asp [14] http:/ / www2. oprah. com/ rys/ omag/ rys_omag_200208_aha. jhtml [15] http:/ / www. eng. fju. edu. tw/ worldlit/ india/ mukherjee. html

Vikram Seth

35

Vikram Seth
Vikram Seth

Born

20 June 1952 Kolkata, West Bengal, India Poet, novelist, travel writer, librettist, children's writer, biographer and memoirist Indian Corpus Christi College, Oxford Stanford University novels, poetry, libretto, travel writing, children's literature, biography/memoir

Occupation Nationality Alma mater

Genres

Notable work(s) A Suitable Boy, The Golden Gate

Vikram Seth (Hindi: , pronounced Hindustani pronunciation:[krm se]; born 20 June 1952) is an Indian poet, novelist, travel writer, librettist, children's writer, biographer and memoirist.

Early life
Vikram Seth was born on 20 June 1952 to Leila and Prem Seth in Calcutta (now Kolkata). His family lived in many cities including the Bata Shoe Company town of Batanagar, Danapur near Patna, and in London. His younger brother, Shantum, leads Buddhist meditational tours. His younger sister, Aradhana, is a film-maker married to an Austrian diplomat, and has worked on Deepa Mehta's movies Earth and Fire. (Compare the characters Haresh, Lata, Savita and two of the Chatterji siblings in A Suitable Boy: Seth has been candid in acknowledging that many of his fictional characters are drawn from life; he has said that only the dog Cuddles in A Suitable Boy has his real name "Because he can't sue". Justice Leila Seth has said in her memoir On Balance that other characters in A Suitable Boy are composites but Haresh is a portrait of her husband Prem.) Seth spent part of his youth in London but returned to his homeland in 1957. After receiving primary and commencing secondary education at the Doon School in Dehradun in India, Seth returned to England to Tonbridge School.[1] From there, Seth studied philosophy, politics, and economics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he developed an interest in poetry and learned Chinese. After leaving Oxford, Seth moved to California to work on a graduate degree in economics at Stanford University.

Vikram Seth Having lived in London for many years, Seth now maintains residences near Salisbury, England, where he is a participant in local literary and cultural events, having bought and renovated the house of the Anglican poet George Herbert in 1996,[2] and in Delhi, where he lives with his parents and keeps his extensive library and papers. Seth self-identifies as bisexual. In 2006, he became a leader of the campaign against India's Section 377, a law against homosexuality.[3]

36

Work Themes
A polyglot, Seth detailed in an interview (in the year 2005) in the Australian magazine Good Weekend that he has studied several languages, including Welsh, German and, later, French in addition to Mandarin, English (which he describes as "my instrument" in answer to Indians who query his not writing in his native Hindi), Urdu (which he reads and writes in Nastaliq script), and Hindi, which he reads and writes in the Dvangar script. He plays the Indian flute and the cello and sings German lieder, especially Schubert.

Business acumen
Seth's former literary agent Giles Gordon recalled being interviewed by Seth for the position: Vikram sat at one end of a long table and he began to grill us. It was absolutely incredible. He wanted to know our literary tastes, our views on poetry, our views on plays, which novelists we liked.[4] Seth later explained to Gordon that he had passed the interview not because of commercial considerations, but because unlike the others he was the only agent who seemed as interested in his poetry as in his other writing. Seth followed what he has described as "the ludicrous advance for that book" (250,000 for A Suitable Boy[5] ) with 500,000 for An Equal Music and 1.4 million for Two Lives.[6] He prepared an acrostic poem for his address at Gordon's 2005 memorial service: Gone though you have, I heard your voice today. I tried to make out what the words might mean, Like something seen half-clearly on a screen: Each savoured reference, each laughing bark, Sage comment, bad pun, indiscreet remark. Gone since you have, grief too in time will go, Or share space with old joy; it must be so. Rest then in peace, but spare us some elation. Death cannot put down every conversation. Over and out, as you once used to say? Not on your life. You're on this line to stay.[7]

Vikram Seth

37

Writing
Travel writing: From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet
His travel book From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet (1983) was his first popular success and won the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award. It offers insight to Seth as a person, who is candid about the reality and effect of living abroad though not in particular of being in diaspora a theme which arises in his poetry but nowhere in his fiction: Increasingly of late, and particularly when I drink, I find my thoughts drawn into the past rather than impelled into the future. I recall drinking sherry in California and dreaming of my earlier student days in England, where I ate dalmoth and dreamed of Delhi. What is the purpose, I wonder, of all this restlessness? I sometimes seem to myself to wander around the world merely accumulating material for future nostalgias. (p.35)

Poetry
Seth has published five volumes of poetry. His first, Mappings (1980), was originally privately published; it attracted little attention and indeed Philip Larkin, to whom he sent it for comment, referred to it scornfully among his intimates, though he offered Seth encouragement.[4] In 2009 Seth contributed four poems to Oxfam which are used as introductions to each of the four collections of UK stories which form Oxfam's 'Ox-Tales' book project.[8]

Hybrid: The "novel in verse": The Golden Gate

The first of his novels, The Golden Gate (1986) is a novel in verse about the lives of a number of young professionals in San Francisco. The novel is written entirely in Onegin stanzas after the style Aleksandr Pushkin's Eugene Onegin. Seth had encountered Charles Johnston's 1977 translation of it in a Stanford second-hand bookstore and it changed the direction of his career, shifting his focus from academic to literary work. The likelihood of commercial success seemed highly doubtful and the scepticism of friends as to the novel's viability is facetiously quoted within the novel; but the verse novel received wide acclaim (Gore Vidal dubbed it "The Great California Novel") and achieved healthy sales. The novel contains a strong element of affectionate satire, as with his subsequent novel, A Suitable Boy. "The Golden Gate, an opera in two acts with music by Conrad Cummings and libretto from the novel-in-verse by Vikram Seth adapted by the composer" is currently (2010) in development by LivelyWorks and American Opera Projects and receives a staged workshop production at the Rose Studio at Lincoln Center in New York City in January 2010.

Novels in prose
A Suitable Boy After the success of The Golden Gate, Seth took up residence in his parents' house back in Delhi to work on his second novel, A Suitable Boy (1993). Though initially conceived as a short piece detailing the domestic drama of an Indian mother's search for an appropriate husband for her marriageable Indian daughter against the background of the formative years of India after independence, the novel grew and Seth was to labour over it for almost a decade. The 1474-page novel is a four-family saga set in post-independence, post-Partition India, and alternatively satirically and earnestly examines issues of national politics in the period leading up to the first post-independence national election of 1952, inter-sectarian animosity, the status of lower caste peoples such as the jatav, land reform and the eclipse of the feudal princes and landlords, academic affairs, inter- and intra-family relations and a range of further issues of importance to the characters. The Indian journalist and novelist Khushwant Singh has said of the novel that,

Vikram Seth "I lived through that period and I couldn't find a flaw. It really is an authentic picture of Nehru's India."[9] The novel was, despite its formidable length, a bestseller, and propelled Seth into the public spotlight. Seth has confirmed (July 2009) that he is writing a contemporary novel including characters from A Suitable Boy, to be published in 2013.[10] He describes A Suitable Girl as a "jump sequel", with Lata looking for a "suitable girl" for her grandson. An Equal Music Seth's third novel, An Equal Music (1999), set in contemporary Europe, focuses on the lives of classical musicians and their music. Some readers and critics complained that Michael, the protagonist, was simply not a likeable (or unlikeable) enough character to sustain interest throughout a substantial novel and that the focus on the music for its own sake can be trying for the uninitiated. However, Paolo Isotta, one of Italy's most significant music critics, wrote in the influential newspaper Il Corriere della Sera of the Italian translation that no European writer had ever shown such a knowledge of European classical music, nor had any European novel before managed to convey the psychology, the technical abilities, even the human potentialities of those who practise music for a living[11] Seth credits his then-partner, the French violinist Philippe Honor, as inspiring him with the idea for An Equal Music in an acrostic sonnet on Honor's name in the epigraph: Perhaps this could have stayed unstated. Had our words turned to other things In the grey park, the rain abated, Life would have quickened other strings. I list your gifts in this creation: Pen, paper, ink and inspiration, Peace to the heart with touch or word, Ease to the soul with note and chord. How did that walk, those winter hours, Occasion this? No lightning came; Nor did I sense, when touched by flame, Our story lit with borrowed powers Rather, by what our spirits burned, Embered in words, to us returned.[12] Seth together with Philippe Honor marketed a double CD of the music mentioned in An Equal Music, performed by Honor.[13]

38

Vikram Seth

39

Biography/Memoir: Two Lives

His most recent book, Two Lives, is a non-fiction family memoir written at the suggestion of his mother, and published in October 2005. It focuses on the lives of his great-uncle (Shanti Behari Seth) and German-Jewish great aunt (Henny Caro) who met in Berlin in the early 1930s while Shanti was a student there and with whom Seth stayed extensively on going to England at age 17 for school. As with From Heaven Lake, Two Lives contains much autobiography.

Range
Seth's range is demonstrated by the historical accuracy of A Suitable Boy, with the nuanced cultivated-Indian English of the narrative voice and the entirely in-character voices of the principals of the story; the correspondingly accurate depiction of northern California yuppies of the 1980s in The Golden Gate; and his portrait of the world of western classical musicians in An Equal Music. He has continued to produce volumes of poetry at intervals alongside his publications in a range of other forms, including translations from Chinese poets. A film of A Suitable Boy was slated to go into production in 2007, an earlier attempt at a television serialisation having been abandoned.

Bibliography
Novels The Golden Gate (1986) A Suitable Boy (1993) An Equal Music (1999) A Suitable Girl (2013) Children's book Beastly Tales (1991)

Libretto Arion and the Dolphin (1994) for the English National Opera

Poetry

The Traveller [2008] with composer Alec Roth. Premiere, Lichfield Festival July 2008.

Non-fiction Mappings (1980) The Humble Administrator's Garden (1985) From Heaven Lake (1983) Two Lives (2005) All You Who Sleep Tonight (1990) Beastly Tales (1991) Three Chinese Poets (1992) The Frog and the Nightingale (1994)

Prizes and awards

1983 - Thomas Cook Travel Book Award for From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkiang and Tibet 1985 - Commonwealth Poetry Prize (Asia) The Humble Administrator's Garden 1993 - Irish Times International Fiction Prize (shortlist) A Suitable Boy 1994 - Commonwealth Writers Prize (Overall Winner, Best Book) A Suitable Boy 1994 - WH Smith Literary Award A Suitable Boy 1999 - Crossword Book Award "An Equal Music" 2001 - EMMA (BT Ethnic and Multicultural Media Award) for Best Book/Novel An Equal Music 2005 - Pravasi Bharatiya Samman 2007 - Padma Shri in Literature & Education

Vikram Seth

40

Notes
[1] "Vikram Seth" (http:/ / ekikrat. in/ Vikram-Seth). . [2] "Listening to God's melodies" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ article/ 0,,923-2288533,00. html), The Times (London), 29 July 2006, , retrieved 2007-09-05 [3] "It Took Me Long To Come To Terms With Myself. Those Were Painful Years." (http:/ / www. outlookindia. com/ article. aspx?232671), Outlook India, 2 October 2006, , retrieved 2007-09-05 [4] Gavron, Jeremy (27 March 1999), "A suitable joy" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ saturday_review/ story/ 0,,306943,00. html), The Guardian, , retrieved 2007-09-05. [5] Vikram Seth writes Suitable Boy sequel in [[The Guardian (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2009/ jul/ 03/ vikram-seth-suitable-boy-sequel)] 3 July 2009] [6] Bhatia, Shyam (1 September 2003), "Seth to get at least $3 million advance" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2003/ sep/ 01seth. htm?zcc=rl), Rediff.com, , retrieved 2007-09-05. [7] Seth, Vikram (18 November 2003), "Appreciation: Giles Gordon" (http:/ / arts. guardian. co. uk/ news/ obituary/ 0,,1087614,00. html), The Guardian, , retrieved 2007-09-05. [8] Oxfam: Ox-Tales (http:/ / www. oxfam. org. uk/ shop/ content/ books/ books_oxtales. html) [9] "Vikram Seth" (http:/ / doononline. net/ pages/ info_features/ features_spotlights/ spotlights/ seth/ index. htm), DoonOnline: Features & Spotlights, , retrieved 2007-09-05. [10] http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ arts_and_culture/ 8131538. stm BBC News website 2 July 2009 [11] Albertazzi, Silvia (2005-01-20), "An equal music, an alien world: postcolonial literature and the representation of European culture" (http:/ / journals. cambridge. org/ action/ displayAbstract?fromPage=online& aid=276618), European Review (Cambridge University Press) 13: 103113, doi:10.1017/S1062798705000104, . [12] Amazon: An Equal Music (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ gp/ product/ B000F3T4HC), Amazon.com, , retrieved 2007-09-05. [13] Amazon: An Equal Music (CD) (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ Vikram-Seth-Johann-Sebastian-Bach/ dp/ B00003OO0L), Amazon.com, .

Chaudhuri, Amit (ed.). "Vikram Seth (b. 1952)." The Vintage Book of Modern Indian Literature. New York: Vintage, 2004:508-537.

External links
Literary Encyclopedia biography (http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4020) Emory biography (http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Seth.html) Contemporary Writers Biography (http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth89) Vikram Seth (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1532972/) at the Internet Movie Database 1999 BBC audio interview with Vikram Seth (http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/ sethv1.shtml) "Poetic License" by Cynthia Haven, "Stanford Magazine," May/June 1999 (http://www.stanfordalumni.org/ news/magazine/1999/mayjun/articles/seth.html) video interview with Vikram Seth (http://www.booksweb.tv/content/show/ContentId/1194) 1990 BOMB Magazine interview with Vikram Seth by Ameena Meer (http://bombsite.com/issues/33/articles/ 1377)

Nobel Prize in Literature

41

Nobel Prize in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Awarded for Presented by Country First awarded Outstanding contributions in Literature Swedish Academy Sweden 1901

Official website nobelprize.org [1]

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmrktaste i idealisk riktning).[2] [3] Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here "Work" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October.[4] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobel's choice of emphasis on "idealistic" or "ideal" (English translation) in his criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature has led to In 1901, Sully Prudhomme (18391907), a recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk French poet and essayist, was the first person to translates as either "idealistic" or "ideal".[3] In the early twentieth win the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special century, the Nobel Committee interpreted the intent of the will strictly. recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic For this reason, they did not award certain world-renowned authors of perfection and a rare combination of the the time such as James Joyce, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Marcel qualities of both heart and intellect." Proust, Henrik Ibsen, and Henry James. [5] More recently, the wording has been more liberally interpreted. Thus, the Prize is now awarded both for lasting literary merit and for evidence of consistent idealism on some significant level. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Hence the award is now arguably more political.[3] [6] "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount". The Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism in recent years. Some critics contend that many well-known writers have not been awarded the prize or even been nominated, whereas others contend that some well-known recipients do not deserve it. There have also been controversies involving alleged political interests relating to the nomination process and ultimate selection of some of the recent literary Laureates.[6]

Nobel Prize in Literature

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Background
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[7] [8] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[9] [10] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31million Swedish kronor (US$186 million, 135 million in 2008), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[11] Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will it was not until April 26, 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.[12] [13] The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11.[14] [15] The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[13] [16] [17] According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy were to award the Prize in Literature.[17]

Nomination procedure
Each year the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. However, it is not permitted to nominate oneself.[18] Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and about fifty proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 2008 Announcement of the Nobel Prize Laureate February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By in Literature at the Swedish Academy, Stockholm April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, and by summer the list is reduced further to some five names. The subsequent months are then spent in reviewing the works of eligible candidates. In October members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel Laureate in Literature. The process is similar to that of other Nobel Prizes.[19] The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but at present stands at ten million Swedish kronor. (About 1,356,610 USD or 1,067,950 Euros.)[20] The winner also receives a gold medal and a Nobel diploma and is invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on December 10.[21]

Prizes
A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[22] The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.[23] If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters.[24] If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates the money is split among them.[24] It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin.

Nobel Prize in Literature

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Nobel Prize Medals

The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket[25] in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (18331896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design.[26] [27] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design.[28]

Nobel Prize Diplomas

Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it.[29] The Diploma contains a picture and text which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.[29]

Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections

From 1901 to 1912, the committee was characterised by an interpretation of the "ideal direction" stated in Nobel's will as "a lofty and sound idealism". This caused Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, mile Zola and Mark Twain to be rejected.[5] Also, many believe Sweden's historic antipathy towards Russia is the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov was awarded the prize. During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries.[5] August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting.[31] [32] [33] The academy considered Czech writer Karel apek's "War With the Newts" too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating "Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation".[34] He was thus denied the prize.

Selma Lagerlf, the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature, faced major [30] controversies. Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet, 11 December 1909.

According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual Andr Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus, but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to novel". Thus, Camus won the prize in 1957.[35] Some attribute W. H. Auden's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize winner Dag Hammarskjld's Vgmrken (Markings)[36] and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjld was, like Auden, homosexual.[37] In 1964 Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he declined it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize winner. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."

Nobel Prize in Literature Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the 1970 prize winner, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the U.S.S.R. would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdatclandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award, and prize money, until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union.[38] In 1974 Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, both Nobel judges themselves, and unknown outside their home country. Bellow would win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded the Prize.[39] Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Pinochet, which, according to Tibn's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life, had complex social and personal contexts.[40] Borges' failure to win the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin, in the case of Sartre and Neruda.[41] [42] The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered "rather lightweight" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer and had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church.[43] Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular."[44] There was also criticism of the academy's refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie in 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwa calling for Rushdie to be killed. Two members of the Academy even resigned over its refusal to support Rushdie.[45] [46] The choice of the 2004 winner, Elfriede Jelinek, was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund, who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the reputation of the award.[45] [46] The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a "political element" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize.[6] Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy, in Stockholm. His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The issue of their "political stance" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively.[47] The heavy focus on European authors, and authors from Sweden in particular, has been the subject of mounting criticism, even from major Swedish newspapers.[48] The absolute majority of the laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes than all of Asia, as well as all of Latin America. In 2008, Horace Engdahl, then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that "Europe still is the center of the literary world" and that "the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."[49] In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund, rejected this sentiment ("In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, "I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."[50] The 2009 award to Herta Mller, previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, has re-ignited criticism that the award committee is biased and Eurocentric.[51] However, the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa, a native of Peru in South America. After the 2011 award was awarded to Swedish poet Tomas

44

Nobel Prize in Literature Transtrmer in the year of the Arab Spring, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said it was not awarded based on politics, describing such a notion as literature for dummies.[52]

45

2011 controversy
It was announced by various media in Serbia on 6 October, 2011 that Dobrica osi received the Nobel Prize in Literature. The controversy lasted for 122 minutes while the disinformation was discovered. The incident was created by the Web activist group from Serbia to point out the dangerous influence of this writer upon Serbian society.[53] [54] [55]

References
[1] http:/ / nobelprize. org [2] "The Nobel Prize in Literature" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ ). nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [3] John Sutherland (October 13, 2007). "Ink and Spit" (http:/ / books. guardian. co. uk/ review/ story/ 0,,2189673,00. html). Guardian Unlimited Books (The Guardian). . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [4] "The Nobel Prize in Literature" (http:/ / www. swedishacademy. org/ Templates/ Article0. aspx?PageID=f6b62c21-7e52-408c-86f7-7eacd9144a13). Swedish Academy. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [5] Kjell Espmark (1999-12-03). "The Nobel Prize in Literature" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ articles/ espmark/ index. html). Nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2006-08-14. [6] Neil Smith (2005-10-13). "'Political element' to Pinter Prize" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ 4339096. stm). BBC News (bbc.co.uk). . Retrieved 2008-04-26. "Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century. However, his outspoken criticism of US foreign policy and opposition to the war in Iraq undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour. Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element. 'There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment,' said Alan Jenkins, deputy editor of the Times Literary Supplement. 'For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative, and that cannot have failed to be noticed.' However, Mr Jenkins insists that, though Pinter's political views may have been a factor, the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone. 'His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer. He is far and away the most interesting, the best, the most powerful and most original of English playwrights.'" [7] "History Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (18331896)" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ history/ historic_figures/ nobel_alfred. shtml). BBC. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [8] "Guide to Nobel Prize" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ nobelprize/ article-9056008). Britannica.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [9] Ragnar Sohlman: 1983, Page 7 [10] von Euler, U.S. (6 June 1981). "The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science" (http:/ / resources. metapress. com/ pdf-preview. axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488& size=largest) (PDF). Die Naturwissenschaften (Springer-Verlag). . Retrieved 21 January 2010. [11] "The Will of Alfred Nobel" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ alfred_nobel/ will/ index. html), nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 November 2007. [12] "The Nobel Foundation History" (http:/ / www. nobelprize. org/ nobel_organizations/ nobelfoundation/ history/ lemmel/ ). Nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2010-10-12. [13] Agneta Wallin Levinovitz: 2001, Page 13 [14] "Nobel Prize History " (http:/ / www. infoplease. com/ spot/ nobel-prize-history. html). Infoplease.com. 1999-10-13. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [15] Encyclopdia Britannica. "Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organisation) Britannica Online Encyclopedia" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 416852/ Nobel-Foundation). Britannica.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [16] AFP, "Alfred Nobel's last will and testament" (http:/ / www. thelocal. se/ 14776/ 20091005/ ), The Local(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010. [17] "Nobel Prize (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 416856/ Nobel-Prize)" (2007), in Encyclopdia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online:

After Nobels death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutionsthree Swedish and one Norwegianshould award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the

Nobel Prize in Literature prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
[18] "Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071011133225/ http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nomination/ literature/ ). nobelprize.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nomination/ literature/ ) on 2007-10-11. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [19] "Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071011031630/ http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nomination/ literature/ process. html). nobelprize.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nomination/ literature/ process. html) on 2007-10-11. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [20] "The Nobel Prize Amount" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ amount. html). nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [21] "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071011015418/ http:/ / nobelprize. org/ award_ceremonies/ ). nobelprize.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ award_ceremonies/ ) on 2007-10-11. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [22] Tom Rivers (2009-12-10). "2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors | Europe| English" (http:/ / www1. voanews. com/ english/ news/ europe/ 2009-Nobel-Laureates-Receive-Their-Honors-78989292. html). .voanews.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [23] "The Nobel Prize Amounts" (http:/ / www. nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ about/ amounts. html). Nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-12. [24] "Nobel Prize Prizes" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 416856/ Nobel-Prize/ 93434/ The-prizes) (2007), in Encyclopdia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online:

46

Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount of which depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation. (A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005.) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person, divided equally between two persons, or shared by three persons. In the latter case, each of the three persons can receive a one-third share of the prize or two together can receive a one-half share.
[25] "Medalj ett traditionellt hantverk" (http:/ / www. myntverket. se/ products. asp?lang=sv& page=3) (in Swedish). Myntverket. . Retrieved 2007-12-15. [26] "The Nobel Prize for Peace" (http:/ / digitalcollections. library. oregonstate. edu/ cdm4/ item_viewer. php?CISOROOT=/ pawardsmedals& CISOPTR=47), "Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals", Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History, the Valley Library, Oregon State University. Retrieved 7 December 2007. [27] "The Nobel Medals" (http:/ / www. ceptualinstitute. com/ galleria/ awards/ nobel/ nobelmedals. html). Ceptualinstitute.com. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [28] "Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954" (http:/ / osulibrary. oregonstate. edu/ specialcollections/ coll/ pauling/ bond/ pictures/ nobel-chemistry-medal. html), "Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1", "All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations", Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History, the Valley Library, Oregon State University. Retrieved 7 December 2007. [29] "The Nobel Prize Diplomas" (http:/ / www. nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ about/ diplomas/ index. html/ ). Nobelprize.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-12. [30] http:/ / www. svd. se/ kulturnoje/ understrecket/ valdsam-debatt-i-akademien-nar-lagerlof-valdes_3569005. svd - Article (in Swedish): "Violent debate in the Academy when Lagerlf was elected". 25 September 2009 [31] Innes, edited by Frederick J. Marker, Christopher (1998). Modernism in European drama : Ibsen, Strindberg, Pirandello, Beckett : essays from Modern drama (http:/ / books. google. se/ books?id=xGdf8EK41LMC& pg=PR11& dq=strindberg+ nobel& hl=sv& ei=L4mLTrPFBbDc4QSNxsyOBA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=10& ved=0CFEQ6AEwCThG#v=onepage& q=strindberg nobel& f=false). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.xi. ISBN978-0802082060. . [32] Steene, selected, translated, and edited by Egil Trnqvist and Birgitta (2007). Strindberg on drama and theatre : a source book (http:/ / books. google. se/ books?id=8REy3tHjvOYC& pg=PA189& dq=strindberg+ branting+ nobel& hl=sv& ei=U4uLTt9zxIPiBMDXoeAD& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage& q& f=false). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p.189. ISBN978-9053560204. . [33] Warme, edited by Lars G. (1996). A history of Scandinavian literatures. (http:/ / books. google. se/ books?id=l3JjeZz-OiwC& pg=PA271& dq=strindberg+ nobel& hl=sv& ei=bIiLTpWgNaf44QTunaXmAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CC8Q6AEwATgU#v=onepage& q=strindberg nobel& f=false). Lincoln, Neb.: Univ. of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American-Scandinavian Foundation. p.271. ISBN978-0803247505. . [34] Peter Swirski. From Lowbrow to Nobrow (http:/ / www. mqup. ca). McGill Queen's University Press. . [35] Olivier Truc, "Et Camus obtint enfin le prix Nobel" (http:/ / www. lemonde. fr/ culture/ article/ 2008/ 12/ 27/ et-camus-obtint-enfin-le-prix-nobel_1135690_3246. html). Le Monde, 28 December 2008. [36] Harold Orlans, "Self-Centered Translating: Why W. H. Auden Misinterpreted 'Markings' When Translating It from Swedish to English" (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1G1-62828416. html), Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning (published by Heldref Publications for The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching), 1 May 2000, Highbeam Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.com, accessed 26 April 2008: "Swedish dismay at the mangled translation may have cost Auden the Nobel prize in literature." [37] Alex Hunnicutt, "Dag Hammarskjld" (http:/ / www. glbtq. com/ social-sciences/ hammarskjold_d. html), glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (Heldref Publications, 2004), glbtq.com, accessed 11 August 2006: "Unless some hidden

Nobel Prize in Literature

47

manuscript surfaces or an aging lover suddenly feels moved to revelation, it seems unlikely the world will ever know for sure the details of Hammarskjld's sexual experience. W. H. Auden, who translated Markings, was convinced of his [Hammarskld's] homosexuality. Saying so publicly during a lecture tour of Scandinavia may have cost Auden the Nobel Prize in Literature that he was widely expected to receive in the 1960s." [38] Stig Fredrikson, "How I Helped Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Smuggle His Nobel Lecture from the USSR" (http:/ / www. nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ laureates/ 1970/ solzhenitsyn-article. html), nobelprize.org, 22 February 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2011. [39] Alex Duval Smith (2005-10-14). "A Nobel Calling: 100 Years of Controversy" (http:/ / news. independent. co. uk/ europe/ article319509. ece). The Independent (news.independent.co.uk). . Retrieved 2008-04-26. "Not many women, a weakness for Anglo-Saxon literature and an ostrich-like ability to resist popular or political pressure. Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy." [40] Colm Tibn (2006-05-11). "Don't Abandon Me" (http:/ / www. lrb. co. uk/ v28/ n09/ toib01_. html). The London Review of Books. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [41] New studies agree that Beauvoir is eclipsing Sartre as a philosopher and writer (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ arts-entertainment/ books/ reviews/ sex-and-philosophy-rethinking-de-beauvoir-and-sartre-by-edward-fullbrook-and-kate-fullbrookbr-a-dangerous-liaison-by-carole-seymourjones-832532. html) The Independent May 25, 2008. Retrieved on January 4, 2009. [42] Textos escondidos de Pablo Neruda (http:/ / libros. libertaddigital. com/ textos-escondidos-de-pablo-neruda-1276229962. html) Libros April 14, 2005. Retrieved on January 4, 2009. [43] Julie Carroll, "'Pope and Witch' Draws Catholic Protests" (http:/ / www. catholic. org/ printer_friendly. php?id=23190& section=Cathcom), The Catholic Spirit, 27 February 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. [44] "Nobel Stuns Italy's Left-wing Jester" (http:/ / www. hartford-hwp. com/ archives/ 62/ 016. html), The Times, 10 October 1997, rpt. in Archives of a list at hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 17 October 2007. [45] "Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ arts/ 4329962. stm). BBC News Online (BBC). 2005-10-11. . Retrieved 2007-10-13. [46] Associated Press, "Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 9665122/ ), MSNBC, 11 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007. [47] Dan Kellum, "Lessing's Legacy of Political Literature: (http:/ / www. cbsnews. com/ stories/ 2007/ 10/ 12/ opinion/ main3361514. shtml) The Nation: Skeptics Call It A Nonliterary Nobel Win, But Academy Saw Her Visionary Power", CBS News, rpt. from The Nation (column), 14 October 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2007. [48] Dagens Nyheter Akademien vljer helst en europ (The Academy prefers to pick a European) (http:/ / www. dn. se/ DNet/ jsp/ polopoly. jsp?d=3462& a=837512) [49] Kirsch, Adam (2008-10-03). "The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature" (http:/ / www. slate. com/ id/ 2201447/ ). Slate.com. . Retrieved 2010-06-16. [50] "Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric' | World news | guardian.co.uk" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ feedarticle/ 8742797). Guardian. 2009-10-06. . Retrieved 2010-02-05. [51] Jordan, Mary. Author's Nobel Stirs Shock-and-'Bah'. (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 10/ 08/ AR2009100800965. html?hpid=features1& hpv=local) Washington Post. Friday, October 9, 2009. [52] Kite, Lorien. "Swedens buzzard poet wins Nobel Prize" (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 2/ 79136fb8-f046-11e0-96d2-00144feab49a. html). Financial Times. Retrieved on 6 October 2011. "Before Thursdays announcement, there had also been much speculation that the committee would choose to honour the Syrian poet Adonis in a gesture towards the Arab spring. But Mr England (sic) dismissed the notion that there was a political dimension to the prize; such an approach, he said, was literature for dummies." [53] http:/ / www. b92. net/ info/ vesti/ index. php?yyyy=2011& mm=10& dd=06& nav_category=12& nav_id=547433 [54] http:/ / www. b92. net/ info/ vesti/ index. php?yyyy=2011& mm=10& dd=07& nav_category=206& nav_id=547626 [55] http:/ / abcnews. go. com/ Entertainment/ wireStory/ internet-hoax-serb-writer-nobel-winner-14680355

External links
"All Nobel Laureates in Literature" (http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/index.html) Index page on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" (http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/) Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation. "The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/medal.html) Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. Graphics: National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901-2009 by citizenship at the time of the award (http://www. idsia.ch/~juergen/lit.html) and by country of birth (http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/litnat.html). From J. Schmidhuber (2010), Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century (http://www.idsia.ch/ ~juergen/nobelshare.html) at arXiv:1009.2634v1 (http://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634)

Nobel Prize in Literature "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ medals/) By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site. "What the Nobel Laureates Receive" (http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html) Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. "How the Academy Rejected the Women" (http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/ sa-ratade-akademien-kvinnorna_3573293.svd) - Article (in Swedish, based on documents in the Nobel Archive) about the women writers, that were nominated from 1901 to 1950/1959 (due to secrecy rules, 50 years); in all, 44 women writers were nominated 124 times, among whom only five were awarded the prize (Lagerlf 1909, Deledda 1926, Undset 1928, Buck 1938, Mistral 1945). "The Translator Puts Stamp on the Nobel Prize" (http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/understrecket/ oversattaren-satter-pragel-pa-nobelpriset_1464609.svd) - Article (in Swedish, based on documents in the Nobel Archive) about the 'translation-problem' in the context of the Nobel Prize in Literature. "The rise of the Prize" (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nilanjana-s-royrisethe-prize/410147/) - Article by Nilanjana S. Roy dealing with the history of the award by decade, from the 1900s to the 2000s.

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Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

The Pulitzer Prizes

Joseph Pulitzer Pulitzers by year Pulitzer winners Journalism:

Public Service Breaking News Reporting Investigative Reporting Explanatory Reporting Local Reporting National Reporting International Reporting Feature Writing Commentary Criticism Editorial Writing Editorial Cartooning Breaking News Photography Feature Photography Letters and drama:

Biography or Autobiography Fiction

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Drama History Poetry General Non-Fiction Other prizes:

49

Music Special Citations and Awards

The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction has been awarded for distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life. It originated as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, which was awarded between 1918 and 1947.[1]

1910s
1918: His Family by Ernest Poole 1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington

1920s
1920: no award given 1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton 1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington 1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather 1924: The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson 1925: So Big by Edna Ferber 1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined prize) 1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield 1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder 1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin

1930s
1930: Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge 1931: Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes 1932: The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck 1933: The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling 1934: Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Miller 1935: Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson 1936: Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis 1937: Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell 1938: The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand 1939: The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

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1940s
1940: The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck 1941: no award given [2] 1942: In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow 1943: Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair 1944: Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin 1945: A Bell for Adano by John Hersey 1946: no award given 1947: All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren 1948: Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener 1949: Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens

1950s
1950: The Way West by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. 1951: The Town by Conrad Richter 1952: The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk 1953: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway 1954: No award given 1955: A Fable by William Faulkner 1956: Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor 1957: No award given[3] 1958: A Death in the Family by James Agee 1959: The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor

1960s
1960: Advise and Consent by Allen Drury 1961: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee 1962: The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor 1963: The Reivers by William Faulkner 1964: No award given 1965: The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau 1966: The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter 1967: The Fixer by Bernard Malamud 1968: The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron 1969: House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday

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1970s
1970: The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford 1971: No award given[4] 1972: Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner 1973: The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty 1974: No award given [5] 1975: The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara 1976: Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow 1977: No award given [6] 1978: Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson 1979: The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever

1980s
Entries from this point on include the finalists listed after the winner for each year. 1980: The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer Birdy by William Wharton The Ghost Writer by Philip Roth 1981: A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (posthumous win) Godric by Frederick Buechner So Long, See You Tomorrow by William Maxwell 1982: Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike A Flag for Sunrise by Robert Stone Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson 1983: The Color Purple by Alice Walker Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant by Anne Tyler Rabbis and Wives by Chaim Grade 1984: Ironweed by William Kennedy Cathedral by Raymond Carver The Feud by Thomas Berger 1985: Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie I Wish This War Were Over by Diana O'Hehir Leaving the Land by Douglas Unger 1986: Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry The Accidental Tourist by Anne Tyler Continental Drift by Russell Banks 1987: A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor Paradise by Donald Barthelme Whites by Norman Rush 1988: Beloved by Toni Morrison Persian Nights by Diane Johnson That Night by Alice McDermott 1989: Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler Where I'm Calling From by Raymond Carver

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1990s
1990: The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos Billy Bathgate by E. L. Doctorow 1991: Rabbit at Rest by John Updike Mean Spirit by Linda Hogan The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien 1992: A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley Jernigan by David Gates Lila: An Inquiry into Morals by Robert M. Pirsig Mao II by Don DeLillo 1993: A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler At Weddings and Wakes by Alice McDermott Black Water by Joyce Carol Oates 1994: The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx The Collected Stories by Reynolds Price Operation Shylock: A Confession by Philip Roth 1995: The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields The Collected Stories by Grace Paley What I Lived For by Joyce Carol Oates 1996: Independence Day by Richard Ford Mr. Ives' Christmas by Oscar Hijuelos Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth 1997: Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser The Manikin by Joanna Scott Unlocking the Air and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin 1998: American Pastoral by Philip Roth Bear and His Daughter: Stories by Robert Stone Underworld by Don DeLillo 1999: The Hours by Michael Cunningham Cloudsplitter by Russell Banks The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver

2000s
2000: Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri Close Range: Wyoming Stories by Annie Proulx Waiting by Ha Jin 2001: The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon Blonde by Joyce Carol Oates The Quick and the Dead by Joy Williams 2002: Empire Falls by Richard Russo The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen John Henry Days by Colson Whitehead 2003: Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction Servants of the Map: Stories by Andrea Barrett You Are Not a Stranger Here by Adam Haslett 2004: The Known World by Edward P. Jones American Woman by Susan Choi Evidence of Things Unseen by Marianne Wiggins 2005: Gilead by Marilynne Robinson An Unfinished Season by Ward Just War Trash by Ha Jin 2006: March by Geraldine Brooks The Bright Forever by Lee Martin The March by E. L. Doctorow 2007: The Road by Cormac McCarthy After This by Alice McDermott The Echo Maker by Richard Powers 2008: The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Daz Shakespeare's Kitchen by Lore Segal Tree of Smoke by Denis Johnson 2009: Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout All Souls by Christine Schutt The Plague of Doves by Louise Erdrich

53

2010s
2010: Tinkers by Paul Harding In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin Love in Infant Monkeys by Lydia Millet 2011: A Visit From the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan The Privileges by Jonathan Dee The Surrendered by Chang-rae Lee

References
[1] "Pulitzer Prize for the Novel" (http:/ / www. pulitzer. org/ bycat/ Novel) (web). . Retrieved 2008-08-19. [2] The fiction jury had recommended the 1941 award go to Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. Although the Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, the president of Columbia University, Nicholas Murray Butler, persuaded the board to reverse its judgment because he deemed the novel offensive, and no award was given that year. McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies." New York Times 11 May 1984: C26. [3] The fiction jury had recommended the 1957 award to Elizabeth Spencer's The Voice at the Back Door, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award. Source: McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1984/ 05/ 11/ books/ publishing-pulitzer-controversies. html). The New York Times, 11 May 1984: C26. [4] The three novels the Pulitzer committee put forth for consideration to the Pulitzer board were: Losing Battles by Eudora Welty; Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow; and The Wheel of Love by Joyce Carol Oates. The board rejected all three and opted for no award. Source: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich. The Pulizer Prize Archive, Volume 10, "Novel/Fiction Awards 1917-1994". Munich: K.G. Saur, 1994. LX-LXI. [5] The fiction jury had unanimously recommended the 1974 award to Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award. Source: McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1984/ 05/ 11/ books/ publishing-pulitzer-controversies. html). The New York Times, 11 May 1984: C26. [6] The fiction jury had recommended the 1977 award to Norman MacLean's A River Runs Through It, but the Pulitzer board, which has sole discretion for awarding the prize, made no award. Source: McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1984/ 05/ 11/ books/ publishing-pulitzer-controversies. html). The New York Times, 11 May 1984: C26.

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External links
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Fiction)

Man Booker Prize

Man Booker Prize

Awarded for Presented by Location First awarded

Best full-length English novel Man Group Commonwealth of Nations, Ireland, and Zimbabwe 1968

Official website themanbookerprize.com [1]

The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original full-length novel, written in the English language, by a citizen of the Commonwealth of Nations, Ireland, or Zimbabwe.[2] The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured of international renown and success; therefore, the prize is of great significance for the book trade.[3] It is also a mark of distinction for authors to be selected for inclusion in the shortlist or even to be nominated for the "longlist".

History and administration

The prize was originally known as the Booker-McConnell Prize, after the company Booker-McConnell began sponsoring the event in 1968;[4] it became commonly known as the "Booker Prize" or simply "the Booker." When administration of the prize was transferred to the Booker Prize Foundation in 2002, the title sponsor became the investment company Man Group, which opted to retain "Booker" as part of the official title of the prize. The foundation is an independent registered charity funded by the entire profits of Booker Prize Trading Ltd., of which it is the sole shareholder.[5] The prize money awarded with the Booker Prize was originally 21,000, and was subsequently raised to 50,000 in 2002 under the sponsorship of the Man Group, making it one of the world's richest literary prizes. The rules of the Booker changed in 1971; previously, it had been awarded retrospectively to books published prior to the year in which the award was given. In 1971 the year of eligibility was changed to the same as the year of the award; in effect, this meant that books published in 1970 were not considered for the Booker in either year. The Booker Prize Foundation announced in January 2010 the creation of a special award called the "Lost Man Booker Prize," with the winner chosen from a longlist of 22 novels published in 1970.[6] 2001 was the first year in which the longlist was revealed to the general public.[7]

Man Booker Prize

55

Controversies
In 1972 winning author John Berger, who was an avowed Marxist at the time, protested during his acceptance speech against Booker McConnell. He blamed Booker's 130 years of sugar production in the Caribbean for the region's modern poverty.[8] Berger donated half of his 5,000 prize to the British Black Panther movement, because they had a socialist and revolutionary perspective in agreement with his own.[4] [8] In 1980 Anthony Burgess (Earthly Powers) refused to attend the ceremony unless he could be guaranteed a win.[4] He was one of two considered likely to win, the other being William Golding's Rites of Passage. The judges decided only 30 minutes before the ceremony, giving the prize to Golding. Both novels had been seen as favourites to win leading up to the prize and the dramatic "literary battle" between two senior authors made front page news.[4] [9] The award has been criticized in various ways for the types of books it covers. For example in 1981 nominee John Banville wrote a letter to the Guardian requesting that the prize be given to him so that he could use the money to buy every copy of the longlisted books in Ireland and donate them to libraries, "thus ensuring that the books not only are bought but also read - surely a unique occurrence."[4] [10] In 1994, Richard Gott described the prize as "a significant and dangerous iceberg in the sea of British culture that serves as a symbol of its current malaise."[4] [11]

Judging
The selection process for the winner of the prize commences with the formation of an advisory committee which includes an author, two publishers, a literary agent, a bookseller, a librarian, and a chairperson appointed by the Booker Prize Foundation. The advisory committee then selects the judging panel, the membership of which changes each year, although on rare occasions a judge may be selected a second time. Judges are selected from amongst leading literary critics, writers, academics and notable public figures. The winner is usually announced at a ceremony in London's Guildhall, usually in early October.

Winners
In 1993 to mark the 25th anniversary it was decided to choose a Booker of Bookers Prize. Three previous judges of the award, Malcolm Bradbury, David Holloway and WL Webb, met and chose Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children (the 1981 winner) as "the best novel out of all the winners".[12] A similar prize known as The Best of the Booker was awarded in 2008 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the prize. A short list of six winners was chosen and the decision was left to a public vote. The winner was again Midnight's Children.[13] [14]
Year 1969 1970 Author P. H. Newby Bernice Rubens Title Something to Answer For The Elected Member Troubles Novel Novel Novel Genre(s) Country United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Ireland United Kingdom Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom United Kingdom Ireland South Africa United Kingdom

1970[a] J. G. Farrell 1971 V. S. Naipaul

In a Free State

Short story

1972 1973

John Berger J. G. Farrell

G. The Siege of Krishnapur

Experimental novel Novel

1974

Nadine Gordimer Stanley Middleton

The Conservationist Holiday

Novel Novel

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56
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Heat and Dust Historical novel United Kingdom West Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom Ireland United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom India Australia South Africa United Kingdom New Zealand United Kingdom United Kingdom Australia United Kingdom Japan United Kingdom Nigeria Canada Sri Lanka United Kingdom Ireland United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom India United Kingdom South Africa Canada Australia Canada Australia United Kingdom Ireland India Ireland India United Kingdom

1975

1976 1977 1978

David Storey Paul Scott Iris Murdoch

Saville Staying On The Sea, the Sea

Novel Novel Philosophical novel

1979 1980 1981

Penelope Fitzgerald William Golding Salman Rushdie

Offshore Rites of Passage Midnight's Children

Novel Novel Magical realism

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

Thomas Keneally J. M. Coetzee Anita Brookner Keri Hulme Kingsley Amis Penelope Lively Peter Carey Kazuo Ishiguro

Schindler's Ark Life & Times of Michael K Hotel du Lac The Bone People The Old Devils Moon Tiger Oscar and Lucinda The Remains of the Day

Biographical novel Novel Novel Mystery novel Comic novel Novel Novel Historical novel

1990 1991 1992

A. S. Byatt Ben Okri Michael Ondaatje

Possession: A Romance The Famished Road The English Patient

Novel Magic realism Historiographic metafiction

Barry Unsworth 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Roddy Doyle James Kelman Pat Barker Graham Swift Arundhati Roy Ian McEwan J. M. Coetzee Margaret Atwood Peter Carey Yann Martel DBC Pierre Alan Hollinghurst John Banville Kiran Desai Anne Enright Aravind Adiga Hilary Mantel

Sacred Hunger Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha How Late It Was, How Late The Ghost Road Last Orders The God of Small Things Amsterdam Disgrace The Blind Assassin

Historical novel Novel Stream of consciousness War novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Novel

True History of the Kelly Gang Historical novel Life of Pi Vernon God Little The Line of Beauty The Sea The Inheritance of Loss The Gathering The White Tiger Wolf Hall Fantasy novel Novel Historical novel Novel Novel Novel Novel Historical novel

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Howard Jacobson Julian Barnes The Finkler Question The Sense of an Ending Novel Novel United Kingdom United Kingdom

2010 2011

a. In 1971, the nature of the Prize was changed so that it was awarded to novels published in that year instead of in the previous year; therefore, no novel published in 1970 could win the Booker Prize. This was rectified in 2010 by the awarding of the "Lost Man Booker Prize" to J. G. Farrell's Troubles.[15]

Related awards
A separate prize for which any living author in the world may qualify, the Man Booker International Prize, was inaugurated in 2005 and is awarded biennially. A Russian version of the Booker Prize was created in 1992 called the Booker-Open Russia Literary Prize, also known as the Russian Booker Prize. In 2007, Man Group Plc and the Hong Kong Literary Festival Ltd established the Man Asian Literary Prize, an annual literary award given to the best novel by an Asian writer, either written in English or translated into English, and published in the previous calendar year.

Cheltenham Booker Prize

As part of The Times' Literature Festival in Cheltenham, a Booker event is held on the last Saturday of the festival. Four guest speakers/judges debate a shortlist of four books from a given year from before the introduction of the Booker prize, and a winner is chosen. Unlike the real Man Booker, authors from outside the Commonwealth are also considered. In 2008, the winner for 1948 was Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country, beating Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead, Graham Greene's The Heart of the Matter and Evelyn Waugh's The Loved One.

References
[1] http:/ / themanbookerprize. com/ [2] Booker Prize: rules (http:/ / www. themanbookerprize. com/ prize/ about/ rules-and-entry) Retrieved 3 September 2009 [3] The Booker's Big Bang, New Statesman, 9 October 2008 (http:/ / www. newstatesman. com/ books/ 2008/ 10/ booker-prize-british-literary'') Retrieved 3 September 2009 [4] "Man Booker Prize: a history of controversy, criticism and literary greats" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ theguardian/ from-the-archive-blog/ 2011/ oct/ 18/ booker-prize-history-controversy-criticism), The Guardian, 18 Oct 2011 [5] Booker Prize: legal information (http:/ / www. themanbookerprize. com/ legal) Retrieved 3 September 2009 [6] The Lost Man Booker Prize announced (http:/ / www. themanbookerprize. com/ news/ stories/ 1317) Retrieved 31 January 2010 [7] Yates, Emma. Booker Prize longlist announced for first time (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2001/ aug/ 15/ bookerprize2001. thebookerprize). The Guardian. 15 August 2001. [8] Michael White, "Berger's black bread" (http:/ / archive. guardian. co. uk/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5NzIvMTEvMjUjQXIwMTEwMA==& Mode=Gif& Locale=english-skin-custom), The Guardian; Nov 25, 1972; Section:None; Page Number:11 [9] "Lord of the novel wins the Booker prize" (http:/ / archive. guardian. co. uk/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5ODAvMTAvMjIjQXIwMDEwNA==& Mode=Gif& Locale=english-skin-custom), The Guardian, 22 October 1980; Front page, page 1. [10] "A novel way of striking a 12,000 Booker Prize bargain" (http:/ / archive. guardian. co. uk/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5ODEvMTAvMTUjQXIwMTQwMg==& Mode=Gif& Locale=english-skin-custom), Guardian, 14 Oct 1981. Page 14. [11] "Novel way to run a lottery" (http:/ / archive. guardian. co. uk/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=R1VBLzE5OTQvMDkvMDUjQXIwMjIwMQ==& Mode=Gif& Locale=english-skin-custom), Guardian, Sep 5, 1994, Page 22. [12] John, Mullan (12 July 2008). "Lives & letters, Where are they now?" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ books/ 2008/ jul/ 12/ saturdayreviewsfeatres. guardianreview31). The Guardian. . Retrieved 11 September 2011. [13] Best of the Booker, The Guardian, 21 February 2008 (http:/ / books. guardian. co. uk/ news/ articles/ 0,,2258500,00. html) Retrieved 3 September 2009 [14] Rushdie wins Best of Booker prize, BBC News, 10 July 2008 (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ entertainment/ 7499495. stm) Retrieved 3 September 2009 [15] Melvern, Jack (20 May 2010). "J G Farrell wins Booker prize for 1970, 30 year after his death" (http:/ / entertainment. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ arts_and_entertainment/ books/ article7131357. ece). The Times. . Retrieved 23 December 2010.

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Further reading
Lee, Hermione (1981) The Booker Prize: Matters of judgment (http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/ arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article4991293.ece) Times Literary Supplement, Reprinted 22 October October 2008

External links
Man Booker Prize (http://www.themanbookerprize.com/) The Booker Prize Archive (http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/speccoll/booker.html) at Oxford Brookes University A primer on the Man Booker Prize and critical review of literature. (http://www.turbobooksnob.com/)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

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Image:Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Ken Conley aka kwc Image:Khushwantsingh.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khushwantsingh.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Relata refero at en.wikipedia File:Salman Rushdie 2011 Shankbone.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Salman_Rushdie_2011_Shankbone.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: David Shankbone File:Loudspeaker.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing, Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 16 anonymous edits File:Pia Glenn and Salman Rushdie Shankbone 2009 Vanity Fair.jpg Source: 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