Professional Documents
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Preliminaries
We wish to test whether a particular assumption/claim
regarding the population is true or not. Null Hypothesis (H0) original assumption Alternative Hypothesis (H1) Determine a critical value to determine whether or not to reject Ho
Errors
Type I Error reject H0 when in fact it is true
Type II Error fail to reject H0 when it is false
Null Hypothesis is Null Hypothesis is True False Correct Decision Type II Error () Type I Error () Correct Decision
4.
5.
Write the null and alternative hypotheses. Indicate the level of significance. Determine the critical value/s. Compute the test statistic. Decide the conclusion of the test.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
One Population
One Mean Case 1 Case 2 One Proportion One Variance
Two Populations
Difference of Two Means Case 1 to 3 Paired Means Difference of Two
Example 1
A manufacturer of sports equipment has developed a
new synthetic fishing line that he claims has a mean breaking strength of 8 kilograms with a standard deviation of 0.5 kilograms. Test the hypothesis that = 8 kg against the alternative that 8 kg if a random sample of 50 lines is tested and found to have a mean breaking strength of 7.8 kg. Use a 0.01 level of significance.
mean guest bill for a weekend is $600 or less. A member of the hotels accounting staff noticed that the total charges for guest bills have been increasing in recent months. The accountant will use a sample of weekend guest bills to test the managers claim. The manager of an automobile dealership is considering a new bonus plan designed to increase sales volume. Currently, the mean sales volume is 14 automobiles per month. The manager wants to conduct a research study to see whether the new bonus plan increases sales volume. To collect data on the plan, a sample of sales personnel will be allowed to sell under the new bonus plan for a one-month period.
laundry detergent to a mean weight of 32 ounces. A sample of cartons is periodically selected and weighed to determine whether underfilling or overfilling is occurring. If the sample data lead to a conclusion of underfilling or overfilling, the production line will be shut down and adjusted to obtain proper filling. Because of high production-changeover time and costs, a director manufacturing must convince management that a proposed manufacturing method reduces costs before the new method can be implemented. The current production method operates with a mean cost of $220 per hour. A research study will measure the cost of the new method over a sample production period.
Example 2
Test the hypothesis that the average content of
containers of a particular lubricant is 10 liters if the contents of a random sample of 10 containers are 10.2, 9.7, 10.1, 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.9, 10.4, 10.3, and 9.8 liters. Use a 0.01 level of significance and assume that the distribution of contents is normal.
Example 3
A commonly prescribed drug on the market for
relieving nervous tension is believed to be only 60% effective. Experimental results with a new drug administered to a random sample of 100 adults who were suffering from nervous tension showed that 70 received relief. Is this sufficient evidence to conclude that the new drug is superior to the one commonly prescribed? Use a 0.05 level of significance.
Example 4
A manufacturer of car batteries claims that the life of
his batteries has a variance equal to 0.81 years. If a random sample of 10 of these batteries have a variance of 1.44 years, is there evidence that the variance exceeds 0.81 a year? Use a 0.05 level of significance
Case 1:
Z-test will be used The test statistic is given by:
Example 5
A manufacturer claims that the average tensile
strength of thread A exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B by less than 12 kilograms. To test this claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar conditions. Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kilograms with a standard deviation of 6.28 kilograms, while type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8 kilograms with a standard deviation of 5.61 kilograms. Test the manufacturers claim using a 0.05 level of significance.
Example 6
A course in mathematics is taught to 12 students by the
conventional classroom procedure. A second group of 10 students was given the same course by means of programmed materials. At the end of the semester the same examination was given to each group. The 12 students meeting in the classroom made an average grade of 85 with a standard deviation of 4, while the 10 students using programmed materials made an average of 81 with a standard deviation of 5. Test the hypothesis that the two methods of learning are equal using a 0.10 level of significance. Assume the population to be approximately normal with equal variances.
Example 7
An improved manufacturing process is developed. The
quality-control tests show that the old process has an average score of 12.8 with a standard deviation of 2.5 based on a sample of 8 observations, while the new process shows an average score of 14.2 with a standard deviation of 1.6 based on a sample of 10 observations. Use a 0.05 level of significance to determine whether there has been a significant increase in the average scores of the new process, assuming unequal variances.
Paired Observations
Example 8
To determine whether membership in a fraternity is
beneficial or detrimental to ones grades, the following grade-point averages were collected over a period of 5 years:
Example 9
A vote is to be taken among the residents of a town
and the surrounding county to determine whether a civic center will be constructed. To determine if there is a significant difference in the proportion of town voters and county voters favoring the proposal, a poll is taken. If 120 of 200 town voters favor the proposal and 240 of 500 county residents favor it, would you agree that the proportion of town voters favoring the proposal is higher than the proportion of county voters? Use a 0.025 level of significance.
Example 10
Verify if the assumption of equal variance in Example
p-value approach
The p-value is the probability that we obtain the
sample data, assuming the null hypothesis is true. We reject Ho if the p-value is small.
Usually, we use the level of significance as a comparison
value.
Estimation and HT