AS 4324.

1—1995

Australian Standard
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Mobile equipment for continuous

handling of bulk materials

Part 1: General requirements

for the design of steel structures
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/43, Bulk Handling
Equipment. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on
1 June 1995 and published on 5 September 1995.

The following interests are represented on Committee ME/43:

Association of Australian Port and Marine Authorities
Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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Australian Mining Industry Council

Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Department of Minerals and Energy, Qld
Department of Minerals and Energy, W.A.
Department of Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare, W.A.
Institution of Engineers, Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
University of Wollongong
WorkCover Authority of N.S.W.
Work Health Authority, N.T.

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amendments thereto.
Full detail s of all Australi an Standards and related publications wil l be found in the Standards Australia
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are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 87245.

 AS 4324.1—1995

Australian Standard
This is a free 8 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

Mobile equipment for continuous

handling of bulk materials

Part 1: General requirements

for the design of steel structures

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 9889 1
 AS 4324.1 — 1995 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Bulk Handling
Equipment.
This is the first Part of what is planned to be a four-part series dealing with mobile
equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials, with Part 2 to deal with mechanisms,
Part 3 to deal with electricals and Part 4 to deal with manufacture, construction,
commissioning, operation and inspection. Also planned is a Standard for such machines that
operate intermittently instead of continuously.
This Standard is based largely on the German Code for structural design, BG 1986
Regulations, Calculations and dimensioning of large machines in open cuts and the
International Standard ISO 5049-1:1994, Mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk
materials— Part 1: Rules for the design of steel structures, but includes a number of
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variations to provide coverage of a more comprehensive range of machinery, as well as

options for nominating the latest fatigue and strength assessment procedures that are included
in AS 4100, Steel structures. This Standard also includes specific reference to the latest
Australian Standards for wind loads and earthquake loads.
This Standard has been drafted so that designers may adopt almost interchangeably the limit
state approach in accordance with AS 4100 or the permissible stress approach in accordance
with AS 3990, Mechanical Equipment—Steelwork , when undertaking strength assessment of
structural and mechanical components. This was considered to be essential, because of the
different ways structural and mechanical components are normally assessed. Irrespective of
the Standard adopted for undertaking strength assessments, this Standard requires fatigue of
structural members and joints to be assessed in terms of a stress range approach based on
working stresses and a detailed set of charts relating the stress range to the life of the
equipment. AS 4100 is the preferred Standard for assessing strength and fatigue capacity of
structural members and joints.
Another significant inclusion in this Standard is a reference to the process of using an
independent structural audit as a means of increasing the confidence level while obtaining
machinery that satisfies the requirements of the nominated design rules. Additional
explanatory notes on the drafting of this Standard are given in Appendix A.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

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 3 AS 4324.1 — 1995

CONTENTS
Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 INNOVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 BASIC DIGGING PARAMETERS FOR BUCKET WHEEL MACHINES . . . 8
1.8 CORROSION PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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SECTION 2 MATERIALS
2.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 LIMITATION ON USE OF BRITTLE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

SECTION 3 LOAD ASSUMPTIONS

3.1 BULK DENSITY . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . . 11
3.2 LOAD GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .. 11
3.3 MAIN LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 11
3.4 ADDITIONAL LOADS . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. ... .... .. .. .. .. 15
3.5 SPECIAL LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. 20
3.6 FATIGUE LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. 27
3.7 LOAD CASES . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 29

SECTION 4 OVERTURNING AND DRIFTING

4.1 STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2 RESISTANCE AGAINST DRIFTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

SECTION 5 STRUCTURES
5.1 LOADS AND LOAD CASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2 FATIGUE LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.3 STEELS HAVING A HIGH YIELD TO ULTIMATE TENSILE
STRENGTH RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.4 DESIGN METHODS TO ALLOW FOR STRENGTH AND
SERVICEABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.5 FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
AND JOINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.6 BOLTING AND RIVETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.7 STEEL WIRE ROPES, STRAPS AND STAYS, AND HYDRAULIC
CYLINDERS IN TENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.8 SLEWING RACE SAFETY HOOKS TO PREVENT SEPARATION AT
THE SLEW RACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.9 MASS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF MACHINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.10 LIFTING BEAMS AND LUGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
 AS 4324.1 — 1995 4

Page
APPENDICES
A EXPLANATORY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
B INFORMATION THAT SHOULD BE SUPPLIED WITH
A PURCHASE SPECIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
C REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
D QUANTITY SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
E TYPICAL TYPES OF MOBILE CONTINUOUS BULK
HANDLING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
F BASIC DIGGING PARAMETERS FOR BUCKET WHEEL MACHINES . . . 80
G LOOSE MEASURE VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY OF DIGGING ELEMENTS 87
H TYPICAL BULK DENSITIES OF HANDLED MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
I LIVE LOADS ON CONVEYORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
J DE-RATING FACTORS FOR PLATE BUCKLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
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K FUNCTIONS FOR A DESIGN AUDIT ENGINEER DURING AUDIT

OF A STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

FIGURES
3.4.6 LATERAL SKEW REACTIONS FOR MACHINES ON RAILS . . . . . . 18
3.5.2.4 TYPICAL UP-LIFT OF A BUCKET WHEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5.8 REACTIONS FROM A LATERAL COLLISION OF A
STACKER-RECLAIMER BOOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5.9 REACTIONS FROM AN END-ON COLLISION OF A
STACKER-RECLAIMER BOOM DURING TRAVELLING . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5.13 TYPICAL BURYING OF A BUCKET WHEEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
E1 BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATORS AND BUCKET CHAIN
EXCAVATORS — CRAWLER MOUNTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
E2 RECLAIMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
E3 STACKER-RECLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
E4 TRIPPER-STACKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
E5 SCRAPER-RECLAIMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
E6 STACKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
E7 BELT WAGON — CRAWLER MOUNTED TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
E8 SHIP CONTINUOUS LOADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
E9 SHIP UNLOADERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
E10 CONVEYOR DRIVE HEADS AND THEIR TRANSPORTERS . . . . . . 79
F1 BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR — TYPICAL TERRACING CUT . . . 83
F2 BUCKET WHEEL RECLAIMER — FIRM STANDING STOCKPILE . . 84
F3 BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR — SLICE CENTROID . . . . . . . . . . . 85
F4 BUCKET WHEEL RECLAIMER — FREE FLOWING STOCKPILE . . . 86
G1 CARRYING VOLUMES OF A BUCKET ON A BUCKET WHEEL . . . 88
G2 CARRYING VOLUMES OF A BUCKET ON A BUCKET CHAIN . . . . 89
I1 CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL ON A FLAT BELT . . . . 93
I2 CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL ON A TWO-ROLLER
BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
I3 CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL ON A THREE-ROLLER
BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
 5 AS 4324.1 — 1995

Page

I4 CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL ON A FOUR-ROLLER

BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
I5 CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF MATERIAL ON A FIVE-ROLLER
BELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
I6 TYPICAL MAXIMUM CROSS SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
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First publi shed as AS 4324.1— 1995.

 AS 4324.1—1995 6

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials

Part 1: General requirements for the design of steel structures

S E C T I O N 1 S CO P E A N D G E NE R A L

1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies general requirements, design loads and specific
requirements for structures of mobile equipment for continuous handling of bulk materials,
including appliances and machines that are intended to carry out similar functions (e.g.
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excavators, stackers, reclaimers, ship loaders, ship unloaders).

It is not intended that this Standard be applied to the following equipment, but may be
applied to parts of such equipment:
(a) Feeders, fixed conveyors, bucket elevators and storage structures with through flow of
materials.
(b) Intermittent operation bulk handling equipment (i.e. equipment that handles or excavates
material on a cyclic basis, such as draglines and power shovels).
NOTES:
1 Explanatory notes on the drafting of this Standard are given in Appendix A.
2 Information that should be supplied with a purchase specification is given in Appendix B.

1.2 APPLICATION This Standard may in some instances be applied to the design of
certain stationary plants.
It is not intended that this Standard be applied to equipment that was designed before the
publication of this Standard.

1.3 INNOVATION It is not intended that the Standard should impose unnecessary
restrictions on the use of new or unusual materials or methods.

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The documents referred to in this Standard are listed
in Appendix C.

1.5 NOTATION The quantity symbols used in this Standard are listed in Appendix D.
Where possible, the quantity symbols used are generally similar to those in AS 4100 and
AS 3990. Due to inconsistencies between the quantity symbols used in these codes, an exact
equivalence is not possible.

1.6 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.6.1 Crowding board —a board placed near the edge of a conveyor belt to either increase
the carrying capacity or to prevent spillage.
NOTE: Crowding boards are sometimes referred to as skirt plates. Other devices (e.g. closely
spaced wire ropes) that achieve the same effect should be treated as though they are crowding
boards.
1.6.2 Design audit engineer — a suitably qualified engineer who undertakes independent
checks of the design (also known as a proof engineer).

COPYRIGHT
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AS 4324.1-1995, Mobile equipment for continuous

handling of bulk materials General requirements
for the design of steel structures
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