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Units: bbls=barrels, C=degrees Celsius, cm=centimeter, cP=centipoise, cSt=centistoke, F=degrees Fahrenhe Types of Pressure Taps for Small Bore Orifices:
Introduction Orifice flow meters are used to determine a liquid or gas flow rate by measuring the differential pressure (P
The LMNO Engineering small diameter orifice calculation is valid for orifices installed in pipes having pipe di Equations To top of page The calculations on this page are for orifices carrying a liquid as described in ASME (2001).
w is the static pressure loss occurring from a distance of approximately D upstream of the orifice to a distan of the orifice. It is not the same as differential pressure. Differential pressure is measured at the exact locat (shown in the above figures). Km is computed to allow you to design pipe systems with orifices and incorpor computed as h=KmV2/(2g) where V is the pipe velocity. Discharge Coefficients (ASME, 2001) To top of page Corner Taps:
Flange Taps:
where D is in inches; and d/D and ReD are dimensionless. C is dimensionless. Applicability: Pipe Diameter, D LMNO Engineering calculation requires 1 cm < D < 5.1 cm for both corner and flange taps. ASME (2001) suggests 1.2 cm <= D <= 4 cm for corner taps and 2.5 <= D <= 4 cm for flange taps.
Diameter ratio, d/D LMNO Engineering and ASME (2001) require 0.1 <= d/D <= 0.8 for corner taps and 0.15 <= d/D <= 0.7 for fla Reynolds number based on pipe diameter, ReD LMNO Engineering and ASME (2001) require ReD > 1000.
Error Messages given by calculation To top of page Messages indicating input values are out of the acceptable ranges: "Need 1<Density<1e9 kg/m 3 ", "Need 1e-19<Viscosity<1e9 m 2 /s", "Need 0.01<D<0.051 m", "Need 1e-30<Q "Need 0.1<d/D<0.8" for corner taps. "Need 0.15<d/D<0.7" for flange taps.
Run-time messages. Computations not completed: "Re D will be <1000". If solving for flow rate. Unable to compute Q's. Value for Q will cause ReD to be < 100
"Diff P too large". If solving for flow rate. Unable to compute Q's because the differential pressure that you "d/D will be too small" or "d/D will be too large" . If solving for d. Unable to compute d; value for d will caus
Note If your pipe diameter, D, is 2 inch (5.1 cm) or greater, use our Large Diameter Orifice Calculation for Liquids
References To top of page American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). 2001. Measurement of fluid flow using small bore preci
International Organization of Standards (ISO 5167-1). 1991. Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressur
International Organization of Standards (ISO 5167-1) Amendment 1. 1998. Measurement of fluid flow by m
ntipoise, cSt=centistoke, F=degrees Fahrenheit, cfs=cubic feet per second, ft=feet, g=gram, gpm=US gallons per minute, gph=US gallons per hour, gpd=
Messages References
rate by measuring the differential pressure (P1 - P2) across the orifice plate. The two standard pressure tapping arrangements for small bore orifices ar
alid for orifices installed in pipes having pipe diameters between 1 cm and 5 cm (2 inch), and pipe Reynolds numbers greater than 1000. For larger diam
oximately D upstream of the orifice to a distance of approximately 6D downstream rential pressure is measured at the exact locations specified in ASME (2001) design pipe systems with orifices and incorporate their head loss. Head loss is
both corner and flange taps. d 2.5 <= D <= 4 cm for flange taps.
8 for corner taps and 0.15 <= d/D <= 0.7 for flange taps.
/s", "Need 0.01<D<0.051 m", "Need 1e-30<Q v <1e30 m 3 /s", "Need 1e-30<Q m <1e30 kg/s", "Need 1e-99<Pdiff<1e99 Pa", "Need Re D > 1000".
ute Q's. Value for Q will cause ReD to be < 1000 (out of range of validity).
Q's because the differential pressure that you entered will cause the throat velocity to exceed 1000 m/s, a velocity for which the calculation is not vali or d. Unable to compute d; value for d will cause d/D to be out of range of validity.
Large Diameter Orifice Calculation for Liquids based on ISO 5167. Or, try the simpler orifice calculation on our Bernoulli page if your parameters are ou
asurement of fluid flow using small bore precision orifice meters. ASME MFC-14M-2001.
Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section c
ment 1. 1998. Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes inserted in circular
er minute, gph=US gallons per hour, gpd=US gallons per day, hr=hour, kg=kilogram, lb=pound, m=meters, min=minute, mm=millimeter, N=Newton, Pa=
g arrangements for small bore orifices are shown in the drawings; the location of the pressure taps affects the discharge coefficient somewhat. Flange
mbers greater than 1000. For larger diameter pipes, please see our Large Diameter Orifice Calculation for Liquids. We also have orifice calculations for g
ocity for which the calculation is not valid. The calculation is not valid for supersonic flows.
Bernoulli page if your parameters are out of range. The Bernoulli calculation is not as accurate, but won't give "parameter out of range" error message
tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full. Reference number: ISO 5167-1:1991(E).
es, and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full. Reference number: ISO 5167-1:1991/Amd.1:1998(E).
s the discharge coefficient somewhat. Flange pressure taps penetrate the flange and are at a standard distance of 1 inch (2.54 cm) from either side of Liquids. We also have orifice calculations for gas flow (D<5 cm and D> 5 cm); and calculations for flow through nozzle and venturi flow meters.
7-1:1991/Amd.1:1998(E).
stance of 1 inch (2.54 cm) from either side of the orifice. For corner taps, tappings are right up against the orifice.
C* Athroat * sq. root(2**p) / sq. root (1- ^4) = 0.60654639 /4 * d2 = 2.73E-05 0.374365482 d= 0.0059 681 (density Kg/m3) 441300 ( Differential pressure N/m2) 24516.33333 [0.598 + 0.468 (a+10*a^3)]* sq.root(1-a) + (0.87+8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)} =
0.019641886 Vpipe * D / =
* Athroat * sq. root(2**p) / sq. root (1- ^4) = Qv (m3/s) = Qv (l/min) = D= 0.01576
* sq.root(1-a) + (0.87+8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)} =
sq. root(1-a) =
0.99013
C* Athroat * sq. root(2**p) / sq. root (1- ^4) = 0.60156565 /4 * d2 = 8.04E-06 0.203045685 d= 0.0032 D= 681 (density Kg/m3) 2741300 ( Differential pressure N/m2) 61103.60546 [0.598 + 0.468 (a+10*a^3)]* sq.root(1-a) + (0.87+8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)}
0.001699711 Vpipe * D / =
Qv (back calculated)=
8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)} =
sq. root(1-a) =
0.99915
0.000394
23.634
C* Athroat * sq. root(2**p) / sq. root (1- ^4) = 0.59990414 /4 * d2 = 3.31E-05 0.203045685 d= 0.0032 D= 681 (density Kg/m3) 2441300 ( Differential pressure N/m2) 57663.25173 [0.598 + 0.468 (a+10*a^3)]* sq.root(1-a) + (0.87+8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)}
0.001699711 Vpipe * D / =
Qv (back calculated)=
8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)} =
sq. root(1-a) =
0.99915
0.001619
97.11
C* Athroat * sq. root(2**p) / sq. root (1- ^4) = 0.611688502 /4 * d2 = 5.03E-05 0.507614213 d= 0.008 D= 681 (density Kg/m3) 581300 ( Differential pressure N/m2) 28137.7078 [0.598 + 0.468 (a+10*a^3)]* sq.root(1-a) + (0.87+8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)}
0.066394957 Vpipe * D / =
Qv (back calculated)=
8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)} =
sq. root(1-a) =
0.966232
0.001565
93.89484
C* Athroat * sq. root(2**p) / sq. root (1- ^4) = 0.602480713 /4 * d2 = 2.46E-05 0.355329949 d= 0.0056 D= 681 (density Kg/m3) 2741300 ( Differential pressure N/m2) 61103.60546 [0.598 + 0.468 (a+10*a^3)]* sq.root(1-a) + (0.87+8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)}
0.015941429 Vpipe * D / =
4.831932
2.42E-05
8.1a)*sq.root{(1-a)/ReD)} =
sq. root(1-a) =
0.991997