ELECTROLYTE AND NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Umi Kulsum and Sri Sugiarti SMA Negeri I Probolinggo Supervised by Effendy Jurusan Kimia, FMIPA Universitas Negeri Malang (UM)

What is solution? Solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

What are components of a solution?

The components of a solution are solute and solvent.
In a solution, substance with smaller amount is regarded as a solute,

while
substance with larger amount is regarded as a solvent.

Types of solution
Phase of solute Gas Phase of solvent Gas Example Air consisted of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and other gases Carbon dioxide in water (such as in soft drinks) Ethanol in water Sugar in water Copper in gold (yellow gold)

Gas Liquid Solid Solid

Liquid Liquid Liquid Solid

Aqueous and nonaqueous solutions

Solutions in which solute is dissolved in water are called aqueous solutions. This kind of solutions is indicated by the symbol (aq) to the right of the solute. Examples: A solution of sugar in water is indicated as C12H22O11(aq) A solution of table salt in water is indicated as NaCl(aq).

Solution in which solute is dissolved in a solvent other than water is called nonaqueous solution. Example: A solution of sugar in ethanol is indicated as C12H22O11(EtOH).

Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions

Unsaturated solution containing 100 mL H2O and 30 g NaCl 100 mL H2O Saturated solution containing 100 mL H2O and 36 g NaCl The additional 4 g NaCl remains undissolved

+ 30 g NaCl

+ 40 g NaCl 100 mL H2O

Saturated solution is one in which no more solute will dissolve under the existing conditions of temperature and pressure. An unsaturated solution is one that contains less than quantity of solute needed to saturate it under the existing conditions. The amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a particular solvent at a given temperature to give a saturated solution is called solubility.

Supersaturated solution
Heating Cooling

NaCl Saturated solution at 20oC.

The remaining of NaCl dissolves at 50oC.

NaCl does not crystallize after the solution is cooled back to 20oC. The solution obtained is a supersaturated solution.

A supersaturated solution is a one which contains more solute than a saturated solution could normally hold under the existing set of conditions.

Crystallization from a supersaturated solution is usually very vast as shown below.

For a nonionic solute to dissolve in a solvent, the following must take place:
1. the intermolecular forces between the solute particles must be overcome as solute dissolves; 2. the intermolecular forces between the solvent particles must be overcome to make space for the solute particles; 3. the intermolecular forces must form between the solute particles and surrounding solvent particles.

Some factors affecting solubility:

1. Nature of the solute and solvent
A solute might be an ionic, polar or nonpolar compound, while a solvent could be polar or nonpolar compound. Polar solutes tend to dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar solutes tend to dissolve in nonpolar dissolves. This generalization is sometimes expressed as like dissolves like and is illustrated in the following table.

Solubility tendency in term of polarity of the solute and solvent Solvent Polar Polar Soluble For example, sugar dissolves in water. Insoluble For example, sugar does not dissolve in cooking oil. Solute Nonpolar Insoluble For example, cooking oil does not dissolve in water. Soluble For example, oil dissolves in kerosene.

Nonpolar

2. Temperature
For most solids dissolved in liquid solvents, an increase in temperature results in an increase of solubility. The solubility curves for several ionic compounds in water as a function of temperature is shown below.

3. Gas pressure
The solubility of solids in liquids or liquid in liquid is virtually unaffected by small changes in gas pressure. However, the solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional to the gas pressure above the solution. In general, the solubility of gas in a liquid increases with the increase of the pressure of gas above the solution.

Solution of electrolyte
An electrolyte is a substance which produces ions in solution. NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2 in water are electrolytes because they produce ions. Some nonionic solid substances such as HCl and HNO3 in pure distilled water are also electrolytes because they produce ions.

Ionic compounds such as NaCl, Mg(NO3)2, and CuSO4 dissociate in water to produce ions.
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq) Mg(NO3)2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) CuSO4(s) Cu2+(aq) + SO42(aq)

Nonionic compounds such as HCl and HNO3 ionizes in water to produce ions.
HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl(aq) HNO3(l) H+(aq) + NO3(aq)

Both dissociation and ionization processes produce ions in solution. The basic difference is that in the dissociation ions which are already present in the solid of ionic compound are separated and move into solution, while in ionization a covalent molecular substance reacts to form ions which are separated in solution. Ionic and covalent substances which produce ions when dissolved in water are called electrolyte.

The strength of electrolyte

Electrolyte is divided into two types: strong and weak electrolytes. Strong electrolytes are substances which exist completely as ions when dissolved in water. For example, in a potassium chloride solution all of the dissolved KCl is present as K+(aq) and Cl(aq). Some covalent substances such as HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 ionize completely in aqueous solution and are therefore strong electrolyte. These strong electrolytes glow light bulb in the conductivity apparatus brightly.

Some compounds such as silver chloride and magnesium hydroxide which have very limited solubility in water are still grouped as strong electrolyte because to the extent that they dissolve, they are completely ionized. However, because the number of ion present in the solution is very limited these strong electrolyte doesnt glow the light bulb.

Some substances are grouped as weak electrolyte because in aqueous solution only a small proportion of them ionized. For example, although liquid acetic acid is extremely soluble in water, only a small proportion is ionized. Most of the dissolved acetic acid is present in the form of molecules. The dissolving process of acetic acid in water is represented using an equation as follows

CH3COOH(l)

CH3COOH(aq)

H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)

Ammonia is another example of a weak electrolyte. In an aqueous solution of ammonia only small proportion of the ammonia molecules reacts with water molecules to form ammonium (NH4+) and hydroxide (OH) ions. The dissolving process of ammonia in water is represented using an equation as follows

NH3(g)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l)

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

These weak electrolytes glow light bulb in the conductivity apparatus dimly.

Solution of nonelectrolyte
Solution of sugar in pure distilled water doesnt glow the light bulb because sugar does not produce ions in the solution. Solution of ethanol in pure distilled water does not produce ions either. These substances are called nonelectrolyte. Nonelectrolyte substances exist as molecules in solution. The aqueous solution of nonelectrolyte doesnt glow the light bulb.

Concentration of solution
Concentration shows the exact amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent. There are many ways to express the concentration. Some of them are mass percent, mol fraction, Molarity, and molality.

Mass percent (mass %)

The mass percent of any component in a solution is the mass of that component divided by the total mass of the solution times 100%.

Mass of component Mass percent = Total mass of solution

x 100%

Example: A solution prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of sucrose and 90 g of water has a sucrose concentration of 10.0 mass %.
mass of sucrose

Mass % of sucrose =

x 100% Mass of sucrose + mass of water 10.0 g

Mass % of sucrose =

x 100% 10.0 g + 90.0 g

= 10.0 mass %

For very dilute solution part per million (ppm) and part per billion (ppb) concentration units are often used.
Mass of component Part per million (ppm) = Total mass of solution Mass of component Part per billion (ppb) = Total mass of solution x 109

x 106

Mole fraction (X)

The mole fraction (X) of any component in a solution is the mole of that component divided by the total moles of all components making up of the solution

Moles of component Mole fraction (X) = Total moles making up the solution

Example: A solution is prepared by dissolving 64.06 g of methanol (CH3OH) in 144.16 g of water.

Moles of water = Mass of H2O Molar mass of H2O = 144.16 g 18.02 g/mol = 8.00 mol

Moles of methanol =

Mass of CH3OH Molar mass of CH3OH

64.06 g 32.03 g/mol

= 2.00 mol

X(H2O) =

Moles of H2O Moles of CH3OH + moles of H2O

8.00 mol = 0.80 = 2.00 mol + 8.00 mol

Moles of CH3OH Moles of CH3OH + moles of H2O 2.00 mol 2.00 mol + 8.00 mol = 0.20

X(CH3OH) =

Molarity
The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of a substance (a solute) dissolved in each liter of solution. Molarity is denoted with the symbol M.

Molarity (M) = Or Molarity (M) =

Moles of solute Volume of solution (in liter) Moles of solute 1 liter of solution

Example: A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.00 g of NaOH in water to give 1.00 L of solution. What is the concentration of the solution?
Mass of NaOH Moles of NaOH = Molar mass of NaOH = 10.00 g 40.00 g/mol = 0.25 mol

Molarity of NaOH or M(NaOH) =

Moles of NaOH Volume of solution 0.25 mol = 0.25 mol/L 1L

Steps involved in the preparation of an aqueous solution of known concentration from a solid solute are:
1. weighing a known mass of solute; 2. putting the weighted amount of solute into a

volumetric flask; 3. dissolving the solute with water by gently swirling the flask with the stopper in place; 4. adding more water, until the level of solution just reaches the mark etched on the neck of the flask; 5. swirling the flask with the stopper in place.

Volumetric flask

Wash bottle

Stopper Scale Watch glass

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

In the laboratory some acids such hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are available as concentrated aqueous solutions. The molarity of concentrated acid solutions can be calculated based on the data about their purity and density.

The molarity of acid can be calculated using the following equation

M=

pd Mr

Where p is the purity of acid, d is density of acid, and Mr is molar mass of acid

Example:

What is the molarity of sulfuric acid with 98 % purity and density of 1.6 g/mL.
Solution:

M=

0.98 x 1.6 g/mL 98.06 g/mol

= 0.016 mol/mL = 16.0 mol/L

The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 16.0 M.

The dilute solutions can be prepared by dilution of concentrated solutions with similar solvent.

Concentrated solution + solvent

Dilute solution

The volume of concentrated solution diluted can be calculated using the following equation:

Mi x Vi = Mf x Vf or Mi x Vi Mf = Mf
Mi = initial molarity or molarity of concentrated solution, Vi = initial volume or the volume of concentrated solution to be diluted, Mf = the final concentration or concentration of dilute solution, Vf = the final volume after dilution.

Example:

How to prepare 500 mL aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid with concentration of 4.0 M from a concentrated solution with a concentration of 16.0 M? Solution: Solution to be prepared is 500 mL of hydrochloric acid with concentration of 4.0 M. Mf = 4.0 M; Vf = 500 mL. The concentrated hydrochloric acid available has a concentration of 16.0 M. Mi = 16.0 M Volume of concentrated acid needed for dilution is Vi.

Mf x Vf Vi = Mi = 4.0 M x 500 mL 16.0 M

= 125 mL.
A 500 mL solution of hydrochloric acid with concentration of 4.0 M is prepared by dilution of 125 mL 16.0 M hydrochloric acid solution with water in a 500 mL volumetric flask until the level of solution just reaches the mark etched on the neck of the flask.

Steps involved in the preparation of a dilute solution from a concentrated one are:

1. measuring the volume of concentrated solution to be diluted using a volumetric pipette 2. putting the concentrated solution into a volumetric flask; 3. diluting the concentrated solution with water until the level of solution just reaches the mark etched on the neck of the flask; 4. swirling the flask with the stopper in place.

Volumetric pipette Wash bottle

Concentrated solution
(1)

Volumetric flask
(2) (3)

Dilute solution
(4)

The molarity of solution obtained by mixing of two or more similar solutions but with different molarities may be calculated using the following equation

Mmix =

M1 x V1 + M2 x V2 +..... V1 + V2 +.....

where Mmix is the molarity of mixed solution. M1 and V1 are molarity and volume of solution 1; M2 and V2 are molarity and volume of solution 2, etc.

Example:

What is the molarity of solution prepared by mixing 500 mL 0.2 M NaOH and 500 mL 0.4 M NaOH solution?

Mmix =

M1 x V1 + M2 x V2 V1 + V2 0.2 M x 500 mL + 0.4 M x 500 mL 500 mL + 500 mL

= 0.3 M.

Molarity of mixed solution is 0.3 M.

Molality

The molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of a substance (a solute) dissolved in one kilogram of solvent. Molarity is denoted with the symbol m.

Molality (m) = Or Molality (m) =

Moles of solute Mass of solvent (kg) Moles of solute 1 kg of solvent

Example:

A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.00 g of NaOH in 1 kg of water. What is the molality of the solution?
Solution:

Mass of NaOH Moles of NaOH = Molar mass of NaOH = = 0.25 mol 40.00 g/mol 10.00 g

Moles of NaOH Molality of NaOH or m(NaOH) = = Mass of solvent 0.25 mol = 0.25 mol/kg 1 kg

Molality of NaOH solution is 0.3 m.

Concentration of strong electrolyte solution

Strong electrolyte will be completely dissociated or ionized in the solution. Some salts in the aqueous solutions behave as strong electrolytes. The concentration of ions formed from dissociation of salts which behave as strong electrolytes depends on the number of ion present in the chemical formula of the salts.

Some aqueous solutions of salts which behave as strong electrolytes and concentration of ions present in the solution
Solution Number of cation present in the chemical formula of solute 1 Na+ 2 Na+ 1 Al3+ 2 Al3+ 2 NH4+ 1 Ba2+ Concentration of cation present in the solution Number of anion present in the chemical formula of solute 1 Cl 1 SO42 3 NO3 3 SO42 1 SO42 2 OH Concentration of anion present in the solution

0.1 M NaCl 0.1 M Na2SO4 0.1 M Al(NO3)3 0.01 M Al2(SO4)3 0.2 M (NH4)2SO4 0.3 M Ba(OH)2

0.1 M 0.2 M 0.1 M 0.02 M 0.4 M 0.3 M

0.1 M 0.1 M 0.3 M 0.03 M 0.2 M 0.6 M

Some acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid also behave as strong electrolytes. These acids ionize completely in the solution to give hydrogen cation, H+, and acid anion. Ionization of acid with a general formula HnA which behaves as a strong electrolyte may be expressed with the following equation: HnA(aq) nH+(aq) + An(aq)

The concentration of solvated hydrogen ion and solvated acid anion present in the solution should be expressed as [H+(aq)] and [An(aq)]. However, for convenience, they are usually expressed as [H+] and [An].

The concentration of ions obtained by complete ionization of some acids

Solution 1 M HCl 2 M HNO3 0.1 M H2SO4 Concentration of H+ 1M 2M 0.2 M Acid anion, and its concentration Cl, [Cl] = 1 M NO3, [NO3] = 1 M SO42, [SO42] = 0.1 M

Summary
1. Solution consists of solute and solvent. In a solution,

substance with smaller amount is regarded as a solute, while substance with larger amount is regarded as a solvent. 2. A saturated solution is one in which no more solute will dissolve under the existing conditions of temperature and pressure. 3. An unsaturated solution is one that contains less than quantity of solute needed to saturate it under the existing conditions. 4. A supersaturated solution is a one which contains more solute than a saturated solution could normally hold under the existing set of conditions.

5. Solubility is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a particular solvent at a given temperature to give a saturated solution. 6. An electrolyte is a substance which produces ions in solution. The electrolyte may be ionic or molecular compounds. The ions produced by dissociation of ionic compound or produces by ionization of molecular compounds in aqueous solutions are solvated by water molecules. 7. Strong electrolytes are substances which exist completely as ions when dissolved in water. Weak electrolytes are substances where only a small portion of them ionized in aqueous solution.

8. Mass percent of any component in a solution is the mass of that component divided by the total mass of the solution times 100%. 9. Mole fraction (X) of any component in a solution is the mole of that component divided by the total moles of all components making up of the solution. 10. Molarity (M) of a solution is defined as the number of moles of a substance (a solute) dissolved in each liter of solution. 11. Molality (m) of a solution is defined as the number of moles of a substance (a solute) dissolved in one kilogram of solvent.