PBEECourse 8/22/2011

Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 1
1
NEHRP
Seismic
Design
Technical
Briefs
Acknowledgements
2
NEHRPConsultantsJointVenture partnershipoftheAppliedTechnologyCouncil
(ATC)andConsortiumofUniversitiesforResearchinEarthquakeEngineering(CUREE)
ThetechnicalbriefswerepreparedundertheJointVenturesexistingStructuraland
EarthquakeEngineeringResearchContractwithNIST
NIST StructuralandEarthquakeEngineeringProgram basedonrecommendations
developedbyATC,andpublishedintheATC57report,TheMissingPiece: Improving
SeismicDesignandConstructionPractices.
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Availableat....
http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/nistgcr109175.pdf
Outline
1. Introduction BackgroundandMotivation
2. NonlinearDemandParametersandModelAttributes
3. ModelingofStructuralComponents
4. FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
5. NonlinearStaticAnalysis
6. NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
4
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Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 3
BackgroundandMotivation
Whynonlinearanalysis?
1. Assessanddesignseismicretrofitofexistingbuildings
2. Designnewbuildingsthatemploystructuralmaterials,
systemsorotherfeaturesthatdonotconformto
currentbuildingcoderequirements
3. Assessbuildingperformanceforspecificowner
requirements(e.g.,desireforenhancedperformance)
5
SeismicRetrofit:MitchellEarth
SciencesBuildingatStanford
BackgroundandMotivation:SeismicRetrofit
1960sNonductileConcrete
MomentFrame
Assessedandretrofittedpost
LomaPrieta in199395
Goal:lifesafetyunderM7.5
earthquakeonSanAndreasFault
Earlyuseofnonlinearstatic
analysis(preFEMA273)
Courtesy:Degenkolb Engineers
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Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 4
BackgroundandMotivation:IllustrativeExamples BackgroundandMotivation:SeismicRetrofit
FEMA178(ASCE31Tier1)Evaluation
SoftStory
ShearStressCheck
Nonductile Detailing
LinearElasticAnalysis(ASCE31Tier2)
SAP90Model
ResponseSpectrumAnalysis
BeamDeficiencies:MomentandShear
ProposedStrengthening:InteriorandExteriorShearwalls
Courtesy:Degenkolb Engineers
BackgroundandMotivation:IllustrativeExamples BackgroundandMotivation:SeismicRetrofit
ATC33andATC40(FEMA356NSP) earlydrafts
Pseudo3Dmodel,Drain2DX
Calculatetheexpecteddisplacement
Evaluateexistingframestrengthanddetailing
Designalternativeretrofitwithreducedwallconfiguration
TargetDispl.14
Courtesy:Degenkolb Engineers
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BackgroundandMotivation:IllustrativeExamples BackgroundandMotivation:SeismicRetrofit
ATC33andATC40(FEMA356NSP) earlydrafts
Pseudo3Dmodel,Drain2DX
Calculatetheexpecteddisplacement
Evaluateexistingframestrengthanddetailing
Designalternativeretrofitwithreducedwallconfiguration
NewTarget
Displ.~4
OriginalPushover
Retrofitted
Pushover
Courtesy:Degenkolb Engineers
BackgroundandMotivation:IllustrativeExamples BackgroundandMotivation:SeismicRetrofit
RevisedRetrofit
Courtesy:Degenkolb Engineers
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BackgroundandMotivation:IllustrativeExamples BackgroundandMotivation:NonConformingNewTallBuilding
OneRinconHill
64storyresidentialtower
DuctileRCCoreWallw/BRB
outriggers
ExceedsASCE7limitsonRC
wallinSDCD
Designedin2005usingNL
Analysis
Courtesy:MagnussonKlemencic Assoc.
BackgroundandMotivation:IllustrativeExamples BackgroundandMotivation:HighPerformanceBuilding
SanFranciscoPublicUtilities
CommissionHeadquartersBuilding
13story,LEEDPlatinumwithenergyefficient
lightingandventilation,waterreuse,wind
andsolarpowergeneration
PosttensionedRCcorewallstoprovideself
centering,70percentcementreplacement
RCflatslab,integratedwithraisedfloor,
naturallighting,andthermalballast
EnhancedSeismicPerformance
DBE undamaged,continuedfunctionality
(<1%peakstorydrift,noresidualdrift)
MCE negligibledamagetostructure,some
damagetoarchitecturalcomponents
Courtesy:Tipping/MarAssoc.
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Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 7
HistoricalHighlights:SeismicAssessment
FEMA154RapidVisualScreening(1988,2002)
ASCE31SeismicEvaluationofBuildings(2004)
FEMA178HandbookforSeismicAssessmentofBuildings(1989)
FEMA310HandbookfortheSeismicEvaluationofBuildings APrestandard (1998)
ATC40(1996),SeismicEvaluationandRetrofitofConcreteBuildings
HAZUS(mid90s) RegionalLossEstimation(earthquakeplusother
hazards)EarthquakeLossforUnitedStates
ASCE41SeismicRehabilitationofExistingBuildings(2007)
FEMA273(ATC33,1997) NEHRPGuidelinesfortheSeismicRehabilitation
FEMA356(2000) Prestandard andCommentaryfortheSeismicRehabilitation
FEMA440(2006) ImprovementofNonlinearStaticSeismicAnalysisProcedures
GuidelinesforTallBuildings(2008) PEERTBI,LATBSDC,CTBUH
ATC58PerformanceBasedSeismicDesign(2011 75%Draft)
FEMAP695(ATC63)CollapseSafetyandProject07(2010)
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
Structurally
Stable
Life Safe
Beer!
Food!
Rare events
(10%/50yrs)
Very rare events
(2%/50yrs)
Operational
Frequent events
(50%/50yrs)
Lateral Deformation
Base
Shear
Demand
Joes
Beer!
Food!
Occasional events
(20%/50yrs)
Ref: R.O. Hamburger
AssessmentbyStaticPushoverAnalysis
(FEMA273/356andASCE41)
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
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BackgroundandMotivation BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
DeformationControlled ForceControlled
GeneralizedComponentResponseCurves
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
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ASCE4106*SeismicRehabilitationofExistingBuildings
Generalperformanceassessmentframework(IO,LS,CP)
Structuralcomponentmodelling parametersand
acceptancecriteria
Nonlinearstatic(pushover)analysisprocedure
*including2007supplement
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
FEMA440(2005) ImprovedStaticNLAnalysisProcedures
EvaluationofATC40andFEMA356procedures
Quantifyingeffectsofdegradation(incycledegradation)
andnewstabilitylimit
ImprovedCoefficientMethod(C
1
,C
2
andC
3
)for
calculatingtargetdisplacement
ImprovedCapacitySpectrum(equivalentlinearization)
methodforcalculatingtargetdisplacement
Soilstructureinteractioneffects
MDOFeffects
18
ASCE710MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildings
Chapter16 SeismicResponseHistoryProcedures
Provisionsforlinear(elastic)andnonlinear(inelastic)
KeyPoints
analysesandchecksforDBElevels
selectionandscalingofrecords
generalprovisionsforrelatingcalculatedquantitiesto
designacceptancecriteria
NEHRP2009RecommendedSeismicProvisions
ModificationsandcommentarytoChapter16ofASCE7
Resourcepapers:
useofNonlinearStaticAnalysisinASCE7
morecompleteprovisionsforNonlinearResponse
HistoryAnalysisinASCE7
NOTE AtaskcommitteeofBSSCiscurrentlydraftingrevised
provisions,whicharemoreextensiveandconsistentwithother
efforts(e.g.,tallbuildingguidelines)
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
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PEERTallBuildingInitiative:
2010guidelines
supportingstudies&documents
http://peer.berkeley.edu/tbi/
LATallBuildingsStructuralDesignCouncil:
2011guidelines
annualconference
specialprovisionsforRCstructures
GuidelineDocuments
PerformanceObjectives
DesignProcessandDocumentation
SeismicInputandModelingCriteria
PreliminaryDesign
ServiceLevelEvaluation
MCELevelEvaluation
DocumentationandPeerReview
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
20
PEER/ATC721:ModelingandAcceptance
CriteriaforSeismicDesignandAnalysis
GeneralNonlinearModeling
overviewofissues
deterioration,Pdelta,damping
uncertaintiesinmodelsandlimitstates
MomentFrameComponents
steelbeams,columns,panelzones
concretebeam,columns,joints
ShearWallsandSlabColumnFrames
planarandflangedwalls
couplingbeams
slabcolumncomponentsandconnections
PodiumDiaphragmsandCollectors
podiumandbackstayeffects
collectorsanddiaphragmsegments
modelingconsiderationsand
recommendations
BackgroundandMotivation:GuidelinesandStandards
242pages
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CAPACITYDESIGNPRINCIPLES
ClearlyDefinedYieldingMechanisms
Deformationcontrolledcomponents
Forcecontrolledcomponents
Advantages
Protectionfromsuddenfailureinelementsthat
cannotbeproportionedordetailedtoprovide
ductileresponse
Limitthelocationswhereexpensiveductile
detailingisrequired
Reliableenergydissipationbyenforcing
deformationmodeswhereinelasticdeformations
aredistributedtoductilecomponents
Greatercertaintyinhowthebuildingwillperform
understrongearthquakesandgreaterconfidence
inhowtheperformancecanbecalculated
BackgroundandMotivation:CapacityDesignPrinciples
Desirablenonlinearmechanism
incoupledRCwall(ATC721)
22
ForceControlledComponentsforCapacityDesign:ThePEERTBIandLATBSDC
TallBuildingGuidelinesspecifythefollowingcomponentsasonesthatshouldbe
designedasforcecontrolledtoremainessentiallyelastic:
BackgroundandMotivation:CapacityDesignPrinciples
Axialforcesincolumns
Compressivestrainsduetoflexure,axialorcombinedactionsinshearwallsorpiers:
thatdonothaveadequateconfinement
whereaxialcompressiondemandisabovethebalancedpoint
Shearinreinforcedconcretebeams(otherthandiagonallyreinforcedcoupling
beams),columns,shearwallsanddiaphragms
Punchingshearinslabsandmatfoundationswithoutshearreinforcing
Forcetransferfromdiaphragmsandcollectors
Connectionsthatarenotdesignedexplicitlyforthestrengthoftheconnected
components
Note manyoftheserecommendationsfollowcomparablerequirementsinASCE7,
AISCandACI,thoughsomearemorerestrictive.
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Outline
1. Introduction BackgroundandMotivation
2. NonlinearDemandParametersandModelAttributes
3. ModelingofStructuralComponents
4. FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
5. NonlinearStaticAnalysis
6. NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
23
24
DemandParameters&AcceptanceCriteria:Demand<Capacity
OverallMeasures
TotalDrift Peak(andResidual)
StoryDrift Peak(andResidual)
PeakFloorAccelerations
DeformationControlledComponents
HingeRotation(beams,columns,wallflexure)
Deformation(axial,shear,sliding)
Ductility(A/A
y
orc/c
y
)
Strain(gagelengths?)
GeneralizedStrain(curvature,axial)
Velocity(e.g.,fordampers)
ForceControlledComponents
Forceand/orMoment
Stress(gagelengthoraveragingarea?)
DemandParameters andModelAttributes
DeformationMeasures:
Peak(maximum)
Residual?
Cumulative?
Totalvs.Inelastic(plastic)
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DemandParametersandModelAttributes:ModelTypes
25
Drift
C
o
l
u
m
n

S
h
e
a
r
Phenomenological Fundament al
Accuracy Feasibilit y - Pract icalit y
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:WallModels
26
PhenomenologicalFundamental
IllustrativeWallModels
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DemandParametersandModelAttributes:ModelProperties
27
Materialandothermodelparametersshouldbespecifiedtoreflectthemedian*
(orexpected)properties,loadsandbehavior
ExpectedMaterialProperties
structuralsteel:F
y,exp
=R
y
F
y
(seeAISCSeismicProvisions)
reinforcingsteel:F
y,exp
=1.17F
y
(LATBSDCTallBuildingGuidelines)
concrete:f
c,exp
=1.3 f
c
(LATBSDCTallBuildingGuidelines)
Median(orExpected)ModelParameters
effectiveelasticstiffnessofconcrete,masonry,soil(amplitudedependent)
inelasticresponse
yieldandpeakstrengths
strainhardening
onsetofdegradationandsoftening
unloadingstiffnessandpinching
inelasticdeformation
damping(unmodeledenergydissipation)
Owingtolimiteddataandasapracticalmeasure,themedianpropertiesare
oftenapproximatedusingmeanorexpectedvalues.
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:ResponseEnvelopes
MonotonicversusCyclicEnvelope
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TestData:Gatto &Uang,ASCEJSE,Oct.2003
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HystereticComponentResponseFromEarthquakeTimeHistories
(a)1985Chilerecord (b)1995Koberecord
Shin,PEER,2005
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:LoadingHistoryEffects
Time,sec
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
MichaelScott,PEER,2003;FEMA440
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:TypesofDegradation
Incyclestrengthdegradation
Cyclicstrengthdegradation
Typesofstrengthdegradation
Strengthlossinsubsequent
cycles(notduringonecycle)
Strengthlossduringonecycle
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DemandParametersandModelAttributes:BackboneCurves
BackboneCurvesforAlternativeModelTypes(PEERTBIandATC721fordetails)
31
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:BackboneCurves
GeneralizedComponentResponse
ResponsecurvesinASCE41areessentially
thesameasOption2
cyclicenvelopefittocyclictestdata
ASCE41(FEMA273)originallyenvisionedfor
staticpushoveranalysiswithoutanycyclic
deformationintheanalysis
Option2/ASCE41:reasonableformost
analysisprogramsthattrackpostpeakin
cycledegradationbutdonotsimulate
cyclicdegradationofthebackbonecurve
PostPeakResponse:dashedlineconnecting
pointsCEinASCE41responsecurveis
morereasonablerepresentationofpost
peak(softening)response
32
ASCE41(andrelatedmodels)
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GeometricNonlinear(PA)Effects
NegativestiffnesseffectofPA:
Increasesinternalforcesassociatedwithoverturning:
KeyPoints
Wshouldreflecttheseismicmassthatisbeingstabilizedbythelateralsystem
(notjustthetributarygravityload)
LinearPAformulationsaccuratefordriftratiosuptoabout510%;forlarger
drifts,largerotation(e.g.,corotational)formulationsshouldbeused.
PA effectsarecanhavelargeeffectonpostpeakdegradation,evenifthey
appearnegligiblefortheelasticstructure.
V
A
K
g
= -W/ h
h
W = EP
g
W
V
M
ot
= Vh + PA
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:PA Effects
GeometricNonlinear(PA)Effects
NegativestiffnesseffectofPA:
Increasesinternalforcesassociatedwithoverturning:
KeyPoints
V
A
K
g
= -W/ h
h
W = EP
g
W
V
M
ot
= Vh + PA
DemandParametersandModelAttributes:PA Effects
GravityLoadCombination forNLAnalysis(ASCE710,TallBuildingGuidelines):
1.0D+L
exp
,whereL
exp
is25%ofthespecified(unreduced)liveload
(note ASCE4106appliesa1.1multipliertothisloadcombination)
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DemandParametersandModelAttributes:Uncertainties
UncertaintiesinSeismicAssessment:Largevariabilityindemandpredictions,
withdispersion(coefficientofvariation)ontheorderof0.5to0.8.
GroundMotionHazardIntensity
2%in50yearmean annualfrequencyofexceedence
GroundMotionCharacteristics
frequencycontentandduration
socalledrecordtorecorduncertainty
StructuralProperties,BehaviorandModels
variabilityinstructuralproperties(materials,
dimensions,etc.)
variabilityinnonlinearbehaviorofstructural
componentsandsystems
accuracyofmathematicalmodelsusedinanalysis
35
DemandParametersandModelAttributes
QualityAssuranceinNonlinearResponseHistoryAnalysis
BasicChecksofAnalysisModelandGroundMotions
Elasticmodes,masses,effectivemasses,participationfactors,totalgravityload
Generateelastic(displacement)responsespectraoftheinputgroundmotions
Performelasticresponsespectraandelasticdynamicanalysestocomparewith
eachotherandwithnonlinearanalyses
NonlinearStaticAnalysis
Checkresponsequantitiesagainstelasticanalysisand/orinelasticstrengthlimits
Equilibriumchecksofselectedcomponents
Performmodelsensitivityanalyses
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
Checkresponsequantitiesagainstelasticanalysisand/orinelasticstrengthlimits
Plothysteresisresponsesofselectedcomponents
Performmodelsensitivityanalyses
36
Aboveall:
1. Knowthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthesoftware
2. Usecapacitydesigntocontrolresponse
3. Applyjudgmenttoassessthecalculatedresponse
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Outline
1. Introduction BackgroundandMotivation
2. NonlinearDemandParametersandModelAttributes
3. ModelingofStructuralComponents
4. FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
5. NonlinearStaticAnalysis
6. NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
37
ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCMomentFrames
38
RCMomentFrames
PrimaryComponents
beams,columns,beamcolumnjoints
PreferredModel:concentratedplasticity(hinge)type
Resources
ASCE41,supplement1(2008)
ATC721(2010)
PEERRCColumnDatabase(~400tests)
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/spd/
TallBuildingGuidelines(LATBSDC,PEERTBI)
StatusofModels
considerabledataonflexuredominantbeamcolumns
withlowtomoderateaxialloadandbeamcolumnjoints
morelimiteddataonbeams,columnswithhighshear
and/oraxialload,splices
uniaxialhinges welldevelopedhystereticmodelsthat
accountfordegradation
PMhinges basicmodelsavailablebutwithlimited
hystereticdegradationcapabilities
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ModelingofStructuralComponents:BeamColumnHinge
39
KeyParameters:
strength
initialstiffness
postyieldstiffness
plasticrotation(capping)capacity
postcappingslope
cyclicdeteriorationrate
CalibrationProcess:
250+columns(PEERdatabase)
flexure&flexuresheardominant
calibratedtoexpectedvalues
DemandParameterOutput:hingerotation
KEYASSUMPTION:bondslipisincorporatedinthe
beamcolumnmodelparameters
SemiEmpirical calibratedfrom
tests,fiberanalyses,andbasic
mechanics:
SecantStiffness(EI
eff
)
YieldStrength(My)
HardeningStiffness
Empirical calibratedfromtests:
Capping(peak)point
Postpeakunloading(strain
softening)stiffness
Hystereticstiffness/strength
degradation
Ocap
40
ModelingofStructuralComponents:BeamColumnHinge
Dispersion~0.1to0.3 Dispersion~0.6to0.8
K

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ModelingofStructuralComponents:BeamColumnHinge
41
0.6 fc Ag 0.6 fc Ag
0.15 fc Ag 0.15 fc Ag
PostPeakResponse:KeyParameter:P/P
balance
TestsbyMoehle andSezen (UCBerkeley)
ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCinitialstiffnessEI/EIg
42
P/Po 0.1 0.3 0.6
0.4Py(EI/EIg) 0.30 0.60 0.80
Py (EI/EIg) 0.20 0.35 0.60
Haselton,etal.(2007);ATC721(2010)
ASCE41 2008Supplement(Elwoodetal.,2007)
o(ln)=0.35
P/Po 0.1 0.3 0.5
Py (EI/EIg) 0.30 0.50 0.70
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ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCplasticrotation
43
Ocap
Median:
Dispersion:
Haselton,etal.(2008)
ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCplasticandultimaterotation
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ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCplasticrotation,comparedw/ASCE41
a
ATC721(2010)
Haselton(2008)
ASCE41S(2008)
ModelingofStructuralComponents:SteelMomentFrames
46
SteelMomentFrames
PrimaryComponents
beams,columns,jointpanelzone
PreferredModel:concentratedplasticity(hinge)type
Resources
ASCE41,supplement1(2008)
ATC721(2010)
FEMA355D,StateofArtReportonConnection
Performance(2000)
StatusofModels
considerabledataonbeamsandbeamcolumnjoints
morelimiteddataoncolumns,particularlyoneswhere
torsionalflexuralbucklingispossible
uniaxialhinges welldevelopedhystereticmodelsthat
accountfordegradation
PMhinges basicmodelsavailablebutwithlimited
hystereticdegradationcapabilities
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ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCShearWalls
47
RCShearWalls
PrimaryComponents
slenderwalls,squatwalls,couplingbeams
PreferredModel:fiberwallpanels,orinlimitedcases,
lumpedplasticitybeamcolumnidealizations
Resources
ASCE41,supplement1(2008)
ATC721(2010)
Powell,G.,DetailedExampleofaTallShearWall
BuildingusingPERFORM3D,CSI,Berkeley,CA.
StatusofModels
reasonableconfidenceformodelingcouplingbeamsand
slendershearwallswithlowaxialstress
lesswelldevelopedmodelsforsquatshearwallsor
slenderwallsthataresensitivetocompressiveorshear
failures
determinationofstrainsaresensitivefiberelement
discretizationandassumedgagelength
ModelingofStructuralComponents:RCShearWalls
48
Tshapedwallspecimen
Rectangularwallspecimen
ModelSensitivityinRCShearWalls
calculatedstrainsaresensitiveto
fiberelementdiscretizationandgage
length
Note recommendedtodiscretize
hingelengthbyoneelement.
influenceoflargeinelasticcyclic
(tensilecompressive)loadingonthe
compressiveresponseofwall
boundarymembers
Note compressivestrainat2%drift
isontheorderof0.015.
TestsandanalysesbyWallace(ATC721)
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ModelingofStructuralComponents:MasonryInfillWalls
49
MasonryInfillWalls(RETROFIT)
PrimaryComponents
masonryinfill,concreteorsteelframe
primarilyRETROFITapplications
PreferredModel:singleormultiplediagonal
struts
Resources
ASCE41,supplement1(2008)
FEMA306/307,Evaluationofearthquake
damagedconcreteandmasonrywall
buildings,(1998).
StatusofModels
diagonalstrutisanapproximatemodel,
whosepropertiesareadjustedtoconsider
severalpossiblefailuremodesinmortaror
masonryunits
SENSITIVITYanalysesarerecommendedto
improveconfidenceinanalysisresults
needalsotoconsidershearorsplicefailures
inboundaryframemembers
ModelingofStructuralComponents:BracedFrames
50
SteelBracedFrames
PrimaryComponents
steelbraces(bucklingorBRB),steelframe
PreferredModel:fiberbeamcolumnwithgeometric
imperfectiontosimulatebuckling
Resources
ASCE4106
Uriz,P.,Mahin,S.A.(2008),TowardEarthquake
ResistantDesignofConcentricallyBracedSteel
FrameStructures,PEERReport2008/08.
StatusofModels
whencalibratedwithappropriateimperfections,
fiberbeamcolumncansimulateoverallbrace
bucklingundercyclicloads
maximumdriftsand/orbracedeformationsshould
belimitedunlesslocalbucklingandfractureis
consideredinthemodel
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ModelingofStructuralComponents:ResponseModificationDevices
51
ResponseModificationDevices
PrimaryComponents
Energydissipaters(viscousorhystereticdampers)
Seismicisolators
PreferredModel:uniaxialmodelsthatemploythe
appropriatehystereticrule(orcombinationofrules)
Resources
ASCE710(Chp.17and18)
ASCE41(Chp.9)
StatusofModels
Idealizedhystereticspringmodelsaregenerally
availablethatcanbecalibratedtodataavailable
frommanufacturersofresponsemodification
devices
Outline
1. Introduction BackgroundandMotivation
2. NonlinearDemandParametersandModelAttributes
3. ModelingofStructuralComponents
4. FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
5. NonlinearStaticAnalysis
6. NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
52
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FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
53
DirectApproach SubstructureApproach
Reference:Stewart,J.P.,Tileylioglu,S.,Inputgroundmotions
fortallbuildingswithsubterraneanlevelsPEERTBITask8.
u
g
:freefieldgroundmotions
u
FIM
:FoundationInputMotions
FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
54
DirectApproach
explicitmodelingofsoil,foundations,
contactinterfaces,andstructure
freefieldgroundmotions,adjustedfor
incoherencewhereappropriate
advantage:generalapproachthatis
notsubjecttosimplifyingassumptions
thatmaylimitapplicability
disadvantages:
challengesassociatedwith
definingmodelparametersand
inputgroundmotions
computationallyintensive
data/modelmanagementcan
becomeintractableanddifficult
toassesssensitivitytomodeling
parameters
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FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
55
Substructure(soilspring)Approach
approximatesoilfoundationspring
anddampermodels
forbuildingswithrelativesmall
footprintsandembedment,freefield
motionsaretypicallyusedasinput
disadvantages:approximate,
challengesofcharacterizingsoil
foundationspring/damperproperties
(amplitudedependent)
advantages:
conceptuallystraightforward,
practical,andcomputationally
efficient
amenabletosensitivityanalyses
tobracketdesignsolution
ExcitationwithFIM,including
foundationflexibilityanddamping
Simplifiedexcitationwithfreefield
motions,includingfoundationflexibility
anddamping
Outline
1. Introduction BackgroundandMotivation
2. NonlinearDemandParametersandModelAttributes
3. ModelingofStructuralComponents
4. FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
5. NonlinearStaticAnalysis
6. NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
56
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NonlinearStaticAnalysis
57
NonlinearStaticAnalysis(ASCE41)
EquivalentStaticEarthquakeLoad
ForceDistribution
TargetDisplacement
DemandParameters
MemberForces&Deformations
StoryDrift
ApplicabilityofNSAMethod
DynamicStability(R
max
)Check
HigherModeCheck
ComponentAcceptanceCriteria
ForceControlledElements
DeformationControlledElements
V
o
roof
GlobalPushoverResponse
o
t
FEMA440 ImprovedTargetDisplacement(akaperformancepoint):
ImprovedCoefficientMethod(incorporatedinASCE41)
ImprovedEquivalentLinearization(CapacitySpectrumATC40)Method(s)
elasticroofdisplacement
NonlinearStaticAnalysis
58
C
1
=amplificationforinelasticresponse
C
2
=amplificationforpinchedhysteresis,
cyclicstiffnessandstrengthdeterioration
OriginalATC40,FEMA356Method NewFEMA440Methods(A,B,C)
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 30
FEMA440 DynamicStabilityCheck:
NonlinearStaticAnalysis
59
NonlinearStaticAnalysis
60
NonlinearStaticAnalysis VirtuesandLimitations
Virtues
straightforwardtoperformandinterpret
computationallyefficient
avoidscomplexitiesofdynamicanalysis
Limitations
staticapproximationtodynamicresponse
inaccuratewherehighermodeeffectsaresignificant(above5stories)
ProposedImprovements Inconclusive*
adaptiveandMultiModePushover
consecutiveModalPushover
UsefulwithNonlinearDynamicAnalysis
checkanddebugnonlinearanalysismodel
developunderstandingofstructuralyieldmechanisms
parametricstudiesforpreliminarydesign
*NISTGCR109179(2010),ApplicabilityofNonlinearMultipleDegreeof
FreedomModelingforDesign
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 31
Outline
1. Introduction BackgroundandMotivation
2. NonlinearDemandParametersandModelAttributes
3. ModelingofStructuralComponents
4. FoundationandSoilStructureInteraction
5. NonlinearStaticAnalysis
6. NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
61
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis
62
NonlinearDynamic(ResponseHistory)Analysis
AdditionalConsiderations:
DefinitionofInputGroundMotions
SelectionofGroundMotions
Scaling(orspectralmatching)ofGroundMotions
SoilStructureInteraction(?)
HystereticModelsandParameters
monotonicvs.cyclicskeletoncurve
capabilitiestosimulatedeterioration
ModelingofInertialMass
SpecificationofViscousDamping
DataProcessingandStatistics
meanvs.mean+sigmademands
acceptancecriteria:design,nominalorexpectedvalues
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 32
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:GroundMotions
63
DefinitionofInputGroundMotions:
TargetHazardSpectra
service,DBE,MCE
uniformhazardspectra,or
conditionalmeanspectra(?)
DominantEarthquakeSource
Faultmechanismandproximity
characteristicEQmagnitude
sitesoil/rockproperties
SourceGroundMotions(>7pairs)
recordedmotions
spectrallymatched
syntheticmotions
RecordedMotions typicallyscaledto
targethazardspectrafrom0.2Tto
1.5T,whereTisthefirstmodebuilding
period.
ViscousDampingwithNonlinearDynamicAnalysis
Raleigh(proportional)Damping:
ExplicitDampingElements
[c]
i
configuredtorepresentlikely
sourcesofviscousandother
incidentaldamping.
[c]
i
ModalDamping:
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:Damping
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 33
Observations:
1. Measureddampingintherangeof2%to8%ofcritical
2. Effectivedampingseemstodecreasewithincreasingbuidling height
3. Difficult(impossible)todistinguishhystereticandviscousdamping
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:Damping
REF:Chopra/Goel
RecordedStrongMotionData(US)
Assumethatenergydissipationatlargedeformationsisprimarily
accountedforbyhystereticresponse
Raleighormodaldampingisusuallyexpressedasapercentageofcritical
damping(forfirstfewmodes)toreflectothersourcesofunmodeled
energydissipation:
SACJointVenture(1995):2%
FEMAP695(2007):5%
TallBuildings PEERTBI(2010)andLATBSDC(2011):2.5%
CTBUH:1to2%forbuildingstallerthan50meters
Suggestedvalues:
1%to5%,dependingonbuildingheight,structuralandarchitecturalmaterials,
andshakingamplitude(serviceEQversusMCE)
specifycriticaldampinginfirstfewmodes(~0.2Tto1.5T)
beawarehowanalysissoftwareimplementsdamping(checksensitivityof
resultstospecifieddamping)
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:Damping
RecommendationsforDamping
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 34
67
LimitStatesandAcceptanceCriteria(assuming7recordpairs)
DemandParameters andModelAttributes
Limit ASCE 7(2010) PEERTBI(2010) LATBSDC(2011)
Service EQ 50%in30yr. 50%in30yr.
Story Drift 0.5% 0.5%
ForceControlled mean<F
n,exp
NA
Deform.Controlled little tonodamage
(IOperASCE41)
little tonodamage
(IOperASCE41)
SafetyEQ DBE(=2/3MCE) MCE MCE
Story Drift Mean1.25x2% mean 3%;max4.5% mean 3%;max4.5%
ResidualStory Drift mean 1%;max1.5% mean 1%;max1.5%
ForceControlled max<|F
n
(inplaceofO
o
)
1.2to1.5mean <|F
n,exp
1.5mean < F
n,exp
ForceControlled
(noncritical)
mean<|F
n,exp
mean < F
n,exp
Deform.Controlled mean<2/3o
u
mean<o
u
(CPperASCE41)
mean<o
u
(CPperASCE41)
Lateralstrength <20%loss <20%loss
NonlinearModelingAssumptionsandCriteria
8StoryRCFrameExample Staticvs.DynamicAnalysis
68
Officeoccupancy
LosAngelesBasin
DesignCode:2003IBC/2002
ACI/ASCE702
PerimeterFrameSystem
MaximumconsideredEQ
demands:
S
s
=1.5g;S
1
=0.9g
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 35
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:8StoryExample
DBE
MCE
1.5MCE
8StoryRCFrame Staticvs.DynamicAnalysis
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:64storyRCWallSystem
64StoryRCWallSystem DynamicAnalysis
Courtesy:MagnussonKlemencic Assoc.
StoryDriftRatio
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 36
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:64storyRCWallSystem
Courtesy:MagnussonKlemencic Assoc.
64StoryRCWallSystem DynamicAnalysis
WallShear WallMoment
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:64storyRCWallSystem
Courtesy:MagnussonKlemencic Assoc.
64StoryRCWallSystem DynamicAnalysis
WallSegmentShear
LongitudinalBar
TensileStrains
PBEECourse 8/22/2011
Deierlein RCFrameBenchmarkingStudy 37
NonlinearDynamicAnalysis:64storyRCWallSystem
Courtesy:MagnussonKlemencic Assoc.
64StoryRCWallSystem DynamicAnalysis
CouplingBeamRotation
CouplingBeamRotation
74