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PCI FOR BLAST FURNACE AND THE FUTURE OF IRONMAKING TECHNOLOGY

Zhang, Shourong* Bi, Xuegong** * Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation, 430081, Wuhan, P.R. China ** Wuhan Universtity of Science and Technology, 430081, Wuhan, P.R. China Abstracts: A new method for the calculation of the theoretical flame temperature has been proposed to reflect the impact of coal combustion efficiency. Investigations of the influence of operational and raw materials conditions on Tf and maximum PCI rate has been carried out by applying this new method and by assuming that the furnace production rate is governed by the flooding phenomenon based on the high PCI practices in the Bao Steel blast furnaces. It has been found that maximum coal rate is not limited by Tf and that the primary effect of blast oxygen enrichment lies in the improvement of the flooding condition of the furnace. The future of ironmaking technology has also been discussed. Key Words: Blast Furnace; Coal Injection; Theoretical Flame Temperature; Future of Ironmaking 1. INTRODUCTION The knowledge of coal injection technique of the blast furnace in the world ironmaking area has become deepened since the oil crises. Some blast furnaces turned to all coke operation and devoted to the development of coal injection technique in order to avoid cost increase resulted in by oil injection. This technique developed very fast during the 1980s and, in the second half of the 1980s, there were successful practices of coal injection at rates ranging from 180 to 200 kg/tHM. In the 1990s, the coal injection technique became mature. In Europe and Japan blast furnaces equipped with coal injection have accounted for 90% in operating furnaces. The development of coal injection technique of the blast furnace decreases the extent of dependence of the blast furnace upon coke. Among all ironmaking processes up to now the blast furnace ironmaking is the biggest in production scale, the lowest in energy consumption, the highest in efficiency and the best in pig iron quality, being incomparable to all other processes. Its drawback, however, is that it has to rely on high quality coke. In the present, the cokemaking processes require the employment of coking coals with a good viscidity at higher proportions and coke oven gases generated in the cokemaking process is the most harmful source of pollution in steel plants. One of the reasons why came out so many smelting-reduction processes and why have they been studied experimentally in large scales is to cancel the cokemaking process. In the present, the coal injection rate of 200 kg/tHM in the blast furnace has been reached, which means more than 40% of coke can be replaced with pulverized coal and the reliance of the blast furnace on the cokemaing process has been greatly reduced. As a result, the competitiveness of the blast furnace ironmaking has been improved. This will exert a great and long-term impact on the development of the iron and steel technology itself and on the competition of the steel industry with other materials industries. The coal injection technique of the blast furnace began very early in China but coal injection rates, however, never reached 200kg/tHM until the late 1990s. In 1998, the Bao Steel succeeded for the first time in the sustaining of coal injection rates at 200kg/tHM level in one of its blast furnaces

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and then disseminated throughout the company. The coal injection rate in average reached as many as 207kg/tHM and coke rate 293kg/tHM in the Bao Steel 1999. The practice in the Bao Steel has presented an interesting enlightenment. Table 1 Operational results of blast furnaces in the Bao Steel 1999 Availability Prod. Top gas Coke rate Coal rate TFe in 3 % CO2 % Burden % t/m .d kg/tHM kg/tHM 2.264 263.72 237.95 60.20 98.07 22.7 2.197 324.81 174.69 59.91 97.63 22.3 2.305 292.27 206.70 60.39 98.03 22.7

BF no. 1 2 3

Blast temp. 1245 1232 1246

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING PCI RATES OF THE BLAST FURNACE 2.1 Quality level of burden materials Two productive experiments of coal injection into the blast furnace were carried out in China during the last decade in order to obtain a practical experience of long-term operation at a PCI rate of 150 to 200kg/tHM but both did not realize their purposes. The blast furnaces in the Bao Steel, however, successfully remained the PCI rates over 200kg/tHM in 1998. Why has the Bao Steel succeeded and why could not all the previous tests achieve their expected aims? Evidently their main differences are the quality level of burden materials. Table 2 Raw materials quality in the Bao Steel and the raw materials conditions during the tests in the Baotou Steel and the Anshan Steel Iron ores Fuels Works
Tfe % FeO % SiO2 % Ash % M40 % M10 % CSR %

Baotou

Anshan

Sinter Pellets Lump Sinter Sinter Pellets Lumps

50.66 61.50 48.73 52.97 58.5 65.93 63.36

10.81 2.12 7.01 10.45 6.48

6.21 7.80 8.68

Coke Coal Coke Coal Coke Coal

13.39 10.30 13.30 12.52 11.52 approx. 8.0%

77.4 >82* 89.0

7.7

<5.6 <5

56.1 69.54

Bao

4.60 2.51 4.73

150 * - This index is DI 15 because the size upper limit of coke used in the test was 40mm

It can be seen in Table 2 that the differences between these steel works are mainly in iron content (slag volume) and coke quality. Higher quality of raw materials and fuels apparently would decrease the stock permeability in the lower furnace. Beer and Heynert [1] determined the flooding limit in the blast furnace which can be expressed approximately by the following equation: log ff = -0.559 log fr-1.519 (1)

where, ff and fr is the flooding factor and fluid flow ratio, respectively. ff = (2 Fs/g3)(g/l)0.2 fr = (L/G)(g/l)0.5 (2) (3)

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where, - superficial velocity of bosh gasm/s Fs specific surface area of coke particlem2/m3 g gravity acceleration9.81 m/s2 - fractional void of coke packed bed g density of gas, kg/m3 l density of bosh slagkg/m3 viscosity of bosh slag0.001 Pa.s L superficial mass flow rate of bosh slagkg/(m2.h) G superficial mass flow rate of bosh gaskg/(m2.h) The critical condition when a flooding takes place in the lower blast furnace is derived from Equation (1and expressed as follows ff2 fr 10-3 (4)

This equation implies that a hanging would occur when the above product is over 10-3. Assuming that the furnace production rate is governed by this equation, a calculation study has been made in order to clarify the influence of slag volume, slag viscosity, fractional void of coke bed and coke size on the maximum production of the furnace. The calculations were based on the normal operational conditions of Blast Furnace No.3 of the Bao Steel, see Table 3. The coal used in the calculations was Shenfu Coal. The calculated results were shown in Figures 1 to 4. The effect of slag volume on coke rate was simultaneously considered when slag volume is varied, that is coke rate would increase by 20kg/tHM with an increase in slag volume by 100kg/tHM. Furthermore, the influence of coke size on fractional void was also simultaneously considered when coke size was changed in calculation. The relation between coke size, dp, and fractional voidis given in Equation 5 [2]: = 0.153 log dp + 0.724 (5)

Table 3 Operational conditions for the computational study of maximum productivity governed by flooding phenomenon Effective volume (m3): 4350 Direct reduction degree: 0.38 Productive rate (t/d.m3): 2.185 Chemical composition of fuels (%): N2 Volatile Coke rate (kg/tHM): 260 Fixed carbon H2 Coke: 88.0 0.04 0.14 1.0 Coal rate (kg/tHM): 250 Jincheng Coal: 79.69 4.1 0.77 13.81 Blast temperature (): 1250 Shenfu Coal: 59.13 6.8 1.01 34.36 Blast moisture (g/Nm3): 20 Slag viscosity (0.001Pa.s): 300 Oxygen enrichment (vol.%): 1.5 Fractional void (-):0.455382 Slag volume (kg/tHM): 260 Coke size (m): 0.035 m Hot metal composition (%): Coke rate for all coke operation (kg/tHM): 487 Si Mn S 0.45 0.3 0.02 It can be seen from these figures that the maximum productivity of the blast furnace would

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increase with decreased slag volume and slag viscosity and increased fractional void and coke size in the furnace bosh. At higher coal injection rates, the size of coke in the furnace bosh would decrease to a greater extent compared to lower PCI rates because of a longer residual time of coke in the furnace and greater damaging effects on it. Moreover, the increase in coke breeze and unburnt coal would not only bring about a decreased fractional void of the coke bed but also an increased slag viscosity. All these factors would limit the intensification of the blast furnace at higher coal injection rates. It is obvious from this calculation study that high quality materials, that is high iron content in burden and high quality of coke in particular, are the primary factors determining the level of PCI rate of the blast furnace. 2.2 The issue of heat compensation and the theoretical flame temperature It is necessary to make heat compensation in the tuyere zone for maintaining a smooth running after auxiliary fuels are injected into the blast furnace. The measures are high blast temperature and oxygen enrichment. The way to judge the temperature of the tuyere zone is the calculation of the theoretical flame temperature over a long period of time. The conventional calculation method [3] that has been used for many years in China is expressed as follows. QCO=qCOCburnt (6) Qcoke=qcokeKK (7) b cg Qb=(Vb-bcgy)Cp Tb+ bcgyCp Tcg (8) Qout=qMMbM+ qyYby++ qH2OVbf (9) t Tf=(QCO+Qcoke+Qb-Qout)/(Vg CP ) (10)
P

Where, Tf - The theoretical flame temperature, Tb- Blast temperature, Tcg- Temperature of carrying gas, Cburnt- Amount of carbon burnt in the raceway, kg qCO- Heat released by combustion of carbon to CO, kJ/kg qcoke- Sensible heat of coke burnt in the raceway at 1500, kJ/kg bM, by- Utilization efficiency of oil and coal in the blast furnac, respectively, qM, qy- Decomposition heat of oil and coal, respectively, kJ/kg qH2O- Decomposition heat of moisture in the blast, kJ/m3 K- Combustion efficiency of coke, KMY- Coke rate, oil rate and coal rate, respectively, kg/tHM bcg Volume of carrying gas for coal transportation, m3/kg Cpb- Specific heat of blast at temperature of Tb, kJ/m3. Cpcg- Specific heat of carrying gas at temperature of Tcg, kJ/m3. CPt- Specific heat of raceway gas at temperature of Tf, kJ/m3. f- Moisture content in blast, g/m3(dry blast) Vb- Volumen of dry blast, m3/min Vg- Volume of raceway gas, m3/min The following data are chosen in this calculation method: qCO=9797 kJ/kg, q=2300 kJ/kg, K=0.626, qM=1760 kJ/kg, by=1005 kJ/kg, qH2O=10802 kJ/kg. The theoretical flame temperature is determined by interpolation between two possible temperatures with known enthalpies.
P

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The statistical expression used in the Nippon Steel of Japan is given as below: Tf =1524.0+60 RO2+0.84Tb - 2.7 Rcoal- 6.3Mb where, RO2- Oxygen enrichment rate, vol.% Rcoal- Coal injection rate, kg/tHM Mb- Mosture content in blast, g/Nm3 The theoretical flame temperature has been calculated with these two methods under the present conditions of the Bao Steel. It was found, however, that the calculated temperatures were all lower than the normal range allowed. This would suggest that greater heat compensations were needed. However, the blast furnaces in the Bao Steel are running well without any problem. It can be considered from this fact that the present methods are not suitable for the calculation of the flame temperature under higher amounts of coal injection. The calculation method of the flame temperature has to be modified in accordance with the practical conditions. The sensible heat of pulverized coal is to be added into the total heat input and the heat concerning blast moisture is to be calculated according to the water-gas reaction in stead of water thermal decomposition reaction. Moreover, the incomplete consumption of coal in the raceway has to be taken into account. A new method of calculating the theoretical flame temperature has been proposed on these grounds. Tf=(Hb+Hcoal+Hcoke+RHCOcoke+RHCOcoal-RHcoal-RHH2O)/ Vg Cpg where, Hb- Sensible heat of blast, kJ/h Hcoal- Sensible heat of injected coal, kJ/h Hcoke- Sensible heat of burnt coke, kJ/h RHCOcoke- Combustion heat of coke to CO, kJ/h RHCOcoal- Combustion heat of coal to CO, kJ/h RHcoal- Decomposition heat of injected coal, kJ/h RHH2O- Reaction heat of moisture in blast with carbon in coke, kJ/h Vg- Raceway gas volume, Nm3/h Cpg- Specific heat of raceway gas, kJ/Nm3 The sensible heat of raceway gas at a temperature is calculated based on its chemical composition and the specific heat of its components that are estimated using the data in Reference [4]. The sensible heat of blast is calculated based on the sensible heat of dry blast and moisture that were estimated by using the data in reference [5] and the sensible heat of coke burnt in the raceway is calculated as follows: Hcoke=Wc hcoke (13) (12) (11)

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where, Wc- Amount of carbon in the burnt coke, kg/h hcoke- Specific enthalpy of carbon in burnt coke, kJ/kg (C) The coke temperature at the tuyere level is taken as 1538 (2800) and the specific enthalpy 2563 kJ/kg after Pehlke [6]. The heat released by coke and coal combustion are determined by Equations 9-10: HRCOcoke=Wcoke Ccoke9797.112 HRCOcoal=Wcoal hrcoal (14) (15)

where, Wcoal- Amount of injected coal, kg/h Wcoke- Amount of burnt coke, kg/h Ccoke- Fixed carbon content in coke, hrcoal- Released heat of coal at a given combustion rate under the tuyere condition, kJ/kg 9797.112- Combustion heat of carbon to CO, kJ/kg (C) The amount of coke burnt in the raceway and the released heat of coal are related to the combustion degree by the following equations: Wcoke =[Wc-Wcoal(CRcoal/100)Ccoal]/Ccoke hrcoal=QcoalCRcoal-RHcoal Wc=Vb O2b (24/22.4) (16) (17) (18)

where, Wc- Amount of carbon burnt in the tuyere zone, kg/h CRcoal- Combustion degree of coal, % Ccoal- Fixed carbon content in coal, Qcoal- Released heat of coal under the raceway condition per one percent of combustion degree, kJ/%.kg O2b- Oxygen content in blast, The real released heat of coal under the raceway condition is obtained by subtracting from the analyzed lower combustion heat the formation heat of CO2 from CO and H2O from H2 leading to: Qcoal=[QL-23668 Ccoal-(13448 H2coal/9)+RHcoal]/100 (19)

where, QL- Analyzed lower combustion heat of coal, kJ/kg H2coal- Hydrogen content in coal, wt.% The reaction heat concerning the moisture in blast is determined as follows: RHH2O=135652 (Vb Mb/18 000) (20)

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where,135652- Heat of water-gas reaction, kJ/kg-mol (H2O). The specific heat of the raceway gas was estimated based on the specific heat of its components at different temperatures that were calculated according to Reference [6]. Calculations of the flame temperature were made with this new method at different coal combustion efficiencies and the results were presented in Figure 5. A calculation study was conducted for varied blast temperature, blast moisture, oxygen enrichment and PCI rate with all these three methods. Most of the conditions for calculating flame temperature have already been given in Table 3 and the rest are given in Table 4. The temperature and specific heat of of coal is taken as 100 and 1.30kJ/kg.K, respectively. The calculated results for Jincheng Coal with a lower volatile content were shown in Figures 6 to 9. The calculated results for Shenfu Coal with a higher volatile content were shown in Figures 10 to 13. Table 4 Some conditions for a calculation study of the flame temperature Coals Lower combustion Decomposition heat Combustion degree heat, kJ/kg kJ/kg % Jincheng 7491.08 240 70 Shenfu 6643.39 200 80 Figure 5 shows that the flame temperature decreases with increasing coal combustion degree and it is lower for a coal with a higher volatile content than that for a coal with a lower volatile content at a same combustion degree. The flame temperatures of a higher volatile coal would be even lower because its combustion degrees are usually higher than a lower volatile coal. In this calculation, the difference is about 50. It can be seen in Figures 6 to 13 that the flame temperatures obtained with this new method are all higher than those with the conventional method, 70-110 higher for a higher volatile coal and 110-160 higher for a lower volatile coal in comparison with the conventional method. Compared to the results obtained with the NSC regressive equation, the flame temperatures are all higher at different blast temperatures but lower as blast moisture is less than 10g/Nm3 for Jincheng Coal and 20g/Nm3 for Shenfu Coal. The biggest differences between the new method and the NSC regressive equation occur for varying PCI rate, that is the results obtained with the new method are about 200 lower without coal injection and about 80 higher at 300kg/tHM of coal rate. That the differences are so big is probably because the present operational conditions are far different from those under which the NSC regressive equation was established. It is noticeable that the flame temperatures under the present operational conditions of the blast furnaces in the Bao Steel are still lower than 2000. This suggests that a high amount of coal injection does not necessitate so high flame temperatures as that commonly believed. It is of course still necessary to maintain the flame temperature at a reasonable level. The effect of an increase in blast temperature on the flame temperature is greater than that in oxygen enrichment according to this calculation study. The cost for an increase of 100 in blast temperature is only half the cost for an increase of 1% in oxygen enrichment according the present prices but, by contract, the benefit of the increase in blast temperature is 70% greater than that of the increase in oxygen enrichment. The experience of the Bao Steel has proven that 1.5% to 2.0% of

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oxygen enrichment is reasonable at PCI rates more than 200kg/tHM and blast temperatures over 1200. The primary means for heat compensation in the tuyere zone is the increase in blast temperature. 2.3 The effects of oxygen enrichment on higher amount of coal injection Many industrial practices and research works have demonstrated that it is not necessary for the injected coal to burn completely in the raceway. Therefore, the key factor for a high PCI operation is not the complete combustion of pulverized coal. Oxygen enrichment has some effect on heat compensation in the tuyere zone but this effect is less than that of blast temperature. Its main effect lies in the reduction of the restriction of flooding on blast furnace operation. Some calculations were made at different oxygen enrichment rates and obtained results are illustrated in Figure 14. It is clear from this figure that the maximum productivity increases with increasing oxygen enrichment under the critical flooding condition. The effect of oxygen enrichment differs slightly for coals with different volatile contents, that is an increase of 1% in oxygen enrichment would increase the maximum productivity by 1.63% for a lower volatile coal while 1.65% for a higher volatile coal. 2.4 Selection of coal for injection The quality of injected coal into the blast furnace becomes more important at higher PCI rates since the coal accounts for approximately half the total fuel supplied to the furnace. As a matter of fact, coal quality has become one of the key items for the blast furnace burden. Besides such common requirements on coal quality as Hardgrove index, size distribution, etc., the ash content in coal should be paid a special attention on because lower ash contents will decrease slag volume and increase the replacement ratio. The practice of mixing anthracitic coal with bituminous coal has been becoming more common not only because it can decrease the danger of explosion in the injection system but also because it can increase the combustion efficiency of coal in the tuyere zone and thus the replacement ratio. The volatile content in the mixed coal is normally controlled in the range of 20 to 25%. 2.5 Reliability of the injection system The importance of regular supply of coal into the blast furnace is obvious because any unexpected stop of coal supply for a short-term would lead to a catastrophic consequence in the operation of very high PCI rates. In order to ensure a high reliability of the coal injection system, an improvement in all facilities of the system has to be made. For example, the oxygen and CO contents in some key points must be closely monitored and controlled to prevent any dust explosion risk even when coal with higher volatile matter is processed. The storage silo of pulverized coal between the grinding plant and the injection tower must provide a sufficient capacity for a safe operation of the blast furnace and meet the demand of a change from PCI to all coke operation just in case no pulverized coal can be produced. Measures should be taken to prolong the working life of injection lances. The ceramic lined lances can work for more than six months now in the Bao Steel. Some efforts also should be made to monitor and control possible blockage of injection lances and in the conveying lines. 3. THE UPPER LIMIT OF COAL INJECTION INTO THE BLAST FURNACE The roles of coke in the blast furnace process mainly lie in the following three respects, that is supply of reductant, main heat supplier and improvement of stock permeability. The pulverized coal injected into the furnace can replace parts of these functions. The accomplishment of some reduction

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reactions, in addition to carburization effect, has to rely on coke. There must be a relatively clean coke packed bed for liquid slag and metal in the furnace hearth. This function can not be fulfilled by coal. It can be estimated on these grounds that the lower limit of coke rate of the blast furnace is approximately 220 to 250kg/tHM. The upper limit of coal injection accounts for approximately 50 to 60% of fuel rate. This high proportion of coal fed through tuyeres has epoch-making significance to the ironmaking technology. 4. THE FUTURE OF IRONMAKING TECHNOLOGY The supply of scrap is increasing year by year worldwide. Environmental protection demands the decrease in carbon dioxide emission. The proportion of electric arc furnace steels in the total steal production of the world is going to rise year by year. The capacity of steal scrap supply is the bottle neck of the development of EAF steel. Therefore, steel scrap substitutes are going to develop remarkably. The development of DRI and HBI will not be too fast due to being restricted by its demand on natural resource conditions. The smelting reduction processes, though will develop more greatly, can not replace the blast furnace ironmaking in respect of production scale, quality and efficiency. Thanks to the achievements in the coal injection technology, the competitiveness of the blast furnace process has been significantly improved. In the 21st century, in the foreseeable future, blast furnace ironmaking will still be the main stream of ironmaking processes. Because of the development of coal injection technology, an essential change in the source of the blast furnace fuels has been taken place. Constant bringing forth new ideas in the technology will form the blast furnace ironmaking process of the 21st century type. The technology of DRI and HBI are going to develop step by step and some novel technologies would come out, with coal-based and hydrogen-based DRI processes being going to develop faster. The smelting reduction processes will develop to some extents under special conditions of raw materials and market requirement. If simply considering the economy of liquid metallic iron extraction from iron ores, the smelting reduction can not compete with the blast furnace process. It is possible to gain a new vitality, however, if the smelting reduction process can combine with other industries. The world steel industry in the 21st century will further develop progressively with up-and down fluctuations. For the ironmaking technology, the blast furnace ironmaking will still be the main stream. The DRI technology and the smelting reduction process will both develop under certain conditions. The general situation will be the co-existing of manifold processes with the blast furnace being the main stream. REFERENCES (1) H. Beer, G. Heynert, Stahl u. Eisen, 84, 1964, 1353 (2) T. Yamata et.al., Technical Report of the Kawasaki Steel (in Japanese), 6(1974), 16 (3) L. Cheng, Blast Furnace Technology and Calculation (in Chinese), Metallurgical Industry Publisher, 1991, 230 (4) Eu.F. WegmannA Reference Book for Blast Furnace Operators, Mir Publishers, Translated by V. Afanasyev from Russian to English, 1984, 38 (5) North-East University of Technology, Blast Furnace Ironmaking, Book No.2 (in Chinese), Metallurgical Industry Publisher, 1978, 117

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(6) Robert D. Pehlke, Unit Processes of Extractive Metallurgy, American Elsevier Publishing Company Inc., Second Printing, 1975, 320
Maximum production rate, t/(day.m3) Maximum production rate, t/(day.m3) 3 3

2.5

2.5

1.5

1.5

1 100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1 100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Slag volume, kg/THM

Slag viscosity, 0.001Pa.s

Fig.1 Effect of slag volume on maximum production rate

Fig.2 Effect of slag viscosity on maximum production rate

Maximum production rate, t/(day.m3)

Maximum production rate, t/(day.m3)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 Fractional void of coke bed, -

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 30 32 34 36 38 40 Particle diameter of bosh coke, mm

Fig.3 Effect of fractional void of coke bed on maximum production rate

Fig.4 Effect of coke size in the bosh on maximum production rate

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

2000 1950 1900 1850 1800 60 70 80

Jin Chen coal Shen Fu coal

2000

1800

1600
New method NSC equation Conventional method

90

100

1400 800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

Combustion efficiency of coal, %

Blast temperature, oC

Fig.5 Effect of coal combustion efficiency on theoretical flame temperature

Fig.6 Effect of blast temperature on Tf for Jincheng Coal

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 0 10 20

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

New method NSC equation Conventional method

2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 0

New method NSC equation Conventional method

30

40

50

Blast moisture content, g/Nm3

Blast oxygen enrichment, vol.%

Fig.7 Effect of blast moisture content on Tf for Jincheng Coal

Fig.8 Effect of oxygen enrichment on Tf for Jincheng Coal

10

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Theoretical flame temperature, oC

2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 0 10 20 30

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

New method NSC equation Conventional method

2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 800 900 1000
New Method NSC equation Conventional method

40

50

1100

1200

1300

Blast moisture content, g/Nm3

Blast temperature, oC

Fig.9 Effect of PCI rate on Tf for Jincheng Coal

Fig. 10 Effect of Blast temperature on Tf for Shenfu Coal

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 0 100 200

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

New method NSC equation Conventional method

2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 0

New method NSC equation Conventional method

300

400

Coal injection rate, kg/tHM

Blast oxygen enrichment, vol.%

Fig.11 Effect of blast moisture content on Tf for Shenfu Coal

Fig.12 Effect of oxygen enrichment on Tf for Shenfu Coal

2.6 Maximum productivity, t/m3.d 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2 1.9 Jincheng coal Shenfu coal

Theoretical flame temperature, oC

2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 0 100 200

New method NSC equation Conventional method

300

400

10

Coal injection rate, kg/tHM

Oxygen enrichment, %

Fig.13 Effect of PCI rate on Tf for Shenfu Coal

Fig.14 Effect of oxygen enrichment on maximum furnace productivity

11