Figure 8.

2
Rejection region for Example 8.3

1.96 Rejection region

1.96 Rejection region

rejection of H0. The samples don not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean daily net income has changed since the menu was changed. Since we could not conclude that 1 is different from 2 in Example 8.3, we might perform further analyses and learn more about what the value of the actual difference between 1 and 2 might be. This can be accomplished by forming a confidence interval for 1 - 2. EXAMPLE 8.4 Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in the mean net daily net incomes obtained with the higher-priced and lower-priced meals of Example 8.3. In Example 8.3 we demonstrated the validity of conducting a large-sample test of hypothesis about 1 - 2. The same conditions that made the test of hypothesis valid also allow us to form a large-sample confidence interval. The confidence interval is given by ( ( ) )
( ) ( )

Solution

to to

( (

) )

( ) ( )

3.11

to to 41.11

Thus we estimate that 1 - 2, the difference in mean net incomes, falls in the interval - $3.11 to $41.11. In other words, we estimate that 1, the mean net daily income for the higher-priced meals, could be larger than 2, the mean for the lower-priced meals, by as much as $41.11; or 1 could be smaller than 2 by as little as $3.11. Also, since the interval contains 0, it is possible that 1 is equal to 2. We have 95% confidence that the actual value of 1 - 2 is in the calculated interval.

The interpretation of the confidence interval in Example 8.4 agrees with the interpretation for the test of hypothesis in Example 8.3. In both instances, we could not determine whether 1 is larger than, smaller than, or equal to 2. When interpreting a confidence interval for 1 - 2, the interpretation will depend upon whether 0 is included in the calculated interval. To help you interpret confidence intervals, we provide the hints given in the box.

Helpful Hints When interpreting a confidence interval for 1 - 2, there are three distinct situations to consider: 1. If the confidence interval contains 0, then 1 could be equal be equal to 2, or 1 could be larger than 2, or 1 could be smaller than 2. 2. If the confidence interval contains only positive numbers, then we will infer (at the specified confidence level) that 1 is larger than 2 (or 1 - 2 > 0). 3. If the confidence interval contains only negative numbers, then we will infer (at the specified confidence level) that 1 is smaller than 2 (or 1 - 2 < 0). Example 8.5 An experiment was conducted to compare two methods (Method I and Method II) of teaching spelling to children. The objective of the experiment was to estimate the difference between 1, the mean score on a standardized spelling test for all children who are taught spelling by Method I and 2, the mean score on the test for all children who are taught by Method II. A large random sample of children was taught spelling by Method I and a second large random sample was taught by Method II. At the conclusion of the school year, all the sampled children were given the standardized test, and these test scores were used to form a 99% confidence interval for 1 - 2. How would you interpret the confidence interval if it was found to be from 4 to 10? With 99% confidence we infer that the value of 1 - 2 is between 4 and 10. Since the interval contains only positive numbers, this indicates that 1 is larger than 2. We conclude that children who are taught by Method I have a higher mean score on the test than those taught by Method II. The true mean score for Method I is at least 4 points higher than the true mean score for Method II and it maybe 10 points higher. ___________________________________________________________ Learning the Language What do the following symbols denote? a. 1 and 2 b. 1 - 2 c. and Using the Tables 8.10 Two large, independent random samples are selected from populations with mean 1 - 2. d. x1 and x2 e. x1 x2 f. and g. n1 and n2 h. (x1 x2) i. D0

Solution

Exercises (8.9-8.25) 8.9

a. Give the appropriate z-value for forming a 95% confidence interval for 1 2. b. Give the rejection region for testing H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against Ha: 1 - 2 0 with = .01. c. Give the rejection region for testing H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against Ha: 1 - 2 > 0 with = .05. d. Give the appropriate z-value for forming a 95% confidence interval for 1 2. e. Give the rejection region for testing H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against Ha: 1 - 2 < 0 with = .01. Learning the Mechanics You select two independent random samples, forty observations from population 1 and fifty from population 2. The sample means and variances are shown in the table. Sample 1 Sample 2 n1 = 40 n2 = 50 x1 = 3.7 x2 = 4.2 = .33 = .27 a. Form a 95% confidence interval for 1 - 2, the difference in the means of populations 1 and 2. b. Test the null hypothesis H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against the alternative hypothesis Ha: 1 - 2 0. Use = .05. 8.12 Two independent random samples selected from populations with means 1 and 2, respectively. The sample sizes, means and standard deviations are shown in the table. Sample 1 Sample 2 n1 = 75 n2 = 75 x1 = 20.3 x2 = 24.4 s1 = 6.1 s2 = 8.9 a. Form a 90% confidence interval for 1 - 2. b. Form a 99% confidence interval for 1 - 2. c. Test the null hypothesis H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against the alternative hypothesis Ha: 1 - 2 < 0. Use = .01. 8.13 Two random and independent samples produced the results shown in the table. Sample 1 Sample 2 n1 = 110 n2 = 160 x1 = 6.8 x2 = 4.7 = 117.6 = 93.2

8.11

a. Test H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against Ha: 1 - 2 > 0. Use = .10. b. Test H0: 1 - 2 = 0 against Ha: 1 - 2 0. Use = .05. c. Form a 95% confidence interval for 1 - 2. 8.14 Are the test and confidence interval procedure given in this section valid if the sampled populations are not normally distributed? Explain. An experiment has been conducted at a university to compare the mean number of study hours expended per week by student athletes with the mean number of hours expended by nonathletes. A random sample of 55 athletes produced a mean equal to 20.6 hours of study per week and a standard deviation equal to 23.5 hours per week and a standard deviation equal to 4.1 hours. a. Describe the two populations involved in the comparison. b. Do the samples provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the mean number of hours of study per week between athletes and nonathletes? Test using = .01. c. Construct a 99% confidence interval for 1 - 2. d. Would a 95% confidence interval for 1 - 2 be narrower or wider than the one you found in part c? Why? A dental laboratory has developed a new type of band for children who wear braces. The new bands are designed to be more comfortable, look better and it is hoped realign teeth more rapidly than the standard braces now in use. An experiment is conducted to compare the mean wearing times necessary to correct a specific type of misalignment when the standard braces are used and when the new bands are used. One hundred children are randomly assigned in two types of treatment fifty to each type. A summary of the data is given in the table. Standard Braces New Bands x1 = 410 days x2 = 380 days st = 45 days s2 = 60 days a. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the new bands do not have to be worn as long as the standard braces, on the average? Use = .01. b. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean wearing times for the two types of braces. 8.17 Suppose it is desired to compare two physical education training programs for pre-adolescent girls. A total of eighty girls are randomly selected, with forty assigned to each program. After 18 weeks in the program, each girl is given a

8.15

8.16

fitness test that yields a score between 0 and 100. The means and variances of the scores for the two groups are shown in the table below. Calculate the 99% confidence interval for the true difference in mean fitness score for girls trained using these two programs.

n x s2 Program 1 40 78.7 201.6 Program 2 40 75.3 259.2 8.18 A distributor of soft drink vending machines knows from experience that the mean number of drinks a machine will sell per day varies according to the location of the machine. At a boys club, two machines are placed in what the distributor believes to be two different optimal locations. The machines are observed for 30 days and the number of drinks sold per day for each machine is recorded. The means and standard deviations of the number of drinks sold per day at the two locations are given in the table. Based on the data, can the distributor conclude that either location is better than the other? Test at the = .05 level of significance. Machine at Location 1 Machine at Location 2 x1 = 32.5 x2 = 28.5 s1 = 6.0 s2 = 5.5 An experiment was conducted to compare the yield of two varieties of tomato, A and B. Forty plants of each variety were randomly selected and planted within the same field. The yields, recorded in kilograms of tomatoes produced for each plant, possessed means of 10.5 kilograms per plant for variety A and 9.3 kilograms per plant for variety B. The variances for sample A and B were 2.1 and 2.8 respectively. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference between the mean weights of tomatoes produced per plant for the two varieties? Test using = .05. It is often said that economic status is related to the commission of crimes. To test this theory, a sociologist selected a random sample of seventy people in a certain city who had no record of criminal conviction and their annual incomes were noted. Similarly, a random sample of sixty criminals (each one a first-time offender) was selected and the annual income (prior to arrest) was recorded for each. The annual incomes were recorded in thousands of dollars and the means and the variances for these data are shown in the table. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the mean income of criminals prior to committing their first offense is lower than that for noncriminal public? Test using = .05. x s2 Criminals 13.3 24.2 Noncriminals 15.4 42.6 A large supermarket chain is interested in determining whether a difference exists between the mean shelf-life (in days) of brand S bread and brand H bread.

8.19

8.20

8.21

Random samples of fifty fleshly baked loaves of each brand were tested, with the results given in the table. Brand S Brand H x1 = 4.1 x2 = 5.2 S1 = 1.2 s2 = 1.4 a. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that a difference does not exist between the mean shelf-lives of brand S and brand H? Test at the = .05 level. b. Let 1 represent the mean shelf-life for brand S and let 2 represent the mean shelf-life for brand H. Find a 90% confidence interval for 1 - 2. 8.22 Two manufacturers of corrugated fiberboard each claim that the strength of their product tests at more than 360 pounds per square inch, on the average. As a result of consumer complaints, a consumer product testing firm believes that firm As product is stronger than firm Bs. To test its belief, 100 fiberboards were chosen randomly from firm As inventory and 100 were chosen from firm Bs inventory. The strength (in pounds per square inch) of each fiberboard was determined, with the results shown in the accompanying table. Does the sample information support the belief of the consumer products testing firm? Test at the .05 significance level. Firm A Firm B x1 = 365 x2 = 352 St = 23 s2 = 1.4 Give a practical example where the following hypothesis would be appropriate: a. H0: 1 - 2 = 0 and Ha: 1 - 2 > 0 b. H0: 1 - 2 = 0 and Ha: 1 - 2 < 0 c. H0: 1 - 2 = 0 and Ha: 1 - 2 0 The efficacy of having a 6-year-old children tutor their peers in reading has been investigated by studying two groups during the school year. The treatment group was involved in peer tutoring, while the control group was not. At the end of the study all the children took a criterion-referenced test to measure reading skills, with the results summarized in the accompanying table. Group Sample Size Mean Standard Deviation Treatment 49 19.98 4.75 Control 46 14.93 6.02
Source: D. G. Reay G. Von Harrison and C. Gottfredson, The Effect on Pupil Reading Achivement of Teacher Compliance with Prescribed Methodology. Research in Education, NO=o.32, November 1984, p.21.

8.23

8.24

a. Is there evidence to conclude that the mean score for the treatment group is larger than the mean score for the control group? Use = .01. b. The researchers reported that the mean score of the treatment group exceeded that of the control group, and that the difference was significant at the .01 level, does this agree with your answer to part a? 8.25 Refer to Exercise 8.8. To compare Japanese and American mangers, tests were given that measured how strongly certain factors motivated them. Two factors of interest were advancement and money. Sample results to the motivational tests are shown in the table. American Japanese x s x s Advancement 16.75 4.75 23.92 3.20 Money 14.80 3.60 18.12 2.90 Sample size n1 = 211 n2 = 100
Source: A. Howard, K. Shudo, and M. Umeshima, Motivation and Values Among Japanese and American Managers, Personal Psychology, Vol. 36, Winter, p. 893.

a. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that American managers average motivation regarding advancement differs from that of the Japanese managers? Use = .05. b. The article reported an observed significance level of p-value < .001 in testing for a difference in financial motivation between American and Japanese managers. Interpret this result. c. Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference in the mean test scores for financial motivation of American versus Japanese managers.

8.3

_______________________________________________________
SMALL-SAMPLE INFERENCES ABOUT 1 - 2, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POPULATION MEANS: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES
In this section we will present methods for making inferences about the difference between the two population means using small samples. As in the case of a single mean, the inferences will be based on the t distribution, and the t distribution is appropriate only if certain conditions are met. These conditions are given in the next box. Since the two populations must have mound-shaped distributions with equal variances, the distributions appear as shown in Figure 8.3. The two population distributions are identical in appearance except for the fact that the means 1 - 2, may be different.

When to use t Distribution to Make Inferences About 1 - 2, the Difference Between Two Population Means To use the t distribution to make a valid test of hypothesis about 1 - 2, or to form a confidence interval for 1 - 2, the following conditions must be met: 1. Two random samples must be taken one from each of the two populations of interest. 2. The two samples must be independent. 3. Both of the populations must be (approximately) normally distributed. 4. The population variances must be equal.

Figure 8.3
Two normally distributed Populations with equal Variances (1 > 2)

Since the two population variances are equal, we will say that they have a common variance 2; that is, = = . Since the value will have to estimated, we will use the information contained in both samples t construct a pooled sample estimate of . The pooled estimate of , denoted by , is a function of the sample variances, formula for is given in the box. Formula for =(
) (

and

, and the sample sizes n1 and n2. The

the Pooled Estimate of

)

Recall that in Section 7.5 we defined the degrees of freedom for one sample as (n 1), that is 1 less than the sample size. Since we are now pooling the information from two samples to estimate , the degrees of freedom associated with the pooled sample variance is equal to the sum of the degrees of the freedom for the two samples. This is the denominator of the formula for , (n1 1) + (n2 1) = n1 + n2 2.