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Design of Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antenna Using ANN

Amit Agrawal, D. Vakula, and N. V. S. N. Sarma National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India

Abstract In this paper a novel technique is proposed to design Elliptical microstrip patch
antenna using Articial Neural Networks (ANN) for circular polarization. ANN model is developed to calculate the antenna dimensions for the given resonant frequency, aspect ratio, dielectric constant and height of substrate. ANN is designed using Radial basis function neural network architecture. The results obtained by RBF network are compared with the results of IE3d simulation. The network showed high success rate. 1. INTRODUCTION

Microstrip patch antenna is used for high-performance spacecraft, aircraft, missile and satellite applications, where size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic prole are constraints. These patch antennas are low-prole, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modern printed circuit technology. They are also mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces and compatible with MMIC designs. When a particular patch shape and excited mode are selected they are very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization, radiation pattern, and impedance. In this work Elliptical microstrip patch antennas (EMSA) are the ones under consideration as their geometry presents greater potentials for a variety of electrically small low-prole antenna applications. The elliptical shape has several advantages like providing larger exibility in the design, more degrees of freedom compared to the circular geometry and circular polarization is achieved with single feed. Elliptical patch geometry is perhaps least analyzed regular shape geometry due to involvement of Mathieus and modied Mathieus function in mathematical analysis. The involvement of these functions makes mathematics of elliptical patch geometries extremely dicult. There are various methods available for the calculation of resonant frequency for elliptical patch antenna. These methods obtain resonant frequency for even (f e ) and odd (f o ) modes as the function of input variables, which are the height of the dielectric substrate (h), dielectric constant (r ), and antenna dimensions (the major and the minor axis) [2, 3]. But reverse calculation of the antenna dimensions from the inputs like frequencies (f e , f o ), height (h) and dielectric constant (r ) is not available in the literature. In this paper, the antenna dimensions are determined by using Articial Neural Networks.

Figure 1: Elliptical microstrip patch antenna for circular polarization.

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ANN design aims at utmost simplicity and self-organization. In the present paper radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) are used. The RBFNN architecture is similar to a general feedforward Back Propagation (FFBP) network. The RBFNN is one of the approaches which show a great promise in this sort of problems because of its faster learning capacity.
2. THEORY

Elliptical patch antenna is shown in Fig. 1, where a is the semi major axis, b is the semi minor axis and ae is the eective semi-major axis. The feed position is located along the 45 line between the major and minor axis of the elliptical patch. The radiated elds cause two modes that are perpendicular to each other and have equal amplitude, but are 90 out of phase. An elliptical patch antenna with optimum dimensions acts as a Circular Polarized wave radiator [2]. The patch is excited by a coaxial probe extending through the ground plane and contacting the patch as is shown in Fig. 1. The empirical formulas for calculation of dual resonance frequency using approximated Mathieu function [13] are listed below. ae = a 1 +
e,o f11 =

2h r a
e,o q11 r

ln

h a + (1.41r + 1.77) + (0.268r + 1.65) 2h a

1/2

(1) (2) (3) (4)

15 eaef f

e q11 = 0.0049e + 3.7888e2 0.7278e3 + 2.314e4 o q11 = 0.0063e + 3.8316e2 1.1351e3 + 5.2229e4

where a Semi-major axis, h Height of dielectric substrate, r Permittivity of dielectric substrate, ae Eective semi-major axis, e Eccentricity of elliptical patch, e,o f11 Dual-Resonance frequency, e,o q11 Approximated Mathieu function of the dominant (TMeo ) mode. 11
3. ANN MODELING

RBFNN has three layers of neurons, namely input, hidden and output, which are fully interconnected as shown in Fig. 2. The rst layer is composed of input nodes. The number of nodes, nis equal to the dimension of input vector X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ). The second layer is a hidden layer composed of multivariate Gaussian nonlinear units that are connected directly to all of the input layer nodes. Each neuron in the hidden layer operates as the Gaussian transfer function [4].

Figure 2: RBF network structure.

Figure 3: RBFNN model for EMSA.

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In order to design RBFNN, network weights are to be found. Finding the RBF weights is called network training. The RBFNN has to be trained with the input P = (X1 , X2 , . . . , XN ) data and the targets T = (t1 , t2 , . . . , tN ). By using set of input-output pairs, called training set, the network parameters are optimized in order to t the network targets to the given inputs. After training, the RBF network can be used with data whose underlying statistics is similar to that of the training set, known as testing set. A trained neural network can be used for high-level design, providing fast and accurate answers to the task it has learned. In this paper RBFNN is built to obtain antenna dimensions from the function of input variables, which are resonant frequency (f e ), the height of the dielectric substrate (h), dielectric constants of the dielectric material (r ) and the eccentricity of elliptical patch (e) as shown in Fig. 3.
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

For the purpose of training and testing, data set is generated by using Equations (1) to (4) mentioned in above theory section. Here data set is generated for two dierent h values (0.3175 cm and 0.1575 cm) and the eccentricity of elliptical patch is taken as constant value (0.2178) for the purpose of generating circular polarization (i.e., aspect ratio (b/a) = 0.976) [2]. Frequency ranges from 1 to 3 GHz. Network topology design contains 4 input nodes and 2 output nodes. ANN models are trained by 75 data sets and tested for 25 data sets and the maximum epochs are 75. Some of the results are shown in tabular form below.
Table 1: For input parameter h = 0.3175 cm, e = 0.2178 and r = 2.48. Input parameter f e (GHz) 1.0011 1.4937 1.9989 2.4939 2.9075 Targeted Results using equations (1 to 4) f o (GHz) a (cm) 1.0126 5.4192 1.5108 3.5202 2.0218 2.5505 2.5224 1.9848 2.9408 1.6616 RBFNN Results o f (GHz) a (cm) 1.0126 5.4192 1.5108 3.5202 2.0218 2.5505 2.5224 1.9849 2.9421 1.6609 % Error fo 0 0 0 0 0.044 a 0 0 0 0.005 0.042

Table 2: For input parameter h = 0.1575 cm, e = 0.2178 and r = 2.48. Input Parameter f e (GHz) 1.0202 1.4990 2.0015 2.4898 2.9544 Targeted Results using equations (1 to 4) f o (GHz) a (cm) 1.0319 5.5000 1.5162 3.6818 2.0244 2.7121 2.5183 2.1465 2.9883 1.7828 RBFNN Results f o (GHz) a (cm) 1.0320 5.4998 1.5162 3.6819 2.0244 2.7121 2.5183 2.1465 2.9883 1.7827 % Error fo 0.010 0 0 0 0 a 0.004 0.003 0 0 0.006

Table 3: For e = 0.2178 and r = 2.48 simulation and RBFNN results are compared. Input Parameters h (cm) 0.3175 0.3157 0.1575 0.1575 0.1575 a (cm) 5.4192 3.5202 2.7121 2.1465 1.7828 Simulation Results Using IE3d e f (GHz) f o (GHz) 1.0000 1.0072 1.5130 1.5130 1.9970 2.0110 2.5048 2.5252 2.9896 2.9896 RBFNN Results e f (GHz) f o (GHz) 1.0011 1.0126 1.4937 1.5108 2.0015 2.0244 2.4898 2.5183 2.9544 2.9883 % Error fe 0.110 1.275 0.450 0.598 1.177 fo 0.536 0.145 0.666 0.273 0.043

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Figure 4: Impedance variation.

Figure 5: Radiation pattern.

Figure 6: Return loss curve.

Table 1 shows the % error in f o and a when the inputs to RBFNN are h = 0.1575 cm, e = 0.2178, r = 2.48 and f e is varying in between 1 to 3 GHz. Table 2 shows the % error in f o and a when the inputs to RBFNN are h = 0.3175 cm, e = 0.2178, r = 2.48 and f e is varying between 1 to 3 GHz. Some of the results from Table 1 and Table 2 are compared with IE3d simulation results in Table 3. For the cases shown in Table 3 impedance variation, return loss, and radiation pattern are simulated using IE3d. A good circular polarization, return loss, and Z parameter curves are observed for all test results. For one of the sample case (h = 0.1575 cm, e = 0.2178, r = 2.48 and a = 2.7121 cm) the variation of impedance is shown in Fig. 4. The radiation pattern is plotted in Fig. 5. The return loss is indicated in Fig. 6 which shows a loss of 6.2519 dB at the frequency 2.013 GHz.

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5. CONCLUSION

The results obtained by using RBFNN for elliptical microstrip patch antennas are in good agreement with available targeted results. The proposed network requires less training time and is more accurate in prediction. Using these RBFNN models, various possible dimensions can be obtained to achieve high bandwidth and single feed circular polarization. ANN models are simple, easy to apply and very useful for antenna engineers to predict both patch dimensions and resonant frequency.
REFERENCES

1. Kumprasert, N., Theoretical study of dual-resonant frequency and circular polarization of elliptical microstrip antennas, IEEE AP-S International Symposium, Vol. 2, 10151020, July 2000. 2. Long, S. A., L. C. shen, D. H. Schaubert, and F. G. Farrar, An experimental study of the circular-polarized elliptical printed-circuit antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 29, No. 1, 9599, January 1981. 3. Mythili, P. and A. Das, Simple approach to determine resonant frequencies of microstrip antennas, IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 145, No. 2, 159162, April 1998. 4. Zhang, L., B. Soong, A. T. Ho, and J. Ong, Using RBF algorithm for landcover or clutter classication for mobile planning, VTC Proceedings IEEE, Vol. 1, 465467, May 2000. 5. Mishra, A., G. B. Janvale, B. V. Pawar, and P. M. Patil, The design of circular microstrip patch antenna by using Quasi-Newtoon algorithm of ANN, J. Electromagnatic Analysis & Application, Vol. 2, 444449, July 2010.