THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

NAME : NORSHAFINA BINTI HARUN CLASS: 4 IBNU MAJJAH I/C NUMBER: 961202-14-5404 CONSTRUCT: S07 CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS ASPECT: LA3.S07.1 DESCRIBE THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS

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INTRODUCTION

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras. Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share information and resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections. When two or more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using suitable hardware and software, it is called an internet work.

Communication is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver. Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and date in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable or even the atmosphere. We transmit information or data by using two types of signals, namely analogue and digital. Computers communicate with digital signals. The older forms of communications technology, such as telephones and radios, use analogue signals.

Communications among computing devices in a network can only happen through defined rules of communications and connections. In general, for communications in a network to be possible, there must be a physical medium to allow data to travel across it from device to device, a set of rules called protocols to ensure that interconnected computing devices have the same standards for exchange of information to occur smoothly, and a system application for managing network information flow to ensure that data transmission sent from one device is received by the intended receiver.

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MOBILE COMPUTING

2.1 DEFINITION OF MOBILE COMPUTING Mobile computing is a variety of wireless devices that has the mobility to allow people to connect to the internet, providing wireless transmission to access data and information from where ever location they may be.

2.2 SPECIFICATIONS, SERVICES, FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE COMPUTING

Samsung Galaxy S III

Specifications

Operating System Battery 2100mAh Up to 1300min (2G) / up to 650min (3G) Android 4.0 (ICS)

Physical Specification 70.6 x 136.6 x 8.6mm 133 g

Memory 16 / 32 / 64GB

Camera 8 Megapixels Camera Resolution (Rear) CMOS , 1.9MP LED (1EA) Samsung Applications available Dependent on region Game hub ChatON available ActiveSync available B-to-B Compability : Sybase / Webex / Device encryption / Cisco etc.

Services

Application

GSM, HSPA+21 EDGE / GPRS (850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900MHz) HSPA+21 (850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100) GAP, SSP, HSP, HFP1.5, A2DP, SPP, OPP, PBAP, MAP, AVRCP 1.3, HID

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INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

3.1 VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL (VoIP) Protocols used to carry voice signals over the IP network are commonly referred to as Voice over IP or VoIP. VoIP is one of the Internet technologies that allow a user to make telephone calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular or analog phone line. VoIP is the method for taking analog audio signals and turning them into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

Advantages of VoIP As VoIP is digital, it may offer features and services that are not available with a traditional phone. With many VoIP plans we can talk for as long as we want with any person in the world. We can also talk with many people at the same time without any additional cost.

Disadvantages of VoIP Some VoIP services do not work during power failures and the service provider may not offer backup power. Not all VoIP services connect directly to emergency services. VoIP providers may or may not offer directory assistance or white page listings. As VoIP uses an Internet connection, it is susceptible to all the problems normally associated with home broadband services. Phone conversations can become distorted, garbled or lost because of transmission errors. Some kind of stability in Internet data transfer needs to be guaranteed before VoIP could truly replace traditional phones. VoIP is susceptible to worms, viruses and hacking although this is very rare and VoIP developers are working on VoIP encryption to counter this.

3.2 BLOG A blog is a discussion or information site published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete entries typically displayed in reverse chronological order so the most recent post appears first. The world of blogging is referred as blogosphere. Another new term is the blogonomics, which refers to people using the blogosphere to generate money. Although not a must, most good quality blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via GUI widgets on the blogs, and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. In that sense, blogging can be seen as a form of social networking. Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries, yet still other function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or company. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources.

Example of blog

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TYPES OF NETWORK

4.1 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN) A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices including PCs, laptops, printers, telephones, digital cameras, mobile phones, video game consoles and personal digital assistants, close to one person. Personal Are Networks may be wired with USB port, Firewire port, Infrared (IrDA) and Bluetooth technologies. Bluetooth is the most popular wireless PAN used by most people, especially the mobile phone technologies, and it applies the IEEE 802.15.1 standards.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

4.2 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to remote offices or individuals with secure access to their organizations private network. VPN uses tunneling mechanism to maintain privacy and security of the data. Tunneling means transmitting data packets across a public network. VPN is often used by companies to provide access from their internal network resources to their home or mobile workers.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

4.3 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a type of LAN that uses high-frequency radio waves to communicate between nodes. WLAN improves user mobility, speed and scalability to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network. The IEEE standard for Wireless LAN is 802.11

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

4.4 WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR MICROWAVE ACCESS (WiMAX) Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the industry term for broadband wireless access network that is developed based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. WiMAX is a Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) technology that will connect WiFi hotspots to the Internet and provides a wireless extension to cable and DSL for larger broadband access. WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi but at higher speeds, over greater distances and for a greater number of users. A WiMAX system will have two major parts: A WiMAX base station, similar in concept for a mobile phone tower A WiMAX receiver installed at home

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

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CONCLUSION

Mobile computing brings about a new paradigm of distributed computing in which communication may be achieved through wireless networks and users can compute even as they relocate from one support environment to another. The impact of mobile computing on systems design goes beyond the networking level and directly effects data management. Although being a relatively new era, mobile data management has attracted a lot of research efforts, motivated by both great market potential and by many challenging research problems.

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REFERENCE

http://benefitof.net/benefits-of-networking/ http://cikgushahrul.blogspot.com/2010/05/latest-development-in-network.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP

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GROUP MEMBERS Nornajwa binti Abdul Razak Nur Jazirah binti Jafferi Nur Zakirah binti Junid