History of the English language LME-PDE phonology: System & changes

Late Middle English

BILABIAL PLOSIVES AFFRICATES FRICATIVES NASALS LIQUIDS APPROXIMANTS

labial
LABIO-DENTAL DENTAL

coronal
ALVEOLAR POST/PALATOALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR

dorsal
LABIO-VELAR GLOTTAL

f m

n l

r j w

FRONT HIGH/CLOSE

CENTRAL

BACK

DIPHTHONGS

[ii ui oi iu eu au uu u] i() u() LME changes

mid-high/half-close e()
MID

The Great Vowel Shift o() Pre-r e-lowering Weakening of final and pre-consonantal /r/ Diphthongisation of /a o u/ a() Loss of /x/ as a phoneme Loss of final [] in the cluster [], phonemicisation of // Palatalisation and affrication and many more

mid-low/half-open

LOW/OPEN

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History of the English language LME-PDE phonology: System & changes

Early Modern English

BILABIAL PLOSIVES AFFRICATES FRICATIVES NASALS LIQUIDS APPROXIMANTS

labial
LABIO-DENTAL DENTAL

coronal
ALVEOLAR POST/PALATOALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR

dorsal
LABIO-VELAR GLOTTAL

f m

n l

r j w

FRONT HIGH/CLOSE

CENTRAL

BACK

DIPHTHONGS

[i oi iu u a i u] i u LModE changes [a] > [] fronting & raising, [a] > [] & lengthening e o Lowering of high vowels Diphthongisation through [] insertion: [a i u] () a() Lowering of short vowels [i] > [], [u] > [], [e] > [], [o] > [] Loss of initial /k / in clusters /kn- n-/ Palatalisation and affrication of /zj/ to // Loss of initial /w/ in cluster /wr-/ and many more

mid-high/half-close
MID

mid-low/half-open

LOW/OPEN

Magorzata Dero

History of the English language LME-PDE phonology: System & changes

Late Modern English

BILABIAL PLOSIVES AFFRICATES FRICATIVES NASALS LIQUIDS APPROXIMANTS

labial
LABIO-DENTAL DENTAL

coronal
ALVEOLAR POST/PALATOALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR

dorsal
LABIO-VELAR GLOTTAL

f m

z n l

r j w

FRONT HIGH/CLOSE

CENTRAL

BACK

DIPHTHONGS

[oi i u] i u LModE changes [] > [] rounding e o Retraction of /a/ and // to // / [u] > [] shortening & lowering [] > [] lowering Monophthongisation of [a] > [], [] > [], [] > [] Voicing of the voiceless labio-velar fricative // to /w/ Loss of non-prevocalic and final /r/ and many more

mid-high/half-close
MID

mid-low/half-open
LOW/OPEN

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History of the English language LME-PDE phonology: System & changes

19th century English

BILABIAL PLOSIVES AFFRICATES FRICATIVES NASALS LIQUIDS APPROXIMANTS

labial
LABIO-DENTAL DENTAL

coronal
ALVEOLAR POST/PALATOALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR

dorsal
LABIO-VELAR GLOTTAL

f m

z n l

r j w

FRONT HIGH/CLOSE

CENTRAL

BACK

DIPHTHONGS

[e a o a ] i u 19th century changes Lowering of the first element in [ ] to [a] Diphthongisation of [e] > [e] / Diphthongisation of [o] > [] Lowering of the first element in the triphthongs to [a]: [] > [a], [] > [a]

mid-high/half-close
MID

mid-low/half-open
LOW/OPEN

Magorzata Dero

History of the English language LME-PDE phonology: System & changes

Present-Day English
BILABIAL PLOSIVES AFFRICATES FRICATIVES NASALS LIQUIDS APPROXIMANTS

labial
LABIO-DENTAL DENTAL

coronal
ALVEOLAR POST/PALATOALVEOLAR PALATAL VELAR

dorsal
LABIO-VELAR GLOTTAL

f m

z n l

r j w

FRONT HIGH/CLOSE

CENTRAL

BACK

DIPHTHONGS

[e a a e ] i u
TRIPHTHONGS

mid-high/half-close
MID

[e a a]

mid-low/half-open

LOW/OPEN

Magorzata Dero