UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL

ENCV4WE1ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARY ENGINEERING: TUTORIAL

April 2012

TOTAL MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS: 1. CLEARLY EXPLAIN YOUR METHOD, STATING YOUR ASSUMPTIONS AND GIVING REFERENCES WHERE APPROPRIATE

UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL TUTORIAL ENCV4WE1 - ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARY ENGINEERING

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Anestablished, and growing (at 2% per year), town in coastal kwaZulu-Natal has an unlicensed existing dump site (unlined, uncontrolled dumping, waste is frequently burnt, uncontrolled scavenging etc.). The site is located in a valley line close to the confluence of the valley line with a large river, only 3 km from the estuary. Originally the dump site was on the outskirts of the town, but due to significant growth of the town the dump site is now surrounded by formal low cost housing, informal settlements and peri-urban settlements. The nearest properly developed and operated licensed landfill facility is over 100km away in a metropolitan area. Waste management in the town is performed by the local municipality, mostly by the Community Health Department, but the vehicles are operated and maintained by the Roads Department. The management of the waste collection and disposal functions is managed by the Community Health Department, but the waste collection staff and vehicle operators are managed by the Roads Department. Waste collection is performed using a mixture of 2 relatively new 20m3 Rear End Loader compacting waste collection vehicles, 3 old and unreliable 10,5m3 Rear End Loader (REL) compacting waste collection vehicles, and an assortment of open trucks, tractor and trailers etc. The formal areas mostly receive a weekly curb-side collection, while the informal and peri-urban areas receive only aninfrequent clean-up service where temporary dump sites are removed where vehicular access is possible. The rural areas receive no waste collection service. The size of the town is as follows:PEOPLE Rural population with 50km of town 15 650 (average 6 people/household) (commercial farms, subsistence farmers, small holdings) Low income peri-urban population (within 15km) 24 500 (average 7 people/household) Low income informal settlement population 125 000 (average 6 people/household) Low income formal housing population 56 500 (average 5 people/household) Middle income formal housing population 35 250 (average 5 people/household) High income formal housing population 25 500 (average 3,5 people/household) Employment within the Local Municipality Area according to the latest census is estimated to be:Agriculture 5 500 Mining and Quarrying 150 Manufacturing 2 400 Electricity and water services 450 Construction 1 500 Wholesale and Retail 10 500 Transport, storage and communication 5 000 Financial, insurance real estate and business 3 500 Community, social and personal service 12 000 Your consulting company has been engaged to assist the local municipality comply with the National Environment Management : Waste Act, 2008.

NOTE PROPORTION OF TOTAL MARKS PER QUAESTION SHOULD BE AWARDED COMENSURATE TO LEVEL OF DETAIL IN MOST CASES A POINT SHOULD BE GIVEN PER FACT 1) Outline the contents of an Integrated Waste Management Plan for the local municipality. What key issues in your opinion would need to be highlighted or prioritized in the plan. (10)
12. (1) An integrated waste management plan must at least (a) contain a situation analysis that includes (i) a description of the population and development profiles of ihe area to which the plan relates; 5 (ii) an assessment of the quantities and types of waste that are generated in the area; (iii) a description of the services that are provided, or that are available, for the collection, minimisation, re-use, recycling and recovery, treatment and disposal of waste; and 10 (iv) the number of persons in the area who are not receiving wasle collection services; (b) within the domain of the Department, provincial department or municipality, setoul how that Department, provincial department or municipality intends (i) to give effect, in respect of waste management, to Chapter 3 of the 15 National Environmental Management Act: (ii) to give elf eel to the objects of this Act; (iii) to identify and address the negative impact of poor waste management practices on health and the environment: (iv) to provide for the implementation of waste minimisation, re-use, 20 recycling and recovery targets and initiatives; (v) in the case of a municipal integrated waste management plan, to address the delivery of waste management services to residential premises; (vi) to implement the Republic's obligations in respect of any relevant international agreements; 25 (vii) to give effect to best environmental practice in respect of waste management: (c) within the domain of the Department or provincial department, set out how the Department or provincial department intends to identify the measures that are required and that are to be implemented to support municipalities to give 30 effect to the objects of this Act; (d) set out the priorities and objectives of the Department, provincial department or municipality in respect of wasle management; (e) establish targets for ihe collection, minimisation, re-use and recycling of waste; 35 (/) set out the approach of the Department, provincial department or municipality to the planning of any new facilities for disposal and decommissioning of existing waste disposal facilities; (g) indicate the financial resources that are required to give effect to the plan; (h) describe how the Department, provincial department or municipality intends 40 to give effect to its integrated waste management plan; and (i) comply with the requirements prescribed by the Minister. (2) In the preparation of an inlegrated waste management plan the Department and provincial departments must give proper effect to the requirements contained in Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, insofar as such plan affects a municipality. 45

Issues to highlight in Plan (prioritised as the student sees fit): Illegal Dump Site poorly operated, impacts etc. Maybe need for new Licenced Landfill or Transfer Ageing and possibly inappropriate waste collection fleet Waste collection for areas not currently served regularly Split responsibilities and lack of Co-ordination for waste management between the Community Health Dept and Roads Dept.

2) Using the Department of Environmental Affairs suggested average waste generation rates, estimate how much General Waste is generated from domestic households and the commercial sector within the Local Municipal Area. Justify your selection of waste generation rates used in your model. (10) See WGRs attached. Student must select an appropriate WGR per category and briefly justify their selection. Then must multiply them out to get a mass of General Waste generated can be in tons/day or tons per year.. 3) Present and explain the Waste Hierarchy as contained in the Waste Act, and the draft National Waste Management Strategy, and what the implications are for each element on the LocalMunicipality. (10) Waste Heirarchy 2010 BOTTOM UP Remediateion Disposal Treatment Recovery, Re-use and Recycling Waste Avoidance Remediation may apply to municipality - remediate the existing site although a bit tenuous as this is meant more for industrially contaminated land Disposal applies to municipality by law have to supply a disposal site - or at least a transfer to a disposal site. Treatment beyond the scope of a small municipality Recovery, Re-use, Recycling applies to municipality the Waste Act requires that municipalities set targets for recycling (economics doubtful for small municipalities) Waste Avoidance as implied by NWMS this is more a national responsibility through regulation and incentives etc.. 4) What options are available to the Local Municipality to implement recycling options. Give advantages and disadvantages of each option, and motivate briefly what method(s) may be suitable for the LocalMunicipality. (10) Options:Recycling at disposal site Advantages low transport cost, no expensive separate collection, reduction to disposal Disadvantages poor dangerous working conditions (scavenging) low quality contaminated recycled materials low value Separation at Source Advantages high value clean materials, larger portion recovered, bigger reduction to disposal Disadvantages - difficult logistics and expense of separate collection, or householders have to drop off at drop-off centers Drop-off Centers Advantages reduced collection cost to municipality, cleaner high value materials, reduction in vol to disposal Disadvantages Education to convince households to separate, relies on householders to drop-off Buy Back Centers Advantages income and jobs to street collectors, enables commercial and (households?) to separate at source but do not need to deliver, reduction of waste to disposal

Disadvantages Households not necessarily served, maybe lower recycle volumes than other methods ANY OPTHER ADS and DISADS you can think of!! 5) Taking cognizance of the recycling option motivated above, briefly suggest waste collection methods for the formal and informal areas you recommend to the LocalMunicipality. Given that one REL can be expected to serve 6 000 to 7 000 households per week, and that RELs can only service areas with good vehicular access, suggest a suitable fleet of waste collection vehicles that the Local Authority should operate. (10) RELS to all Formal Areas, (and possibly peri-urban areas if they have vehicular access), community based systems for informal areas, possibly no service to rural areas. Take the population figure, divide by avg people per household to get households, divide by say 6500 to get number of RELS reqd. Informal areas require possibly bins at suitable locations and one or two Hook trucks to collect bins once a week, maybe tractor trailor, or cage trucks for peri-urban areas. ANY creative and motivated combination of the above.. 6) Given that landfilling is likely still to be the practical method of final disposal for the foreseeable future, and that the town is in coastal KZN, establish the Landfill Classification in terms of the Minimum Requirements if no recycling is practiced, if 50% of all recyclable materials are removed from the waste stream.Explain briefly what impact does the potential recycling have on landfill infrastructure design and the life of the site. A waste stream analysis of a similar town has indicated that the domestic waste stream may be made up from (% by mass): Paper 14% Plastic 12% Cans 9% Other Metals 4% Glass 11% Putricibles 25% Non-recyclables 25% (15) Student to use waste mass calculated above for only the communities that will have a waste collection and disposal service (i.e. Unlikely to include rural community). Student then has to choose a minimum life for the site usually 15 years or longer. Note waste generated 365 days/year, but is only disposed of 260 days/year, hence:Initial Rate of Deposition (IRD) = Waste Gen 365 days/year divided by 260 days/year Maximum Rate of Deposition (MRD) = IRD(1+d)^t d= rate of increase =0.02 (i.e. 2%), t = number of years. For no recycling option should get MRD greater than 150 tons/day i.e. Medium (but is also dependent on what WGRs they chose in the ranges given in the suggested ranges)

For 50% recycling (i.e. 50% of the potential recycled materials presented above) the student must recalculate the IRD and MRD, and the MRD should/may be less than 150 tons/day, hence reduces to Small site. Classifications are hopefully G:M:B+ with no recycling, and G:S:B+ with 50% recycling. 7) A new landfill site needs to be identified, licensed and developed. a. Explain briefly the potential new landfill site selection process required to be followed in terms of procedure. (10) Any coherent presentation of the following:- ( Determine size and classification of required site General Site Location o Elimination of areas with Fatal Flaws o Identification of candidate sites based on site selection criteria Economic criteria Environmental criteria Public acceptance criteria Critical factors identified that may not be fatal, but maybe become fatal if it cant be mitigated o The ranking of candidate sites Discussion document Site ranking matrix Candidate landfill site report Site ranking report o Feasibility study on preferred site(s) Background information Prelim geohydro investigation Prelim EIA Concept design and consideration of critical factors Maps and plans Consultation with I&APs

b. Briefly indicate the reports required to accompany the Waste Management license application. (5) Any coherent presentation or combination of the following:- (Maybe 1 mark per report?) Permit Application Report consisting of:o Site Selection Report o Site Feasibility Report o Geohydro Investigation report o EIA report o Development Plan o Operating PlanClosure, Rehab and End-use Plan o Water Quality Monitoring Plan, or Monitoring Plan o Public Participation Report maybe part of EIA!

c. List the potential impacts a landfill may have on the environment, and indicate what engineering and operational measures are used to mitigate these impacts. (5) Any of the following:Visual - screening, chose location away from roads houses etc. Wind-scatter compaction, daily cover, wire catch screens Odours compaction, daily cover, gas extraction Leachate daily cover, stormwater cut-off drains, landfill liner and leachate management system Smoke from burning daily cover, prevention of fires Scavenging formalizing waste picking, formal recycling, fencing and access control Any other . d. For the preferred site present the following: (use the landfill classification for no recycling i.e. the worst case scenario) i. Stormwater requirements; Cut-off drains ii. Liner requirement; See attached Class B Liner iii. Leachate management requirements, Liner, leachate drains, leachate collection, storage, disposal to sewer treatment as required iv. Infrastructure and Manpower requirements to effectively operate the landfill. Fencing, access control, compactor, front-end loader/truck for cover material, office(s), ablutions, weighbridge, G:M:B+ hence will require manpower for security, waste checking, tip face supervisor, admin and management (any reasonable number for these actions), v. Monitoring requirements. Landfill Site Audit every 6 months Water Quality Moniotoring Pre-operation monitoring Operating monitoring Post closure monitoring (15)