Calculation Formulas for Technical Thermodynamics for Mechanical Engineers

University of Rostock, Germany, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Egon Hassel November 6, 2009

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel

Contents
0.1 First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1.1 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1.2 General rst law, i.e. for open and instationary systems 0.1.3 Stationary ow processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1.4 Closed systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2.1 General form, i.e. for open and instationary systems . . 0.2.2 Stationary ow processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2.3 Closed systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2.4 1st and 2nd law combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exergy balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3.1 Stationary ow process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4.1 Ideal gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4.2 Incompressible simple solids and liquids . . . . . . . . . 0.4.3 State changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyclic process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wet steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7.1 Mixtures of ideal gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7.2 Humid air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8

0.2

0.3 0.4

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.1
0.1.1

First Law
Denitions

The rst law is simply the law of energy conservation.

External energies: Eext = Ekin + Epot = m 2 c + mgz 2 (1)

For all quantities, like U , H, V , etc: Specic quantities: u= U m h= H m h= 1 2 c + gz 2 H m (2)

eext = ekin + epot = enthalpy: h = u + pv

(3)

(4) 3

0.2. SECOND LAW total enthalpy: htot = h + eext = u + pv + eext

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel CONTENTS

(5)

0.1.2

General rst law, i.e. for open and instationary systems

U2 U1 + Eext,2 Eext,1 = Q12 + Wt12 +

mi htot,i

(6)

0.1.3

Stationary ow processes

All parameters must be constant with time. 0 = Q12 + Wt12 + H1 H2 + Eext,1 Eext,2
2

(7)

Wt12 = Wf ric,12 + m

v dp + m(eext,2 eext,1 )

(8)

0.1.4

Closed systems

No mass ow across system boundaries. U2 U1 + Eext,2 Eext,1 = Q12 + W12 W12 = total work. Often:
2

(9)

W12 = Wv12 + Wf ric,12

Wv12 =

p dV

(10)

0.2
0.2.1

Second law
General form, i.e. for open and instationary systems

Second law is the balance of entropy. Entropy only can get larger by irreversibilities.

S2 S1 = Sq,12 + Sirr,12 +

mi si

(11)

0.2.2

Stationary ow processes
(12)

S2 S1 = Sq,12 + Sirr,12

0.2.3

Closed systems
(13) 2
1

S2 S1 = Sq,12 + Sirr,12 Qj
j

Sq =

Tmj

Tm12 =

T ds s2 s1 4

(14)

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel CONTENTS

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel 0.3. EXERGY BALANCE

0.3. EXERGY BALANCE

0.2.4

1st and 2nd law combined

du + p dv dh v dp q wf ric = = + = sq + sirr T T T T (15)

ds =

0.3

Exergy balance

Exergy is the availability.

0.3.1

Stationary ow process

Exergy of a mass ow: E2envi = H2 Henvi + Eext,2 Tenvi (S2 Senvi ) Exergy of heat:
2

(16)

Eq12 =

T Tenvi Q T

(17)

Exergy loss ow: Eloss = Tenvi Sirr 0 (18)

0.4
0.4.1

Simple material
Ideal gases
(19) pV = mRT = nRm T

cp cv = R

= cp /cv

Rm = M R = 8, 3143

kJ kmol K

(20)

u2 u1 =

T2

cv dT

T1

h2 h1 =

T2

T1

cp dT = [cp ]T2 (T2 T1 ) T1

(21)

s2 s1 =

T2

T1

cv v2 dT + R ln = T v1

T2

T1

cp p2 dT R ln T p1

(22)

[cp ]T2 = T1

(T2 T0 )[cp ]T2 (T1 T0 )[cp ]T1 T0 T0 T2 T 1

(23)

Ideal gases if heat capacity is constant: T2 v2 T2 p2 + R ln = cp ln R ln T1 v1 T1 p1 5

s2 s1 = cv ln

(24)

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel 0.3. EXERGY BALANCE

0.5. CYCLIC PROCESS

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel CONTENTS

0.4.2

Incompressible simple solids and liquids

cp = cv = cF (25)

v = const.

u2 u1 =

T2

cF dT

T1

s2 s1 =

T2

T1

cF dT T

(26)

h2 h1 =

T2

T1

cp dT + v(p2 p1 ) T2 T1

(27)

if cf = const.

s2 s1 = cF ln

(28)

0.4.3

State changes

Isobaric: p = const., Isothermal: T = const., Isochoric: v = const., Isentropic: s = const.. P olytrope : pv n = const. (29)

For ideal gases follows from pv n = const. T2 = T1 p2 p1 ( n1 ) n = v2 v1 1n (30)

For polytropic state changes pv n = const. with n = 1 wv12pol =

2

p dv =

For polytropic state changes pv n = const. with n = 1 wv12 =

2

1 (p2 v2 p1 v1 ) n1

v dp = n wv12pol

(31)

p dv =

v dp = p1 v1 ln(

p2 v1 ) = p1 v1 ln( ) p1 v2

(32)

0.5

Cyclic process
Wnutz | = Qzu |

Thermal eciency in general of a heat-work-process:

(33)

Thermal eciency of a Carnot process: th = Tmax Tmin Tmax 6 (34) LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel CONTENTS

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel 0.6. WET STEAM Coecient of performance (COP) of a cooling process: |QC | CP = Wt CP,c =

0.6. WET STEAM

(35)

COP of a cooling Carnot process: Tmin Tmax Tmin (36)

COP of a general heat pump process: |Qh | HP = Wt HP,c =

(37)

COP of a Carnot heat pump: Tmax Tmax Tmin (38)

0.6

Wet steam
x= m v v u u h h s s = = = = m + m v + v u + u h + h s + s H = m h + m h = m((1 x)h + xh ) m (39)

h=

(40)

Clapeyron-Clausius-equation: r = h h = T (s s ) = T (v v ) dp dT (41)

0.7

Mixtures
massratio : 1 = mi m (42)

molratio :

i =

ni n

(43)

mol mass M in kg/kmol. ni = mi Mi i = i Mi M M=

i

i Mi

i 1 = M Mi i

(44)

0.7.1

Mixtures of ideal gases

R=

i Ri =

Rm

i Mi

p=

pi

(45)

pi V = ni Rm T = mi Ri T LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel 0.6. WET STEAM 7

(46)

0.8. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Daltons law: pi ni = = i p n H=

i

LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel CONTENTS

(47)

mi hi =

ni Hmi

S=

mi si =

ni Smi

(48)

0.7.2

Humid air

We have 4 substances, nomenclature: (dry air) -> air, water -> W, water solid = ice -> Ws, water liquid -> Wliq, water vapor -> Wv. m = mair + mW mW = mW liq + mW s + mW v (49)

x=

mW mair pv ps

V = mair

R v T Mv ( + xv ) p Mair

(50)

01

(51)

xv =

ps () Mv p/ ps () Mair

(52)

h = H/mair = hair + xliq hW liq + xs hW s + xv hW v

(53)

hair () = cpair

hW s () = cpW s rf 0 hW v () = cpW v + rd0

(54)

hW liq () = cpW liq

(55)

Mit den Konstanten: kJ kJ Rv = 0, 461 kgK , M v/Mair = 0, 622, cpair = 1, 004 kgK kJ kJ kJ cpW liq = 4, 19 kgK , cpW s = 2, 05 kgK , cpW v = 1, 86 kgK , kJ kJ rf 0 = 333 kgK , rd0 = 2500 kgK .

0.8

Chemical reactions
= nOx nOx,stoech (56)

The higher fuel value Hhigh is the ratio of the energy which is freed in a complete combustion divided by the fuel mass, with the input and output temperatures 25 C and all water which is created by combustion has to be in liquid state in the exhaust. The lower fuel value Hlow is the ratio of the energy which is freed in a complete combustion divided by the fuel mass, with the input and output temperatures 25 C and all water which is created by combustion has to be in gaseous state in the exhaust. 8 LTT-Rostock, Prof. Dr. Egon Hassel CONTENTS