A Study on Supervisory Control And Data Acqusition (SCADA)

An Industrial training report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Submitted by Taviti Naga Venkata Chandra ShekaraRao Registration No : 1210409159

Under the extreme guidance of Mr. Kommu Chaitanya M.Tech Assistant Professor

GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GITAM UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM.

GITAM UNIVERSITY (Declared as Deemed to be University u/s of the UGC Act of 1956) Visakhapatnam (India)

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Industrial training report entitled SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) is the bonafide report work done by Taviti Naga Venkata Chandra SekharaRaoduring the academic year 2012-2013 for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING From GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam (India).

INTERNAL GUIDE Mr. Kommu Chaitanya, M.Tech (Assistant professor) Gitam University.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Dr. V.Malleswararao, M.E, Ph.D Head and Professor (ECE) GitamUniversity.

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Apart from my efforts, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. First I would like to thank Dr. V. MalleswaraRao, HOD , Department of ECE, GITAM University for permitting us to get trained in Dr.NTTPS THERMAL POWER STATION at Vijayawada. I would also like to thank my Internal Guide Mr.KommuChaitanya for his supervision and support, which was greatly helped in progression and smoothness on the entire training program. I am greatly indebted to Dr.NTTPS THERMAL POWER STATION Vijayawada for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the technical details of their organization. A special thanks to k. Jangaiah, for giving us some time and helping us in successful completion of the training program. My thanks and appreciations also go to my parents and friends who are willingly helped me out with their abilities, in completing the training program.

CONTENTS Page No. Introduction CHAPTER-I 1. Power Generation In Thermal Power Plant CHAPTER-II 1. Thermal Plant Overview CHAPTER- III 1. SCADA 1.1 What is SCADA? 1.2. What is the difference betweenscada and dcs? 1.3. What is data acquisition? 1.4. So why or where would you use SCADA 1.5. How SCADA Works? 1.6. The Future of SCADA. 2. Block Diagram of Typical Scada System 3. Hardware connectivity diagram For Scada at substation. 4. Components of Scada. 5. Types of Displays 6. Functions of Scada 7. Potential benefits and practical uses of SCADA Conclusion References. 07

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ABSTRACT

Automatic Process control is the principle partof industrial progress which is now termed as second industrial revolution. It has many intangible gains such as the elimination of work, not requiring a worth while mental effort and a corresponding demand for work with a much higher skill. Elimination of errors that may arise due to manual work is another positive contribution of implementing automatic control. Automatic control system actually means the maintenance of a desired value of a quantity (or) condition by measuring the existing value, comparing it to the desired value and employing the difference to initiate action for reducing the difference. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. It is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. A SCADA system gathers information, such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred, transfers the information back to a central site, alerting the home station that the leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system.

INTRODUCTION

Electricity is modern societys most convenient and useful form of energy. Without it, the present social infrastructure would not be feasible. The Energy in the form of electricity is most desirable as it is easy to transport, and can be easily converted to heat or work as per requirement. Power is generated in various methods from various resources. Out of all Thermal Hydral and Nuclear Power generation have gained importance for their availability in abundance &easy existence of their resources. 64% of the total installed capacity is Thermal Plants and hence more importance is given to them. Vijayawada Thermal Power station, well known asVTPS, IS LOCATED AMID OF eastern Ghats at Ibrahimpatnam near Vijayawada of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh. After NTPC Ramagundam VTPS is the leading producer in Thermal Power Production in India. VTPS has 6 operating stations each with an installed capacity of 210 Mw taking an input of 3000 tons of coal per unit per day. In this plant ,bituminous coal as primary fuel is burnt continuously in excess of oxygen and the high thermal energy of coal is converted into electric energy with an efficiency of 34.5%.

PLANT SPECIFICATIONS : Type Capacity Units Output By Products : Thermal Plant : 1260 Mw : 6 Units, each of capacity 210 Mw : Electric Power : Ash and Flue gases

LOAD SPECIFICATIONS : Power Current Voltage : 210 Mw(per unit) : 9000 Amp : 15.75 Kv

Design features of VTPS: Stage-I The coal bunkers and mills are located in between the Boiler house and ESPS unlike usual arrangements else wherein the country placing the bunkers and mills in between the turbine house and boilers. Thus, the turbine house is completely isolated from the mills to ensure dust free atmosphere in the turbine house and easy accessibility of mills for maintenance. Multiple flue chimney is also a new feature of the Power Station.

Stage II &III : The second and third stage boilers, turbines and generators are entirely of completely new design. The boilers used here of tower type single pass design, manufactured by M/s BHEL in collaboration with STEIN Industry(France).HWV turbine and generators of West Germany design areinstalled in the second and third stages. In third stage Digitally Distributed Control System is used.

CHAPTER-I POWER GENERATION IN THERMAL POWER PLANT

Energy Conversion : Chemical Energy Thermal Energy Steam Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

Principle of operation: The chemical energy of coal is transferred into thermal energy by burning it. The resulting heat produced is used to boil water and steam thus generated is used to rotate turbines, thus converting it into mechanical energy. The shaft connected to turbine is coupled with rotor shaft of generator and it is rotated with a constant speed of 3000 rpm. Thus electrical power is generated which is distributed via transmission lines.

Process of Power generation

The process of power generation in a thermal power plant consists of three main systems. They are 1.Condensate system. 2.Steam generation and utilization. 3.Air and flue gas system. The main fuel used in the thermal power plant is coal. The available chemical energy that is in the form of coal is converted into thermal energy by combustion and this heat energy is used to convert water into steam. This action takes place in the boiler also called as steam generator. This steam energy is converted into mechanical energy in the turbine, which drives the rotor of the alternator, where the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. The steam generator (boiler)is a two-pass tower type,reheat natural circulation single drum,balance draft boiler designed for burning of coal as principle fuel.The complete furnace section is of welded membrane wall type arranged as gas and pressure tight envelope. The walls of the furnace are made up of water tubes. These are connected to headers and feed water is circulated through them.While water passes
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through the tubes heat is absorbed from the furnace by radiation.The water in the tubes gets converted into steam. The steam and mixture flows into the drum and steam is separated in the drum by turbo separators. This steam is called saturated steam. Super heater coils are placed in the boiler to further super heat the saturated steam to increase the heat energy supplied to the steam turbine. A two stage de-super heater is provided to control the steam temperature in the super heater system. Steam line from the outlet to super heater and up to the inlet of the HP turbine , pressure and temperature of the steam will come down. This steam is called cold reheat steam. The cold reheat steam is again admitted in the reheated circuit to reheat the steam at constant pressure to raise its temperature almost equal to super heated steam. The heat energy in the steam is increased in the re-heater and this reheated steam is admitted into the IP turbine. The steam is exposed doing some additional work before exhausting into the condenser from LP turbine. One de-super heater is provided between two sections of re-heater and is used only as an emergency device for controlling the reheat steam temperature. The coal is pulverized into fine particles in the local pulverizes and with the help of pressurized hot air ,pulverized coal is carried to the combustion chamber. Also controlled secondary air is sent to the combustion chamber to supply the necessary oxygen to the fuel for proper combustion and to minimize the CO content in the fuel gas to avoid atmospheric pollution.

Bottom ash hopper is located at bottom of the furnace for collection of unburnt coal and electrostatic precipitator is provided in the flue gas system to remove the ash content in the flue gas.

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Feed Water System :

The basic cycle of the thermal power plant is the stream generated in a boiler and fed to a turbine where its heat energy is converted in to mechanical work to drive a generator.The steam is then condensed and the condensate is pumped back to the boiler,where it receives heat and again gets converted into steam.

For each kilogram of steam delivered to the turbine about 950 Kg is used (from 158 bar,565Centigrade down to 41 bar 12% wetness)while the latent heat rejected to the condenser is about 2150 Kg.The aim of regenerative feed heating is to save a part of this latent heat. In the regenerative feed heating system the condensate and feed water pass through feed heaters(heat exchanges).The steam after condensing in the feed heaters is then returned to mix with the condensate flow.This portion of steam bled from the turbine has been efficiently used compared with that portion which passes through condenser. A certain amount of heat in the flue gas can be utilized to raise the temperature of the feed water to the saturation temperature flowing through the economizer coils to the drum hence reduced the temperature difference between drum temperature and feed water flowing to the drum2 and therefore better water circulation in the boiler . The economizer elements are located at the top of the furnace and are arranged for parallel flow.

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Air and Flue Gas Systems: Primary Air System : Primary air fans called PA fans draw air from the atmosphere. There are two PA fans per each unit. This air is filtered and is heated in APH (air pre heaters) to a temperature of 80c.The primary air is introduced into the mills has two functions. 1.To increase the temperature of the coal powder before it is sent into the combustion chamber so that it burns easily and completely. 2.To lift and carry the coal powder from the mill to the firing deviation of boiler. For generation of 210MW,210T/hr of primary air is required. This primary air and coal powder are sent into combustion chamber in 1:1 ratio. Secondary Air System: The combustion of coal requires oxygen ,which is not sufficient from primary air. Therefore secondary air of around 450T/Hr is sent into the combustion. This air is also drawn from the atmosphere by Forced Draft fans(FD fans),filtered heated in Air-pre heater and sent into the combustion chamber .Here a control called secondary airflow control is present. Flue Gas system: After the coal is burnt completely, some ash long with the flue gas will raise up the boiler because a negative draft of 10mmwe is maintained in the boiler by the induced draft fans (ID fans).this flue gas has temperature of 350c .This heat energy is utilized to some extent for heating the primary and secondary air in pre heater.

After coming out of air pre heater, the flue gases have a temperature of 150c .This is given to electrostatic precipitators (ESPS), which remove the ash particles from the flue gases. The ID fans will draw these flue gases and sent them out through the chimney in to the atmosphere. The flue gas temperature is maintained above the acid dew point temperature. In this system first the flue gases come from the furnace and then go to Economizer. From the economizer these gases pass to the ESPS and then to ID fans (induced draft fans).There are two induced draft fans for each unit whose job is to maintain a negative pressure of 5mmwc inside the boiler. This is done
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to draw the flue gases out of the boiler and send them out through chimney quickly. There are six transmitters placed at the boiler to measure the pressure.

Steam Generation and Utilization: The fine powder of coal from the mill, which has 80c comes to the furnace.In the furnace constant combustion takes place. The walls of the furnace are made up of water tubes. These are connected to the headers and feed water is circulated through them. While water passes through the tubes the heat is absorbed from the furnace by radiation. The water in the wall tubes converted into steam and the steam and water mixture flows to the drum. Drum is nothing but a storage tank for water and steam. Inside the drum, separators separate water and steam from each other, water is present at the bottom half and steams at the upper half of the drum Only the steam is sent into the ranger platters and super heater zone. The water is circulated into the boiler through down comers and up comers until it is converted into steam. The temperature inside the around 340c.

Condensate System: After work done in the turbine, the steam is brought into the condenser into water. For condensation water from Krishna River is pumped into the condenser at a rate of 30,000T/hr in a number of pipes. Steam is allowed to fall from the top of the condenser, this steam gives its latent energy to the water in the pipes and condenses. The water from the river, which is used for cooling is called Raw water. There should be no contact between the raw water the feed water and it is demineralized water.

A negative pressure of 0.9kg/sq.cm is maintained in the condenser so that the steam is extracted immediately from the turbine after it finishes its work there.

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It should not be allowed to condense here as it will cause damage to the turbine. Because of the negative pressure water in the condenser is to be extracted for which Condensate Extraction Pumps(CEP) are used. There are three CEPS for each unit in which two will be working and one is stand- by. These pumps pump the water into the water heaters with a pressure of 20kg/sq.cm.

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CHAPTER-2 THERMAL PLANT OVERVIEW

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Coal Handling Plant: Coal is brought from Talcher and Singareni coal mine and is in the form of large rocks. The coal handling plant collects it and is crushed into small pieces by crushers until it is reduced to a size of 20mm diameter. This crushed coal is sent into the bunkers by a conveyer belt to feed to the mills. Mills: Coal from the bunkers is fed to the mill from both sides. The mill consists of large rotating cylinder. Inside the cylinder there are large iron balls weighing around 90 tones. When coal is introduced into the mills, it is crushed between the balls into the boiler for firing. There are three mills per each unit in which two will be in service and one is standby. Here two control loops are necessary, they are 1. Primary Air Header Pressure Control 2. Mill Outlet Temperature Control

Primary Air Fan (PAfan): Primary air fan is used to lift the pulverized coal into the boiler. Force Draft Fan(FD fan): FD fan (sec air)is used to give sufficient air to the furnace for the purpose of good combustion.

Induced Draft Fan(ID fan): ID fan is used to remove the flue gases in the furnace and maintain certain negative pressure in the furnace.

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FIG1:THERMAL PLANT OVERVIEW Air Pre Heaters(APH): Air pre heater is used to heat primary and secondary air by utilizing the temperature content in the flue gases. Economizer: Economizer is the part of the boiler at around 60m height. It consists of a number of pipes through which water from the HPHS are circulated. This water gains temperature from the flue gases escaping out of the boiler .Therefore, medium of heating here is flue gas. The temperature of water rises to 290c.This is now partly steam and partly water and this mixture is sent to the drum.

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Boiler Drum: Boiler drum is the most important part in the power generation system. The main purpose of this drum is to separate the steam from the steam and water mixture. The only means of indication of water in the tubes located in the furnace is the presence of water in the drum. This drum is located above the furnace at an elevation of 64mts. Super Heaters: Steam from the drum at around 340c is just about saturated (at 150kg/sq.cm) and there is chance that it may contain moisture. Therefore, this steam is sent through three superheaters to get super heated steam that does not contain any moisture. They are 1. LTSH (low temperature super heater) 2. ITSH (Intermediate temperature super heater) 3. HTSH (High temp super heater) This super heater consists of a number o f pipes together arranged at deviations in the boiler. The steam gets superheated by absorbing heat through convection and radiation from the flue gases and flames respectively.

Feed Water Control: Feed water control is the regulation of water to the boiler drum. The water is admitted to boiler drum and after absorbing the heat from the furnace ,it generates the steam. The level of water in the steam drum should be maintained with in certain band. A decrease in this level may uncover the boiler tubes which causes the over heating of boiler tubes. If the drum level increases the water enters the turbine and causes erosion of turbine blades. The drum level can be controlled by controlling the feed water flow.

Electrostatic Precipitator(ESP) ESPS are used to collect ash from the flue gases. The main purpose of this is to reduce the environmental pollution caused due to the impurities present in the flue gases. which are released to the atmosphere.

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Hot Well: Hot well is the temporary storage unit which stores the condensed water. This is located at the bottom of the condenser.The maintenance of level in the hot well constitutes one of the most important controls in power generation.

Condensed Extraction Pump(CEP): Because of the negative pressure water in the condenser is to be extracted from hot well to deaerator .There are three CEPS for each unit in which two are working and one is stand-by. These pumps pump the water into the water heaters with a pressure of 20kg/sq.cm High Pressure Turbine(HPT): The main steam is introduced into the HPT and it works by rotating the shaft. As a result the temperature of the steam drops to around 340c and pressure to around 34kg/sqcm at the outlet is called cold reheat line(CRH Line). Re-Heaters: The CRH lines are sent to the re-heaters. They are 1. Low temperature re-heater (LTRH) 2. High temperature re-heater(HTRH) The outlet of the HRTH again has a temperature of 540c ,but pressure remains 34kg/sq.cm.These re-heaters are also a bunch of pipes inside the boiler just like super heaters. The outlet of HTRH is hot reheat(HRH) lines. Intermediate Pressure Turbine(IPT):

The re-heat steam with a temperature of 540c and a pressure of 34kg/sq.cm is introduced into the HPT where steam expands is only one direction in IPT, it is expanded in both the directions when steam is introduced in the middle ,the middle the outlet steam of IPT has a temperature of 320c and a pressure of 6kg/sq.cm.

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Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) The outlet steam from IPT is directly introduced into the LPT. Out of the work to be done to generate 210MW,20% of it is done in HPT,30% in IPT and the larger part of 50% is done in LPT. Thus LPT extracts the maximum work from the steam. The steam loses its entire energy and it is sucked into the condenser by maintaining negative pressure of 0.9kg/sqcm.The temperature will about 50c.

Water Heaters: The temperature of water of the CEP discharge is about 50 c . It is not an advisable to heat this water and make super heated steam of 540c temperature directly in theboiler.So this water is heated gradually at different stages by water heaters which use steam as a medium of heating. The water passes through all these water heaters and attains a temperature of 250 c at a pressure of 160 kg/cm^2 before it is actually introduced into the boiler and converted into steam. This not only increases the efficiency of the boiler but also of the system as a whole. Each of the these heaters is discussed below.

Gland Steam Cooler : When steam is introduced into the turbine a high pressure there is a chance of it to escape between the shaft and the bearings.To avoid this, steam is given continuously at the glandsof the shaft at a pressure of 8kg/cm^2. The latent heat present in this steam should not be wasted. Therefore it is introduced into a water heater called gland steam cooler. Ejectors: Steam is used for creating negative pressure in the condenser .This steam after completing its job in the condenser passes through the Ejectors. It gives away its heat to the feed water and condenses into the drains. There is just two or three deg rise in temperature because of ejectors.

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Drain Coolers: The steam after giving away its heat to the feed water in LP condensers. But it still contains some heat energy. Therefore drain are arranged just before LP heaters and any amount of heat remaining in the condensed water is given away. It leads to just a or two degrees rise in temperature. heaters coolers energy degree

Low Pressure Heaters: Steam from pressure turbines (LPT) is tapped at three different places and is given to three LP heaters for heating the feed water. As a result the temperature of the feed water raises from 55c to 125 c. The outlet of LPH3 is connected to the deaerator . The levels in these three heaters are controlled by auto drain system. In the event of abnormality provision is made for auto isolation of the respective heater . Here LPH high and normal level control is present.

Deaerator(DA): Deaerator is a device which performs the job of deaeration . This means that any amount of dissolved oxygen that is present in the feed water is removed by mechanical process using some amount of steam. Therefore the temperature of the water also raises upto 170 c. The water after deaeration is stored in the Feed storage tank(FST). Here deaerator high and normal level control is provided.

Boiler Feed Pump (BFP): The BFPs send water to the boiler with a very high pressure. These are very powerful pumps (3 in number) with a very high pressure of around 180 kg/cm^2 , so that the steam entering the turbine has a pressure of 150 kg/cm^2. Out of the three pumps two are in service and one is stand by. Due to the pump action , there is also a rise in temperature of 2 to 3 c. Here BFPrecirculation control is provided . If water does not flow through the pumps continuously ,the pumps will get damaged .
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High Pressure Heater(HPH): As the outlet of the BFPs has a very high pressure , these are called high - pressure heaters . There are two heaters: HPH5 and HPH6. Steam is tapped from HPT (high pressure turbine) for HPH6 heating the feed water . The water gains temperature from around 110 c to 240 c. This water is fed to boiler by a control station called feed regulating station (FRS) at a rate of 690T/HR. The steam tapped from various turbines, after giving away heat to the feed water, is drained into the condenser. Here ,HPH high and normal level control is used.

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CHAPTER-3 SCADA

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Introduction: What is SCADA? SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. As the name indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. It is a software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules. Systems similar to SCADA systems are routinely seen in factories, treatment plants etc. These are often referred to as Distributed Control Systems (DCS). They have similar functions to SCADA systems, but the field data gathering or control units are usually located within a more confined area. Communications may be via a local area network (LAN), and will normally be reliable and high speed. Basically, SCADA is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data. What is the difference b/w scada and dcs? 1. DCS is process oriented, while SCADA is data acquisition oriented. 2. DCS is process state driven, while SCADA is event driven. 3. DCS is commonly used to handle operations on a single locale, while SCADA is preferred for applications that are spread over a wide geographic location. 4. DCS operator stations are always connected to its I/O, while SCADA is expected to operate despite failure of field communications. What is data acquisition? Data acquisition is the process of retrieving control information from the equipment which is out of order or may lead to some problem or when decisions are need to be taken according to the situation in the equipment. So this acquisition is done by continuous monitoring of the equipment to which it is employed. The data accessed are then forwarded onto a telemetry system ready for transfer to the different sites. They can be analog and digital information gathered by sensors, such as flow meter, ammeter, etc. It can also be data to control equipment such as actuators, relays, valves, motors, etc.

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So why or where would you use SCADA? SCADA can be used to monitor and control plant or equipment. The control may be automatic, or initiated by operator commands. The data acquisition is accomplished firstly by the RTU's (remote Terminal Units) scanning the field inputs connected to the RTU ( RTU's may also be called a PLC - programmable logic controller). This is usually at a fast rate. The central host will scan the RTU's (usually at a slower rate.) The data is processed to detect alarm conditions, and if an alarm is present, it will be displayed on special alarm lists. Data can be of three main types. Analogue data (i.e. real numbers) will be trended (i.e. placed in graphs). Digital data (on/off) may have alarms attached to one state or the other. Pulse data (e.g. counting revolutions of a meter) is normally accumulated or counted. These systems are used not only in industrial processes. For example, Manufacturing, steel making, power generation both in conventional, nuclear and its distribution, chemistry, but also in some experimental facilities such as laboratories research, testing and evaluation centers, nuclear fusion. The size of such plants can range from as few as 10 to several 10 thousands input/output (I/O) channels. However, SCADA systems evolve rapidly and are now penetrating the market of plants with a number of I/O channels of several 100K. The primary interface to the operator is a graphical display (mimic) usually via a PC Screen which shows a representation of the plant or equipment in graphical form. Live data is shown as graphical shapes (foreground) over a static background. As the data changes in the field, the foreground is updated. E.g. a valve may be shown as open or closed. Analog data can be shown either as a number, or graphically. The system may have many such displays, and the operator can select from the relevant ones at any time. SCADA systems were first used in the 1960s.SCADA systems have made substantial progress over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance and openness such that they are an alternative to in house development even for very demanding and complex control systems as those of physics experiments. SCADA systems used to run on DOS, VMS and UNIX; in recent years all SCADA vendors have moved to NT and some also to Linux.

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How SCADA Works? The measurement and control system of SCADA has one master terminal unit (MTU) which could be called the brain of the system and one or more remote terminal units (RTU). The RTUs gather the data locally and send them to the MTU which then issues suitable commands to be executed on site. A system of either standard or customized software is used to collate, interpret and manage the data. SCADA as of now uses predominantly open-loop control systems, though some closed-loop characteristics are often built in. As this is an open-loop system, it means that SCADA system cannot use feedback to check what results its inputs have produced. In other words, there is no machine-learning. The Future of SCADA: The large territories and huge volumes of data SCADA can handle form a formidable combination. Todays SCADA systems can manage anything from a few thousands to one million of input/output channels. The technology is still evolving in terms of sophistication as well. SCADA systems as they are now can perform a large variety of tasks and some systems have artificial intelligence built into them. They are also more network-enabled, thus paving the way for voice-data-control data convergence. With proper planning and a custom-made installation, a SCADA system becomes a valuable asset.

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FIG2:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL SCADA

FIG3:HARDWARE SUBSTATION

CONNECTIVITY

DIAGRAM

FOR

SCADA

AT

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Components of scada: The scada system used in the slide project consists of: 1)Transducers 2)Potential and Current Transformers 3)Remote Terminal Unit(RTU) 4)Modem 5)Front End Processor 6)Communication Media 7)Lan 8)Servers EXPLINATION:1) Transducers Transducer is a device, which provides a transformed output in response to a specific measured value given as input. The basic functions of transducers are: 1)To measure/to sense the change in parameters. 2)To convert the measured values from one form into another form, that is useful for further processing. Depending on the type of the output from the first function,the conversion function(i.e.conversion into engineering units) may or may not be present.The various parameters involved in the power system analysis are:-

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1) Active Power 2) Reacive power 3) Voltage 4) Current 5) Status of circuit breakers. Out of these the current and the voltage are stepped down to a value suited to the respective transducers.The status of the circuit breakers are sensed using energized relays connected to either the OPEN or CLOSE position of the circuit breaker. 2) POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS Transformers used for the measurement of voltage are called potential transformers. The primary winding is connected to the voltage being measured and the secondary winding, to voltmeter. The potential transformer steps down the voltage to the level of voltmeter specification used in the project. Here this is 110KV/110V. Transformers used for the measurement of current are called current transformers. The primary winding of a current transformer is so connected that the current being measured passes through it and the secondary winding is connected to an ammeter. The current transformer steps down the current to a lower level. 3)REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU) The RTU connects to physical equipment.Typically, an RTUconverts the electrical signals from the equipment to digital values such as open/closed status from a switch or valve, or measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By converting and sending these electrical signals out to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump. It can also control the flow of a liquid.

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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SCADA REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT The RTUs consist of process module, analog and digital input modules and communication interface, power supply unit and screw termination on the rear of the panel for field connections. The data is acquired from various stations with the help of RTUs. The various parameters, which are to be acquired are first taken from the substation/generating station through current transformer and potential transformer and brought to control room in the control panels. From these control panels the connections are taken and given to the transducers, which lower down the energy levels of the signals. These signals are of two types digital and analog. RTU support data transmission at the rate of 50 to 9600 bits per sec. The basic functions of RTU are: a) Collect power system data b) Filter and process the system data c) Transmit data to control center d) Receive the control commands. 4) MODEM The term MODEM is an acronym for MODULATOR-DEMODULATOR. The primary modem function is to convert digital data into analog form, which is suitable for transmission on common carrier circuits. Modulation is the D/A conversion in which the digital data is placed on the transmission line by modulation of tone or carrier demodulation is the reverse process. In a data communication system, transmitting and receiving modems are necessary at each end of rhe analog transmission line. The output transmitting circuits and receiving circuits are networks required for transmitting and receiving analog information to and from the transmission line.

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Three modulation techniques are commonly used: a) Amplitude modulation b) Frequency modulation c) Phase modulation. 5) FRONT END PROCESSOR a) COMMUINICATION FRONT END The communication equipment and software that links the computer to RTUs is referred as communication front end. One RTU is located at the site and other at the remote station. Function of communication front end is to drive the serial communication lines connected to the RTUs. The communication front end hardware configures consists of Ethernet controllers card several communication cards. The number of communication card depends on the number of RTUs connected to where each card can support up to 16 communication lines with RTUs. b) TELEMETERED FRONT END The software that communicates between the data server and communication front end is called telemetric front end. In addition to this, telemetric front end also maintains information regarding the configuration of the communication components and facilitates interfacing with devices having a variety of communication protocols. 6) COMMUNICATION MEDIA The data is required from various stations with the help of RTU. The various parameters, which are to be acquired, are first taken from the substation/generating station through current transformers and potential transformers and brought to the control room in the control panels. From these control panels the connections are taken and given to the transducers, which lower down the energy levels of the signals. These signals are of two typesanalog and digital. Analog signal comprise of voltage, current, frequency, active power and reactive power while digital signals are the circuit breaker position, isolators position and tap changing position. Analog and digital signals are
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given to the digital and analog cards. These analog signals are then converted in to the digital signals. Finally these signals are fed to the modem and transmitted. This transmission can be done in number of ways such as PLC depending upon the distance and economy involved. POWER LINE COMMUNICATION :- Power line communication is a system for carrying data on a conductor that is also used for electric power transmission. It is also called as broadband over power lines. MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION:-Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of microwave towers. Microwave communication is known as a form of LINE OF SIGHT communication because there must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between these towers for signals to be properly sent and received.

FIG 4:MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION- An optical fiber is a glass fiber that carries light along its length.Light is kept in the core of the optical fiber. OPTICAL FIBER CONSTRUCTION: 1) Core:-Thin glass center of the fiber where light travels. 2) Cladding:-Outer optical material surrounding the core. 3) Buffer Coating:-Plastic coating that protects the fiber.

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FIG5:OPTICAL FIBER ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER:1)Thinner and less expensive 2)Higher carrying capacity 3)Less signal degradation ,non flammable and light weight. 7) LAN Multiple stations each with a specific function, were connected to a Local networking (LAN) and share information with each other in real time. The networks that connected these individual systems were generally based on Lan protocols and were not capable of reaching beyond the limits of local environment. Distribution of system functionality across network connected systems served not only to increase processing power but also to improve the redundancy and reliability of the system as a whole. 8) SERVERS The SCADA servers that support the following system functions(SCADA, Real-time Dispatching, power system analysis and operation scheduling functions).The SCADA servers operate in a primary-standby relationship for redundancy purposes. SCADA software is active only on the application server assigned the primary role.
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The ISR server that is used to perform Information Storage and Retrieval functions. The ISR servers also operate in a primary-stand by redundancy. The DTS (Dispatcher Training Simulator) server and its associated DTS Operator consoles that provide the dispatchers training capability. The Development Server and its associated development console that provide software utilities used to develop and maintain the SCADA / EMS software, displays and databases. The WAN routers, in a redundant configuration, that allow several connections with the other Northern Region control centres (SLDCs and CPCC) and with the Remote VDU(Video Display Unit) located in PGCIL Head quarters. TYPESOFDISPLAYS: Data in the SCADA data base and indications of changes are presented to the operator through the following major displays: 1. Menu Directory Display A display that lists all the menu displays. 2. System Directory Display - A display that lists all the SCADA system displays. 3. Transmission System Overview Display A graphic overview display of the transmission system (provided by PGCIL) 4. Interchange Displays-A schematic diagram showing power transfer between all Constituent power systems in the Northern Region, plus four other interchange displays (provided by PGCIL) 5. Substation Graphic Displays Menu Display-A graphic display which lists all the existing substation graphic displays.

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6. Substation PGCIL)

Displays The major operations displays (provided by

7. Transmission Line Graphic Displays Menu Display-A graphic display which lists all the transmission lines which can be viewed via a graphic display. 8. Transmission Line Graphic Displays- A graphic display which shows the entire line and all of its connections(provided by PGCIL).

FUNCTIONS OF SCADA: Data Acquisition. Processing of acquired data. Limit/Status monitoring & alarming. Network status processor. Sequence of event recording. Information storage & retrieval. Data Exchange Supervisory control. PRACTICAL USES OF SCADA: SCADA used as a control mechanism for chemical plants, electricity generation, electric power transmission, electricity distribution, heating. Control mechanisms are described in Process Control. EPICS is an example of an open source software environment used to develop and implement SCADA system to operate devices such as particle accelerators, telescopes and other large experiments.

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Potential benefits of SCADA: 1. Control units function as PLCs, RTUs, or DCUs. 2. Control units perform advanced measurement and control independent of the central computer. 3. PID control continues, even if communications to the main computer are lost. 4. Control units have many channel types to measure most available sensors. 5. Systems are compatible with our own or other vendors' HMI software packages. 6. Control units have their own UPS; during ac power loss, they continue to measure and store time-stamped data. 7. Control units provide on-board statistical and mathematical processing. 8. Systems are easily expandable: add new sites or add sensors to existing sites.

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CONCLUSION
The extensive growth of interconnected power system has resulted in complex operation and control requirements. Hence SCADA systems are essential in the operation of todays large interconnected systems. SCADA is a control system with More interfaces and efficient storage More record or device oriented configuration But system wide configuration tools are needed Are less expensive than DCS, but offer different functionality than DCS And finally various applications The large territories and huge volumes of data SCADA can handle form a formidable combination. Todays SCADA systems can manage anything from a few thousands to one million of input/output channels. The technology is still evolving in terms of sophistication as well. SCADA systems as they are now can perform a large variety of tasks and some systems have artificial intelligence built into them. They are also more networkenabled, thus paving the way for voice-data-control data convergence. With proper planning and a custom-made installation, a SCADA system becomes a valuable asset.

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REFERENCES
a) www.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA. b) www.scada.com. c) www.scadanews.com. d) www.scada.html.

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